VERBAL ASPECT PROBLEMS AND THE ASPECT OF THE KAZAKH ...

VERBAL ASPECT PROBLEMS AND

THE ASPECT OF THE KAZAKH

LANGUAGE

Kakzhanova Fazira

Karaganda State University

October, 2016

Indiana University

OPINIONS WHICH INFLUENCE THE CONCLUSION THAT THE

KAZAKH LANGUAGE HAS NO THE ASPECT CATEGORY:

In Turkic languages the category of aspect does not exist in thesemantics of verb root morpheme, the meaning of which isneutral to aspect [Baskakov 1979: 11].

‘Absence of aspects is compensated not only by rich system of Tense, but also the availability of a widely developed system of Aktionsart , which is usually taken as the aspect by researchers of the Turkic languages’

(Tikhonov1964: 206).

THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE IS CONSIDERED TO

BE TEMPORAL, IT MEANS THAT IT HAS NO

THE ASPECT CATEGORY.

The thesis to be proved is:

THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE (ALL LANGUAGES,

WHICH BELONG TO TURKIC GROUP) HAS THE

ASPECT CATEGORY.

THREE OBJECTIVE REASONS TO BE PROVED,

CONFIRMING THE EXISTANCE OF THE ASPECT

CATEGORY IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE:

1. THE VERBS OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

GENERATE SIX CATEGORY MEANINGS,

INCLUDING THE ASPECT CATEGORY.

2. THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE HAS THE PLANE

OF ASPECT EXPRESSION (PE).

3.THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE HAS THE PLANE OF

ASPECT CONTENT (PC).

I. A VERB GENERATES SIX CATEGORIES.

THE CATEGORY MEANINGS OF THE VERB:

– Aspect expresses modification of an action or types of

inner development.

–Tense expresses location of an action in the time line.

–Voice expresses the agent of the action: subject or object.

–Mood expresses the relation of the action to reality.

–Number expresses the number of subjects by whom the

action is realized.

–Person expresses the indexical relationship between the

agent of the action and the speaker. [KAKZHANOVA 2010:17-18]

CONCLUSION

The main peculiarities of these verbal categories are:

each of them has its own discrete, separate meaning;

they never overlap in meaning;

never interfere in meanings of each other;

never participate in the creation of the meaning of other verb

categories.

THEY DESCRIBE VERBS FROM DIFFERENT SIDES, THANKS TO

DISCRETE MEANINGS.

HOW DOES THE VERB EXPRESS THESE SIX DISCRETE

CATEGORY MEANINGS (BY ONE VERB OR SIX

VERBS)?

DOES EACH CATEGORY KEEP ITS OWN DISCRETE

MEANING, WHILE IT EXPRESSES IT EXTERNALLY?

II. THE PLANES OF EXPRESSIONS OF THE ASPECTS

ARE

SYNTHETICAL

and

ANALYTICAL.

ALL THESE VERB CATEGORICAL MEANINGS ARE IN

A SINGLE CONTINUUM OF EXPRESSION.

ALL OF THEM MANIFEST THEMSELVES

SIMULTANEOUSLY IN A SINGLE CONTINUUM OF

EXPRESSION.

THE SYNTHETICAL EXPRESSION OF VERB CATEGORY MEANINGS,

INCLUDING THE ASPECT CATEGORY

Kazakh: ЖАЗАДЫ- ZHAZADU (writes) – ZHAZU

ENGLISH: WRITES - (TO) WRITE

RUSSIAN: ПИШЕТ (writes)- ПИШУ

1) aspect: fact

2) tense: present

3) voice: active

4) mood: indicative

5) number: singular

6) person: III –d (he, she, it).

All these category meanings manifest themselves simultaneously in a single

continuum of expression (ЖАЗАДЫ- ZHAZADU ) in syntax semantics.

[Kakzhanova 2015:21]

KAZAKH FACT ASPECT

The plan of Kazakh Fact Aspect is expressed synthetically:

ЖАЗАДЫ (ZHAZADY)

THE DISTRIBUTION OF VERB CATEGORY MEANINGS IN A SINGLE CONTINUUM OF EXPRESSION:

VERB + INFIX + POSTFIX

| | |

ZHAZ -A - - DY

/ | \ | / \

ASPECT MOOD VOICE TENSE PERSON NUMBER

PE IS A SINGLE CONTINUUM OF EXPRESSION, WHERE ALL THESE VERB CATEGORY MEANINGS EXIST, INCLUDING THE ASPECT CATEGORY, IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT EACH OF THEM HAS ITS OWN ELEMENT IN THE CONTINUUM, FOR EXAMPLE, TENSE HAS –A-, PERSON AND NUMBER HAVE –DY-, BUT THEY ARE NOT SUFFICIANT TO EXPRESS THEM SEPARATELY.


THE ANALYTICAL PLANE OF EXPRESSION OF VERB CATEGORY MEANINGS,

INCLUDING THE ASPECT CATEGORY

Kazakh: ЖАЗЫП ЖАТҚАН

ENGLISH: WERE WRITING

RUSSIAN: ПИСАЛИ ( SYNTHETICAL)

1) aspect: process

2) tense: past

3) voice: active

4) mood: indicative

5) number: plural

6) person: II (you) [Kakzhanova 2015:75]

All these category meanings manifest themselves

simultaneously in a single continuum of expression (жазып

жатқан) in syntax semantics.

