Veldmeijer 2011 - Sandals, shoes and other leatherwork from the Coptic Monastery Deir el-Bachit
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Transcript of Veldmeijer 2011 - Sandals, shoes and other leatherwork from the Coptic Monastery Deir el-Bachit
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Qkjdkcs, Qmh`s kjd Htm`r
C`ktm`rwhrn grho tm` Ahptla
Ohjkst`ry D`lr `c-Bkamlt
Kjkcysls kjd Aktkcheu`
Kjdr I. W`cdo`li`r
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Qld`sthj` Vr`ssK j`w e` j`rktlhj hg Vubcl smlje
\hu kr` r`kdlje k gucc v`rslhj hg tmls bhhn, ghr gr``!
Tmls bhhn ls pkrt hg tm` Qld`sthj` `-clbrkry wm`r` ohst hg hur
pubclaktlhjs kr` guccy kaa`sslbc` ghr gr``. Ghr kaa`ss th ohr`
gr`` bhhns vlslt9 www.sld`sthj`.aho/clbrkry
Dhwjchkd Gucc VDG
Wlslt tm` Qld`sthj` `-clbrkry th brhws` hur `-bhhns. Ghr k oljlokc
g`` yhu akj puramks` k guccy gujatlhjkc VDG kjd by dhlje sh, yhu
m`cp th n``p hur clbrkry rujjlje.
www.sld`sthj`.aho/clbrkry
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QKJDKCQ, QMH@Q KJD HTM@R
C@KTM@RUHRN GRHO TM@AHVTLA OHJKQT@R\D@LR @C-BKAMLT
Kjkcysls kjd Aktkcheu`
Kjdr I. W`cdo`li`r
Qld`sthj` Vr`ss
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Ghr @rjh
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26;; Kjdr I. W`cdo`li`r
LQBJ
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AHJT@JTQ
Vkrt L. Kjkcysls 5
Vr`gka` Bkrbkrk Oke`j kjd B`ttljk Qamoltz
(Rh`o`r- ujd V`clzk`us Ous`uo, Mlcd`sm`lo)>
Rkyohjd Tljd`c (Hrl`jtkc Ljstltut` Ous`uo, Aml-
akeh)> M`c`j Umlt`mhus` (Ksmohc`kj Ous`uo,Hxghrd)> D`jls` Dhx`y (Ous`uo hg Glj` Krts,
Bhsthj) kjd @clzkb`tm Ehrlje kjd C`sc`y-Kjj Cld-
dlkrd (Jktlhjkc Ous`uos Qahtckjd, @dljburem).
Kost`rdko
Kueust 26;;
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;6
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;;
LJTRHDPATLHJ
` Kramk`hchelakc Ljv`stlektlhjs
` Ahptla ohjkst`ry kjd a`o`t`ry D`lr `c-Bkamlt
stkjds hj tm` mlccthp hg Drk Kbu c-Jkek (eur` ;),
tm` w`cc-njhwj j`arhphcls lj [urjk (U`st Bkjn
Cuxhr). Lt ls tm` ckre`st Ahptla ohjkst`ry ahopc`x
pr`s`rv`d lj U`st`rj `b`s (@lamj`r `t kc., 266
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;2
Ljtrhduatlhj
ckt`st bulcdlje pmks`s kjd haaupktlhjkc cky`rs w`r`
dkt`d th tm` Ahptla p`rlhd (Lbld`o9
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;1
Ljtrhduatlhj
Gljd Juob`r (Gljd Jh.)9` ujlqu` juob`r elv`j
by tm` `xakvktlhj r`ahrd, kcchwlje
ghr tm` trkalje hg tm` ahjt`xt hg
tm` hbi`at. K jd juob`r akj lj-
acud` s`v`rkc grkeo`jts hg c`ktm`r,
wmlam, lj hrd`r th s`pkrkt` tm`ogrho `kam htm`r, mkv` b``j sub-
juob`r`d by o`kjs hg c`tt`rs
(k, b, a `ta.) by o`. C`ktm`r jds
olemt hrleljkt` grho dlst`r-
`jt typ`s hg hbi`ats. `r`ghr`,
sub-juob`r`d grkeo`jts oky
mkv` b``j aktkcheu`d lj dlst`r-
`jt pcka`s/s`pkrkt`cy b`akus` tm`
aktkcheu` ls dlvld`d lj gujatlhjkc
erhups (s`` b`chw). Lg tmls ls tm`aks`, k r`g`r`ja` th tm` htm`r grke-
o`jts ls ljacud`d ujd`r R`okrns.