THE ANALYTICAL PLANE OF EXPRESSION OF VERB CATEGORY

MEANINGS

KAZAKH

IT CONSISTS OF

(1)GERUND +(2) AUXILIARY VERBS+(3) AGGLUTINATION.

GERUND + AUXILIARY VERBS (GRAMMATICALIZED)

THE DISTRIBUTION OF VERB CATEGORY MEANINGS IN PREDICATE:

ЖАЗЫП БОЛДЫМ (agglutination)

/ | \ / | \

ASPECT MOOD VOICE TENSE PERSON NUMBER

ENGLISH

AUXILIARY VERB + PARTICIPLE (I), II

HAVE (WITHOUT AGGLUtination) WRITTEN

III. THE PLANE OF THE ASPECT CONTENT (PC)

Each NOTION consists of

/ \

PLANE OF CONTENT (PC) and PLANE OF EXPRESSION (PE).

PC consists of concepts. PE consists of language units.

CONCEPT ☼ LANGUAGE:

One concept is denoted differently (1) КҮН (Kazakh)

by different languages. (2) SUN (English)

(3) СОЛНЦЕ (Russian)

PC is primary, because it is PE is secondary, because it is

the unit of thinking process. the unit of language.

PC is basic , because it is PE is interpretive and

constant, unchangeable . changeable (three denotations of ☼)

[Kakzhanova 2013:19-27]

A plane of content is stable and inherent for all speakers, that is why we understand each other in spite of speaking in different languages.

The plane of aspect content is inherent for all speakers, including Kazakh speakers.

WHAT IS THE ASPECT CATEGORY?

IT IS TRANSFORMATION OR MODIFICATION OF ACTION ON THE BASIS OF ITS INTERNAL ENERGY.

THERE ARE MORE THAN TWO ASPECTS, WHICH ARE GIVEN IN TRADITIONAL ASPECT THEORY: IMPERFECTIVE AND PERFECTIVE.

THEY ARE

PROCESS, RESULT, FACT, PROTRACTED, INSTANTANOUS,

ITERATIVE, INCHOATIVE, CESSATIVE, DELIMATATIVE,

PROTRACTED, INCHOATIVE, RESUMPTIVE, DISTRIBUTIVE,

FREQUENTATIVE, SEMELFACTIVE, SIMULFACTIVE, HABITUAL

and OTHERS.

EACH OF THEM IS IMPORTANT IN CERTAIN TIME AND

SITUATION.

TYPES OF INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION, WHICH ARE EXPRESSED BY ASPECTS IN LANGUAGE.

(TO) BUILD (HOUSE)

NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR THIS ACTION are

HUMAN BEING’S INTENTION, MATERIALS, FINANCE, WORKERS.

IF ALL THESE ENUMERATED ITEMS ARE PROVIDED, STAGES OF INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT OF THIS ACTION WILL BE:

(1) PROCESS,

(2) PERFECT,

(3) FACT.

If one of these items is absent, this action will have a perdurative stage.

(1) PROCESS

(2) PERDURATIVE WITH SOME RESULTS

(3) PERFECT

(4) FACT

ALL ACTIONS PASS THESE UNIVERSAL THREE OR FOUR TYPES OF INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT.

THERE ARE FOUR MAIN TYPES OF ACTIONS WITH

THEIR OWN PC AND PE :

PERFECT,

PROCESS,

PROTRACTED (PERDURATIVE) ACTION,

FACT, and

SUB-ASPECTS.

[Kakzhanova 2015 : 101]

THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE HAS PC AND PE OF THESE ACTIONS

AND ASPECTS (other verb categories) IN ITS MATRIX.

TYPES OF INTENAL

DEVELOPMENT OF

ACTION

THE PLANES OF ASPECT CONTENTS (PC) OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

RESULT expresses a complete action. Action in its development comes to

logical end of development and reaches a completely new stage.

PROCESS expresses a process action. Process is a main stage of actions, which is

necessary for internal work to make prerequisites for completion and

transit to a new stage.

PROTRACTED

(PERDURATIVE)expresses a perdurative action which starts, but it is not completed

for some reasons (insufficient conditions)and this protracted action is

sometimes interrupted by other actions and it has some results before

interrupting and it will be continued.

FACT expresses habitual, holistic, automated actions. It includes

systemmatic, successive repetition, axiomatic, momentary and other

types of actions. [Kakzhanova 2015:102]

-

ASPECTS THE PLANES OF ANALYTICAL EXPRESSIONS (PE)

RESULT - gerunds with its indicators: (-п,-ып, -іп, -е,-а, -й)

- the auxiliary verbs: біт, бол, кет, қал, ал, қой, сал, таста, шық, өт,

жібер (bol, bit, ket, kal, al, koi, sal, tasta, shyk, ot, zhiber) + post affixes

of person, number, and tense categories.

Жазып болды, жазып бітті, жазып шықты, жазып кетті.

PROCESS - gerund with its indicators: (-п,-ып, -іп, -е,-а, -й)

Aity ( v)–aitup (g)

- auxiliary verbs: тұр, отыр, жатыр, жүр + post affixes of person,

number, and tense categories.

Жазып жатыр, жазып жүрміз

PERDURA-

TIVE

- gerund with its indicators: -(-п,-ып, -іп, -е,-а, -й)

-the auxiliary verbs: тұр, отыр, жатыр, жүр, кел + post affixes of

person, number, and tense categories.

-special adverbs (markers): әлі, содан бері, күні бойы, біраз, N сағат (бір

сағат, 10 сағат; бір күн, он күн, 20-30 күн; үш жыл и др). Мен 3 сағат

бойы тосып отырмын – I have been waiting for 3 hours.