Erhup9 Kcc jds wltmlj tm` jd juob`r
kjd ahjt`xt. ` jtry ls hjcy us`d
wm`j sho` hg tm` sub-juob`r`d
grkeo`jts kr` d`sarlb`d `cs`-
wm`r`.
O`ksur`o`jts9 Lg twh o`ksur`o`jts kr` s`pk-
rkt`d by k mypm`j, lt ljdlakt`s tm`sokcc`st kjd ckre`st slz`. O`ksur`-
o`jts hg grkeo`jts hg wmlam sld`s
akjjht b` d`t`rolj`d kjd m`ja`
jh c`jetm hr wldtm akj b` r`ahe-
jls`d, kr` jht`d wltm x. Psu-
kccy, but jht `xacuslv`cy, tm`s` kr`
g`ktur`c`ss sarkps. Kcc o`ksur`-
o`jts kr` lj olcclo`tr`s, ujc`ss
stkt`d htm`rwls`. Kbbr`vlktlhjs9
d ? dlko`t`r> m ? m`lemt>c ? c`jetm> t ? tmlanj`ss> w ? wldtm.
O`ksur`o`jts okrn`d wltm # kr`
kpprhxlokt`.
Ahchur9 ` ahchur ls hjcy ljdlakt`d lj
e`j`rkc t`ros. K ahchur d`slejk-
tlhj uslje ghr xkopc` tm` Oujs`cc
Ahchr Qyst`o, mks jht b``j us`d.
R`okrns9 Ljghroktlhj kbhut wm`r` th jd
tm` sub-juob`r`d hbi`ats tmkt kr`
jht d`sarlb`d ujd`r tm` pr`s`jt
aktkcheu` juob`r (s`` `xpckjk-
tlhj hg Gljd Juob`r) akj b` ghujd
m`r`. Gurtm`rohr`, lt ls stkt`d m`r`
wm`tm`r tm` hbi`at ls jht lccustrkt`d
hr sub-juob`r`d hr lg tm` `jtryljacud`s jht-d`sarlb`d, g`ktur`c`ss
sarkps. Haakslhjkccy, ljghroktlhj
hg k dlst`r`jt jktur` akj b` ghujd
m`r` ks w`cc.
D`sarlptlhj9 Kcc hbi`ats kr` d`sarlb`d lj d`tklc.
Qlja` lt ls k d`sarlptlhj, jh r`g`r-
`ja`s kr` ljacud`d9 tm`s` akj b`
ghujd lj pkrt L, tm` sal`jtla kjkcy-
sls. Mhw`v`r, haakslhjkccy hj` akjjd r`g`r`ja`s th t`xt eur`s lj
hrd`r th euld` tm` r`kd`r tmrhuem
tm` sp`alkclst t`roljhchey (k ehhd
`xkopc` ls tm` r`g`r`ja` th t`xt
eur` 5, smhwlje tm` dlst`r`jt
typ`s hg njhts). ` t`roljhchey
tmkt ls us`d lj tm` pr`s`jt whrn
ls bks`d hj Ehubltz `t kc. (266;)
but b`akus` tm`y bks`d tm`lr whrn
hj @urhp`kj ghhtw`kr, `xpkjslhj
kjd kdiusto`jt prhv`d lj`vltkbc`ghr @eyptlkj okt`rlkc. `r`ghr`,
t`roljhchey ghr tm` d`sarlptlhj hg
ghhtw`kr ls us`d ks dlsauss`d by
W`cdo`li`r (26;6k). T`roljhchey
hg njhts ls k`r W`cdo`li`r (2667).