FACT

aspect

THE SYNTHETICAL PLANE OF EXPRESSION OF KAZAKH PREDICATES

Verb + affixations of the Present Tense:-й, -a, -e; -dy, -di, -ty, -ti.

Verb + affixes -ды (dy), -ді(di), -ты(ty), -ті(ti), which express general Fact actions in the

Past. Ba r-a-dy.

Verb + affixes -ар, -ер, -с express possible future actions, the result of such actions are

uncertain. For example: Қолы тисе ол барар (maybe go yes, maybe no).

Verb + affixes +-мақ, -мек, -пақ, -пек, -бақ, -бек express Intentional Future Fact actions,

that an agent intends to do something in future. For example: Ол бар-мақ-шы.

Verb + affixes + - у(u), -тын (tyn),- тін(tin) + marker- еді, which express Iterated Past Fact

Aspect.

Verb+ affixes –ған(gan), -ген(gen), -қан(kan), -кен(ken) + еді, which express the Past Fact

actions happened for a long time ago.

Verb + affixes: infix –a, -e, -i; postfixes: -ды, -ді, -ты, -ті express Future General Fact

actions. For example: Олар ертең барады.

Verb + affixes + -а,-е,-й-айын, - ейін, - ын, -ин express resolute future actions. For example:

Мен айтайын ( he has an intention to do the future action).

[Kakzhanova2015:135]

PC AND PE OF KAZAKH ASPECTS

ACTION

RESULT ASPECT

THE PLANE OF CONTENT

RESULT a complete action. Action in its development comes to logical end

of development and reaches a completely new stage.

ASPECT THE PLANE OF EXPRESSION OF ALL CATEGORY MEANINGS, INCLUDING

ASPECT

RESULT - gerunds (-п,-ып, -іп, -е,-а, -й)

- the auxiliary verbs: біт, бол, кет, қал, ал, қой, сал, таста,

шық, өт, жібер (bol, bit, ket, kal, al, koi, sal, tasta, shyk, ot,

zhiber) +postfixes.

- EXAMPLES: ЖАЗЫП БОЛАДЫ; АЙТЫП ШЫҚТЫ; АЙТА САЛ

Present Result: салып болды (жаңа ғана) have built ( just now)

Past Result: салып болды (ертеде) had built

Future Result: салып болады (will have built)

ASPECT CATEGORY IS DOMINANT AMONG VERB CATEGORIES, IN

SPITE OF HAVING THREE DIFFERENT TENSES, PC of RESULT ASPECT

DOESN’T CHANGE ITS MEANING.

EXAMPLES FROM FICTIONS

1.Жаңа ғана (НД) дастарханнан тұрған кісілер ет пен шайға іші-сыртын

сықып алған (Ә.Нұрпейісов-Nurpeisov ).

2.Тілеміс шырағым, біз саған бір масыл болып алдық, –

деді Есеней әлгінде (НД) ғана қоштасып кеткен Тілеміске (Ғ.Мүсірепов-

Musrepov).

3.Өмірде істемегенін істеп, әлгінде (НД) ат үстінде та-қымы босап қалғып кетті

(Ә. Нұрпейісов- Nurpeisov)).

4. Kешке қарай Әсіреп, Мүсірептің екі үйіне кеше ғана (НД) тараған

қыз-бозбаланың үйіле төгіле қайта келгені де содан еді (Ғ.Мүсірепов-

Musrepov).

5. Осы кеше ғана (НД) ауылға каникулге барып қайттым (Ә.Нұршайықов-

Nurshaihov).

6.Үйінің үстіне әскер құлардың алдында бір күн бұрын (НД) тебірен-бес

тауының сыртындағы жазықтықтан киік қуып қан сорпасы шыққан атты отқа

жібермей,белдеуге байлап қаңтарып қойғанды (Ә. Нұрпейісов ).

THE PLANE OF ANALYTICAL RESULT ASPECT EXPRESSION

TYPES OF

ASPECTS

Main verb Gerund Auxiliary

verbs

Tense

indicator

Person (I)

Number

Affixes

Present Result

Aspect

-

KAZAKH

-LANGUAGE

-

has no

-

present

-

result

Past Result

Aspect I (Present

Result)

Оқу Оқып бол - -дым

(just now)

-дым is also the

indicator of

person I and

number)

Past Result

Aspect II (Past

Result)

Оқу оқып бол - -дым

(long ago)

-дым

Future Result

Aspect

Oқу оқып бол- -а мын[Kakzhanova 2015:133-134]

SUB-ASPECT

SUB-ASPECT is a FUTHER

MODIFICATION OF THE PLANE

OF THE MAIN ASPECT CONTENTS

RESULT SUB-ASPECTS

1.Iterative Result Sub-aspect expresses repeated result actions.

Ол Англияға екі рет барып келді. He has been twice in England.

2. Multistage Result or Simulfactive Sub-aspects expresses

result actions on the basis of experiences.

Көпшіліктің ойы бойынша ұшақ жуық арада табылған жаңалық.

Дегенмен ұшақтың осындай дамуы осы елу жыл ішінде жетіліп шықты.

Many people think that the rocket is a recent invention. Although the rocket

has received its greatest development within the last fifty years.

3. Taxis Result Sub-aspects expresses several actions where one

of these actions had finished before other .

Жұмысын ол келгенге дейін істеп бітірді. He had finished his work

before she returned.

4. Instantenuous Result Sub-aspect expresses result

actions occur fast.

Кенет жаңбыр жауып кетті.

Suppositional Result Sub-aspects expresses actions

which are supposed to have results.

Сіз бұл туралы оқып шығарсыз. You will have

read about it.

7. Modal Result Sub-aspects expresses intensions.

Оған мына жұмысты істеп кету керек еді. Нe

should have done this work.

[Kakzhanova2015:149-151]

ACTION

PROCESS ASPECT


PROCESS It is a process action. Process is a main stage of actions,

which is necessary for internal work to make prerequisites

for completion and transit to a new stage.

ASPECT THE PLANE OF EXPRESSION

PROCESS - gerund -п,(p), -a-, -e,-й- (i). Aity ( verb)–aitup (gerund)

- auxiliary verbs: тұр, отыр, жатыр, жүр + post affixes

of person, number, and tense categories.

-Examples: aityp zhatyr

Present Process: айтып тұр (aitup tur); айтып

отыр (aitup otur); айтып жүр (aitup zhur); айтып

жатыр (aitup zhatur);

Past Process: aйтып тұрды (aityp turdy), айтып

жүрді (aityp zhurdy);

Future Process: айтып тұрады –aityp turady, айтып

жүреді-aityp zhuredi.

EXAMPLES FROM FICTIONS

1.Көпшілігі Кенесарыдан қашып кете алмай жүрген адамға

ұқсайды (Ғ.Мүсірепов).

2.Астанадан шыққалы қыбыр еткен жоқ; шығарып салып тұрған қа-

лыңдығының ерке мінезі есіне түскенде, соқыр шам сығырайған вагонд

а қимылсыз көзі шоқтанып жана түседі (Ә.Нұрпейісов).

3.Әсіресе бір жас қыз еңгезердей ірі солдаттан қашып зытып

бара жатты (Ә. Нұрпейісов).

4.Қара етіктің қазық өкшесін тық-ық басып келе жатқан Бәкизат оған

таяна бере кілт тоқтады. – Жәдігер, – деді жүзін тіктеп (Ә. Нұрпейісов).

KAZAKH LANGUAGE CAN USE SEVERAL GERUNDS:

шығарып салып; қашып зытып бара; басып келе.

THE PLAN OF EXPRESSION OF ANALYTICAL PROCESS ASPECT

Aspect Main

verb

Gerund Auxilia-

ry verb

Tense

indi-

cators

Person,

number

affixes

Present

Process

Оқу оқып жат -ыр- -мын

(аффикс

первого

лица и

числа)

Past Process Оқу оқып жат- -қан- -мын

Future

Process

Оқу оқып жат- -a- -мын[Kakzhanova

2015:128]-129]

SUBASPECTS OF PROCESS ASPECT 1.Intensive Process Sub-aspect expresses intensive process actions.

Инфляция қарқынды дамып келе жатыр - Inflation is galloping

[Kakzhanova 2013 :93].

2. General Axiomatic Process Sub-aspect. Жер айналып тұр- The Earth is

moving [Kakzhanova :93].

3. Exaggeration Prosess Sub-aspect expresses exaggerated actions. Ия, ол ылғи оқып отырады He is always reading) [Kakzhanova 2013 :93].

4.Supposional Process Subaspect. Мүмкін, мен ұйықтап жатамын -I

shall be sleeping. [Kakzhanova 2013 :93]

5.Process Background Sub-aspect creates the background for other actions. Мен аударып жатқанда, ол оқып жатты- I was translating an article

while he was reading [Kakzhanova 2013 :96].

6. Unexpected Process Sub-aspect expresses actions being realized unexpectedly. Массаған, мен ешуақытта сенімен кездесіп отырамын деп

ойлаған жоқпын - At last, I thought I was never meeting you [Kakzhanova

2013:95]

7. Iterative Process Sub –Aspect express repeated actions:

Ойламайын десе де, кешке бюрода қаралатыны қайта-қайта есіне түсіп,

көңіл қошы болмайытырынып отырғанда, мына бір қастан шықпағыр да

есіктің аржағында қоңырауды шырылдатып тұрып алды (Ә.Нұрпейісов).

8.Process Intentional sub-Aspects expresses intention to do smth.

Қазір қатары кеткен, тірі қалғандар да ілгері күннен ештеңе күтпейді;

тек мына адыра қалғыр туған жердің топырағын қимай, сағатын санап

отыр; ұшқыш жігіт алақан жайып жүріп бензин тауып, екі ай, үш айда

еткізіп беретін қант, шайды тірлікке талшық қып жан созып келеді

(Ә. Нұрпейісов). [Kakzhanova 2015:147-148]

ACTION

FACT ASPECT


FACT PRESENT FACT ASPECT

Verb + affixations of the Present Tense:-й (i), -a, -e; -dy, -di, -ty, -ti.

Ол оқиды.

ASPECT THE PLANE OF EXPRESSION

FACT Any verb a,-e,-й (i): + affixes of Tense, Number, Voice, Person.

The Kazakh language has such grammatical phenomenon that the plan of

expression of Future and Present Fact Aspects is the same and semantics is

defined by context.

Kazakh Fact aspects are expressed synthetically by verbs( but not gerunds

as it is written in text –books) which are formed with suffixes –a,-e,-й (i):

bar-a-du, kel-e-di, soile-i-di, (Present and Future)

PRESENT FACT ASPECT

Verb + affixations of the Present Tense:-й, -a, -e; -dy,

-di, -ty, -ti

Ол да гимназияда оқиды жасына қарай, Ғайша-

дан бірер класс ілгері (now in general) (М. Әуезов).

PAST FACT ASPECT

1.Verb + affixes -ды (dy), -ді(di), -ты(ty), -ті(ti), which express general Fact

actions in the Past. For example: Олар келді (general fact action)

II.Verb + affixes + - у(u), -тын (tyn),- тін(tin) + marker еді, which express

Iterated Past Fact Aspect. For example: Біз барушы едік. Біз баратын едік (the

repeated fact action).

III.Verb+ affixes –ған(gan), -ген(gen), -қан(kan), -кен(ken) + еді, which express

the Past Fact actions happened for a long time ago. For example: Иә, ол қалада

болғанбыз. Ол институтта оқыған едік.

The adverbial determiners of the Fact Aspect are жалпы, күнделікті, қайта-

қайта and etc. Мен қайта-қайта/ жалпы/ күнде/ күнделікті

сұрағанмын/сұрадым. [Kakzhanova 2015:139-140]

FUTURE FACT ASPECT:

I.Verb + affixes: infix –a, -e, -i; postfixes: -ды, -ді, -ты, -ті

express Future General Fact actions. For example: Олар ертеңбарады.

II.Verb + affixes + -а,-е,-й-айын, - ейін, - ын, -ин express

resolute future actions. For example: Мен айтайын ( he has anintention to do the future action).

III.Verb + affixes +-мақ, -мек, -пақ, -пек, -бақ, -бек express

Intentional Future Fact actions, that an agent intends to dosomething in future. For example: Ол бар-мақ-шы.

IV.Verb + affixes -ар, -ер, -с express possible future actions, the

result of such actions are uncertain. For example: Қолы тисе ол

барар (maybe yes, maybe no). [Kakzhanova 2015:140-141]

EXAMPLES FROM FICTIONS AND NEWSPAPER

1. Ол да гимназияда оқиды, жасына қарай, Ғайшадан бірер класс іл-гері (М. Әуезов). (жалпы ол қазір оқиды)

2.Олай болса, жалпы Керейдің он екі болыс болып отырған үлкен

бір тармағы Абақ-Керей деп аталады.

(жалпы қазір осылай деп атайды) (Ғ.Мүсірепов).

3.Компьютермен бала жазады, оқиды, түрлі тестер орындайды.(Газет материалынан).

4. Екі дос бір-біріне сыр айтады (Ә.Нұршайықов).

5. Ал Жәнібек болса, осынау ру таласына өзгеше қарайды

(І. Есенберлин).

6.Талай сыр ертегіні ел айтады (С. Сейфуллин).

Aspect Markers

(Adverbs)

Main

verb

Aspect

indi-

cator

Tense Indicators\

Person.

Number

Present and

Future Fact

қайта-

қайта,

жалпы

(оқу) оқи- - Мын (I person)

Past Fact

(general)

қайта-

қайта,

жалпы

оқу

айту

келу

оқ-и-

айт –a-

кел-е-

- ды (dy), -ді(di),

- dы,-ты(ty),

- ді, - ті(ti).

- (III person)

Past Fact

(Iterated actions)

еді бару

келу

бар-а-

Кел -е-

-тын, -дын

-тін, -дін

(III person)

Past Fact (long

ago)

еді бару

келу

бар-ған

кел-ген

The plan of expression of synthetical Fact Aspect

Future Fact Aspect

(resolute actions )

айту

сөйлеу

aйта

сөйл

-айын,

- ейін,

(- ын, -ин)

(I person)

Future Fact Aspect

(intended actions )

бару бар

кел

-мақ,

-мек,

-пақ,-пек,

-бақ, -бек

-пын

-пін

(I person

indicator)

Future Fact Aspect

(possible actions)

оқу

келу

айту

оқы

кел-

айт-

көрсе-

ту

-мақ-

-мек-

-пак-

-пек-

-шы-

-ші-

-шы

-шы

-мын

( I person)

Future Fact Aspect

(uncertain)

бару

келу

бар-

кел-

-ар

-ер

- (III

PERSON)

SUB-ASPECTS OF FACT ASPECT

1. Axiomatic Fact Sub-aspect,

2. General Fact Sub-aspects,

3. Iterative Fact Sub-aspect,

4. Historic Fact Sub-aspect,

5.Descriptive Fact Sub-aspect (stories, situations, evident),

6. Result Fact Sub-aspects,

7. Process Fact Sub-aspect,

8. Protracted Fact Sub-aspects.


ACTION

PROTRACTED (PERDURATIVE) ASPECT


PROTR

AC-

TED

It expresses a perdurative action which starts, but it is not completed for some

reasons (insufficient conditions)and this protracted action is sometimes interrupted

by other actions and it has some results before interrupting and it is expected to

be continued, if necessary conditions (finance, materials, etc.) being required are

created for its continuation, they have no continuation if there are no any

opportunities to make required conditions.

ASPECT THE PLANE OF EXPRESSIONPROTRAC-

TED-gerund with the indicators of gerund: -п(-p)

-the auxiliary verbs: тұр, отыр, жатыр, жүр, кел

-special adverbs (markers): әлі, содан бері, күні бойы, біраз, N сағат (бір сағат, 10

сағат; бір күн, он күн, 20-30 күн; үш жыл и др).

For example: Мен 3 сағат бойы тосып отырмын – I have been waiting for 3 hours.

Present Protracted Aspect

Әйел мен бала даусы әлі (НД) шығып жатыр (Ғ.Мүсірепов).

Әлі is an indicator of Protracted aspect.

Past Protracted Aspect

Осыдан бір ай бұрын, Қожаның жалғыз қызы сақау екен деген лақап

бүкіл аймақты кезіп жүрді (Ә.Нұршайықов).

- Бір ай бұрын is an indicator of protracted action.

Future Protracted Aspect

1. Ертең сіз келгенде, біз әлі жұмыс істеп жатамыз.

Әлі is an marker of the Protracted action.

EXAMPLES FROM FICTIONS AND NEWSPAPER

1. Әйел мен бала даусы әлі (НД) шығып жатыр (Ғ.Мү-

сірепов).

2.Үй сыртында келіп тұрған үш жүзге мәлім Бұқар жы-

рау екенін біліп, әлі де (НД) болса көшерін де, көшпесін де шеше алмай,

үйін жықпай отыр (І. Есенберлин).

Содан бері Есенейдің Ұлпанға берген бір қос жылқы-

сымен бірге бағылып жүрген мал ендігі қырық-елу

болған шығар деп ойлады (Ғ.Мүсірепов).

4.Зейнеп апай бұл іске көптен бері қамданып жүрген (Ш.Айтматов).

5.Күні бойы жиналған энергияны сол Шарға бағдарла-

са, Шар түнгі Ай секілді ЭКСПО-көрме қалашығы-

ның үстіне самалдай жарық түсіріп тұрады (Газет материалынан).

Aspect Adverbs Main

verb

Ge-

rund

Auxi-

liary

verbs

Tense

indi-

cator

Person,

number

affixes

Present Pro-

tracted

әлі, содан

бері, күні

бойы, біраз

ж.б.

оқу оқып жат- -ыр- -мын

(I person,

singular)

Past Protracted әлі, содан

бері, күні


ж.б.

оқу оқып жат- -қан- -мын

Future

Protracted

әлі, содан

бері, күні


ж.б.

оқу оқып жат- -а- -мын

[Kakzhanova

2015:142]

The plane of expressions of analytical Protracted Aspect

SUB-ASPECTS OF THE PROTRACTED ASPECT

1. Iterative Protracted Sub-aspects

2. Protracted Background Sub-aspect

3. Cause-Effect Protracted Sub-aspect


CONCLUSIONS:

THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE HAS THE ASPECT CATEGORY , BECAUSE IT HAS

(1) THE PLANE OF CONTENT: DIFFERENT MODIFICATIONS OF INTERNAL ACTION DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION IN THE WORLD VIEW OF KAZAKH SPEAKING PEOPLE. THERE ARE FOUR MAIN ASPECTS: PROCESS, RESULT, PERDURATIVE, and FACT WITH THEIR SUBASPECTS.

(2) THE PLAN OF EXPRESSION : SINGLE CONTINUUM OF EXPRESSION, WHICH IS GIVEN ANALYTICALLY AND SYNTHETICALLY IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE, WHERE ALL THESE SIX VERB CATEGORY MEANINGS MANIFEST THEMSELVES SIMALTANUOUSLY.

(3) KAZAKH VERB CAN GENERATE SIX CATEGORY MEANINGS, INCLUDING ASPECT.

THE PROBLEMS OF KAZAKH ASPECT AND THE

PROBLEMS OF THE ASPECT THEORY IN GENERAL

THREE SUBJECTIVE REASONS, DENYING THE EXISTANCE

OF THE ASPECT CATEGORY IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE:

1.THE PREDICATES OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE ARE CONSIDERED NOT TO

BE EXPRESSED BY THE VERB SYNTHETICALLY, THAT THEY ARE EXPRESSED

BY NON –FINITES (GERUND, PARTICIPLE) .

a.HAVING HIGH RATIO OF AFFIXATION (POSTFIXES) PER A VERB, KAZAKH

LANGUAGE EXPRESSES THE ASPECT CATEGORY WITH THE HELP OF

AUXILIARY VERBS OR ANALYTICALLY. IF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE IS

CONSIDERED TO BE TEMPORAL, THIS PLANE OF EXPRESSION WAS NOT

ACCEPTED.

2. IN SPITE OF BEING SYNTHETICAL LANGUAGE AS THE RUSSIAN

LANGUAGE, THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE HAS NO ARTIFICIALLY INVENTED

AKTIONSART, WHICH HAS NO CERTAIN STATUS IN ASPECT THEORY. IT ALSO

INFLUENCE THE CONCLUSION, THAT THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE HAS NO THE

ASPECT CATRGORY.

3.THE PLANE OF CONTENT OF TRADITIONAL ASPECT CATEGORY DOESN’T

DISCLOSE THE MEANINGS OF THIS CATEGORY.

THE PREDICATES OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE ARE CONSIDERED

TO BE EXPRESSED SYNTHETICALLY BY NON –FINITES (GERUND,

PARTICIPLE).

PREDICATES ARE EXPRESSED BY VERBS, TO BE A PREDICATE, A

VERB SHOULD HAVE SIX CATEGORY MEANINGS, NON-FINITES

HAVE NO THESE SIX CATEGORY MEANINGS.

Kazakh gerund cannot express predicate, in spite of being considered to express Kazakh synthetical predicates, because it consists of the verb and adverb. From verb it inherits only three category meanings in Kazakh language and they are not enough to express the predicates (category meanings should be six) and it has also non – process part of speech as an adverb.

GERUND

/ \

VERB + ADVERB

/ | \

ASPECT VOICE MOOD + SYNTACTICAL FUNCTION (MODIFIER)

Gerund can express predicates as the component of analytical predicates together with auxiliary verbs, because the auxiliary verbs neutralize the nature of non –process part of speech as adverb and give the missing verb category meanings as person, number, and tense.

THE ANALYTICAL EXPRESSION OF THE PREDICATE

OKYP + BITTI

/ | \ / | \

ASPECT VOICE MOOD TENSE PERSON NUMBER


THE REASON THAT NON-FINITE VERBS ARE CONSIDERED TO EXPRESS PREDICATES

The INFIXES - A, -E,- Й (I) are considered to be only the indicators of gerund, when THESE INFIXES ARE ALSO THE INDICATORS OF VERBS.

INFIXES- A, -E,- Й (I)

/ \

GERUND VERB

САЛА САЛАМЫН

KELE KELEMІН

СӨЙЛЕЙ СӨЙЛЕЙМІН

A,-E,- Й (I) are indicators of the verbs of the FUTURE and PRESENT TENSES.

Gerunds derive from verbs, it is natural that they have these infixes. But they with these infixes can not express predicates, it was written above. That is why Kazakh verbs express synthetical predicates in spite of being denied.

THE SYNTHETICAL PREDICATE EXPRESSED BY THE VERB

OK I DY (okidy)

/ | \ | / \

ASPECT VOICE MOOD TENSE PERSON NUMBER

/ \

FUTURE PRESENT

THE PLANES OF EXPRESSION OF PRESENT AND FUTURE TENSES OF FACT ASPECT IS THE SAME IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE.


KAZAKH AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES REFER TO SYNTHETICAL LANGUAGES, THAT IS WHY SUCH NOTIONS AS POSTFIXES , INFIXES, PREFIXES, AND FLEXIONS ARE INHERENT BOTH OF THEM.

KAZAKH VERBS ARE CONSIDERED ‘NOT’ TO EXPRESS PREDICATES SYNTHEICALLY, THAT IS WHY POSTFIXES AND INFIXES ARE CONSIDERED TO REFER TO GERUNDS, ON THE BASIS OF IT, THE

SYNTHETICAL PLANE OF FACT ASPECT EXPRESSION BY VERBS ARE DENIED.

(1)POSTFIX (Kazakh) POSTFIX (Russian)

Қанағат –тан-ды –р-ыл-ма-ған-дық-тан (7)(?) писат-ель

(2) INFIX INFIX

кел-е-мін (?) решить-решать

ON THE BASIS OF RUSSIAN INFIXES THE ASPECT THEORY HAD GOT SUCH NOTIONS AS PERFECTIVE (решИть) and IMPERFECTIVE (решАть), THOUGH THERE ARE SO MANY TYPES OF INTERNAL ACTION

DEVELOPMENT.

(3) INFLECTION INFLEXION

бала – лар сестр –ы

(4) PREFIX (2) PREFIX

бей-мәлім шуметь, отшуметь,

пошуметь, зашуметь, нашуметь

Kazakh language has no such productive verb-formation prefixes as shown here : по-, за-, на-, от-,

which are reasons of appearing such notion as AKTIONSART.

[Kakzhanova 2015: 71]

WHAT IS ACTIONSART?

The examples of the Aktionsart are from the verb ‘шуметь-shumet’– to noise (to make noise):

-отшуметь' ‘to stop to make noise’:

-пошуметь’– to make noise for a while’,

-‘зашуметь’– to begin to make noise,

-‘нашуметь’ – to noise enough

and all these semantically change verbs express the Perfect aspect (fragment)

Initially Aktionsart denotes Perfective aspect , now it is considered to denote imperfective also.

ON THE BASIS OF VERB-FORMATION PREFIXES OF SLAVIC LANGUAGES, THE ASPECT

THEORY HAS THE ARTIFICIAL CREATED PHENOMENON ‘ACTIONSART’ (ASPECT IN

ASPECT), WHICH STILL HAS NO CERTAIN STATUS IN THE ASPECT THEORY.

ON THE BASIS OF THE PLANE OF EXPRESSION (prefixes) WE CAN NOT CREATE THE NOTION.

THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE HAS NO SUCH PRODUCTIVE PREFIXES, in spite of the RUSSIAN AND

KAZAKH LANGUAGES REFER TO SYNTHETICAL LANGUAGE( TWO TYPES OF IT:

AGGLUTINATIVE AND FLEXIONAL), IT IS ONE OF REASONS THAT KAZAKH LANGUAGE HAS

NO SYNTHETICAL EXPRESSION OF ASPECT .

I CONSIDER, THE AKTIONSART REFERS TO EXTRALINGUISTIC CONCEPT’ACTION’.


‘Notwithstanding the elaborate history of the study of ‘Aktionsart’, it should be noted that, in spite of the long and frequent usage of this terminology in aspectology, it is difficult to reach an understanding of it’.

[Bondarko 2001:63].

Aktionsart still exists in Slavic aspect theory.

TRADITIONAL DEFINITION OF THE ASPECT

CATEGORY :

‘Aspect is how action occurs at the time or the distribution of the action in time’.

[Peshkovsky 1956 :105, Maslov 2004: 23].

According to this definition the aspect is created by the Tense category.

If we accept this definition, we deny the discrete meanings of verb categories.

If all categorical meanings manifest themselves simultaneously in a single continuum of expression, can we say, that some languages are temporal, some languages are aspectual?

[Kakzhanova 2015: 17]

CONCLUSION

The traditional definition influenced the opinion that

some languages are aspectual and some languages are

temporal.

IT MAKES CONCEPTUAL AND TERMINOLOGICAL CONFUSION.

The Kazakh language is considered to be temporal, not

aspectual.

On the basis of absence of the aspect category, there are more

than 30 Tenses (according to different sources) in Kazakh

language.

Seven tenses are usually given in official text books.

From thirty tenses

6 ‘TENSES’ ARE IN FUTURE TENSE

8 ‘TENSES’ARE IN PRESENT TENSE

16 ‘TENSES’ ARE IN PAST TENSE

‘TENSES’ EXPRESS

ASPECTS, VOICE, MOOD and MODALTY, WHEN IT SHOULD EXPRESS ONLY

PRESENT, PAST , AND FUTURE.

FUTURE ‘TENSES’

Five from six future tenses express modality.

Сенімді келер шақ ( confident, assured future actions)

Kazakh Grammar /Kazakh Academy of the SSA[1967:200]

Болжалды келер шақ (suppositional future actions)

Isaev C. [2007:88],Ibragimov K.[2011:59] SalkynbaiA.[2008:251]

Мақсатты келер шақ (planned future actions)

AkhanovaD.AldashevaA. AkhmetzhanovaZ. Kadasheva K. SuleimenovaE. [2002:111]

Кесімді келер шақ (compulsary future actions) Zhubanov K.[1999:387]

Тілекті келер шақ ( desired future actions) ZhubanovK [1999:388]

AND: Regret , Doubtful or Obvious Past Tenses and others .

MINUSES:

(1) SOME TENSES EXPRESS TWO OR MORE PLANE OF CONTENTS IN ONE PLANE OF EXPRESSION

Really Present Tense expresses (1)common and (2) long-term

actions that can be observed at a given moment and during long

time

Isaev C. [2007:87],Tomanov M[1988:45], SalkynbaiA.[2008:250]

AkhanovaD.AldashevaA. AkhmetzhanovaZ. Kadasheva K. SuleimenovaE

[2002:88].

General Present expresses the action is happening right now, or

probably it will be a perdurative action

[ZhybanovK. 1999:387].

MINUSES:

II.It is difficult to identify the planes of contents:

Ежелгі өткен шақ (Old Past Tense) expresses past actions and a

speaker was not involved in it and he did not know about this action.

Toleuov A. [1975:66], AkhanovaD.AldashevaA. Akhmetzhanova Z.

Kadasheva K. SuleimenovaE. [2002:107]

Қатысты өткен шақ (Participated Past Tense) It expressed actions

where a speaker took part in it. Mamanov I.[1966]

The planes of contents of these ‘tenses’ express voices and a learner

should know a speaker takes part and doesn’t. It complicates life of

learners.

THEY ARE CALLED TENSES, BUT THEY EXPRESS ALL PLANES OF

CONTENTS OF VERB CATEGORY MEANINGS , INCLUDING THE ASPECT

CATEGORY, IN SPITE OF HAVING SEPARATE VOICE, MOOD, AND

OTHER VERB CATEGORY THEME SECTIONS IN THE GRAMMAR OF

THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE, BESIDES THE ASPECT CATEGORY.

SOME OF FOUR MAIN TYPES OF ASPECTS ARE NOT INCLUDED IN

THESE ‘TENSES’ .

TENSES PROCESS, PERFECT, PROTRACTED AND FACT

PRESENT + + +

PAST +

FUTURE + +

CONCLUSIONS:

The Kazakh language has the aspect category:

Kazakh verbs generate six verb categories, including the aspect category.

It has the plane of content and the plane of expression of the aspect.

Kazakh language has four main aspects : process, result, protracted, and fact.

These main aspects have several sub-aspects.

Kazakh aspects are expressed synthetically and analytically with the elements of

agglutination.

Kazakh verbs have infixes –a-,-e-,-й- in fact aspect.

2.Traditional aspect definition does not disclose the plane of content of the aspect

category, it makes conceptual and terminological confusion which led to the

conclusion that some languages are aspectual and some languages are temporal.

3. Aktionsart is an artificial invented notion on the basis of verb formation

prefixes. It refers to extra-linguistic phenomenon’action’ .

4.There are different types of internal action development, there are different

types of actions besides perfective and inperfective.

CONSEQUENCES OF ABSENCE OF THE CATEGORY OF ASPECT IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

Kazakh sentence: Қазақ хандығының төңірегіндегі мемлекеттер бұл уақытта күшейіп алған.Оларға түбі күшінің келмейтініне Әбілқайырдың көзі жете бастады (I. Есенберлин).

English translation: Countries around Kazakh Khanate were gaining strength and he realized that it would be beyond his power to control them.

The predicate of the original expresses the result aspect: күшейіп алған ( had gained/ had been gained strengh).

The predicate of the translation expresses process aspect: were gaining.

The original and translation have different semantics on the basis of different predicates expressed by different aspects.

According to the original, khan knew that these countries could attack at any time , because they were developed countries and the khan would do some result actions to prevent it.

On the basis of the translation khan have time to do something against these developing countries.

The idea of the author is broken.

The name of the khan is not translated, but it has no such semantic difference as aspect.

Reference:

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Baskakov, N.A. 1979 . Историко-типологическая морфология тюркских языков (структура слова и механизм агглютинации) [ Historical, typological morphology of Turkic languages). – Мoscow.

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anniversary of acad. A.N.Kononov. - L .: Nauka.

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