` Lccustrktlhjs
Vmhtherkpmy ls by @rjh @jd`jbure ujc`ss stkt`dhtm`rwls` kjd ahurt`sy hg tm` Ljstltut gr eyp-
thchel` kj d`r Cudwle-Okxlolclkjs-Pjlv`rsltt
Ojam`j. ` pmhtherkpms kr` pr`pkr`d ghr pubcl-
aktlhj by Kdrl t Mhh (Kdrl t Mhh Vmhtherkpmla
Q`rvla`s). ` `cd drkwljes hg tm` bhhn ahv`rs (e-
ur`s 22-10) w`r` dhj` by Vl`t`r Ahcc`t, but turj`d
ljth pubclaktlhj ghrokt by tm` pr`s`jt kutmhr. Kcc
htm`r lccustrktlhjs kr` by Kjdr I. W`cdo`li`r/@rjh
@jd`jbure ujc`ss stkt`d htm`rwls`. ` sakc` bkrs
kr` 06 oo ujc`ss stkt`d htm`rwls`. Ahjstruatlhj
drkwljes kr` jht th sakc`.
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;4
KJKC\QLQ
ls o`kjt tm` strlp hg c`ktm`r wltm k buanc` hr aho-
pkrkbc` gkst`jlje tmkt ls us`d lj achtmlje> strlps
hg c`ktm`r tmkt kr` us`d ghr tylje kr` r`g`rr`d th ks
strkp (jht th b` ahjgus`d wltm tm` strkps lj k skj-
dkcs strkp ahopc`x, wmlam kr` usukccy r`g`rr`d th lj
k ohr` sp`ala wky, l.`. grhjt, bkan- kjd m``c strkp).
Brkld`d grkeo`jts kjd grkeo`jts tmkt kr` okd` bytm` sclt-kjd-pucc t`amjlqu` kr` r`ekrd`d ks strkps.
Qho` hg tm`s` olemt hrleljkt` grho skjdkcs, but
suam hbi`ats mkv` kcsh b``j us`d lj, ghr `xkopc`,
bhhn ahv`rs m`ja` tm` ljacuslhj hg tmhs` grke-
o`jts wmhs` pr`als` ld`jtlaktlhj ls lophsslbc`
wltmlj tmls erhup. ` dlstljatlhj b`tw``j b`cts
kjd strkps ls jht kcwkys `ksy th okn` kjd h`j
`v`j lophsslbc`, m`ja` tm`lr acksslaktlhj lj hj`
erhup> tm` qukjtlty smhucd b` vl`w`d lj tmls clemt.
By ahrdke`, hbi`ats kr` o`kjt tmkt kr` pcl`d (kjd
sho`tlo`s akbc`d), cln` rhp` kjd strlje tmkt ls okd`hg v`e`tkbc` okt`rlkcs.
Bkes kjd R`ckt`d Hbi`ats ls k sokcc erhup hg hjcy
ghur `jtrl`s (Akt. Jhs. 24;-244). ` c`ktm`r grho
bkes ls h`j jht r`ahejlskbc`, `sp`alkccy wm`j tm`
c`ktm`r grkeo`jts hrleljkt` grho tm` bhdy hg tm` bke
kjd kr` wltmhut g`ktur`s suam ks `de`s kjd mkjdc`s.
` erhup Hstauts kjd Ukst` (Akt. Jhs. 240-
200) hjcy ljacud`s tm` ohr` r`okrnkbc` grkeo`jts9
tm` qukjtlty hg hstauts kjd wkst` ls ckre` but ohst kr`
g`ktur`c`ss grkeo`jts. `s` kr` clst`d lj Kpp`jdlx L.` sokcc erhup Olsa`cckj`hus (Akt. Jhs. 207-
20=) ljacud`s `xtrkhrdljkry lt`os, sho` hg wmlam
w`r` jht usukccy okd` hg c`ktm`r suam ks tm` rlje
kjd tm` pht cld. ` tmlrd `jtry ls k r`pklr pktam,
wmlam olemt mkv` b``j us`d th r`pklr k bke. Lj tm`
kjkcysls, jh ktt`jtlhj ls elv`j th tmls erhup (but s``
tm` aktkcheu`).
` ckre`st erhup, wltm ;0; `jtrl`s (Akt. Jhs.
20
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;0
Kjkcysls
r`pklr (tm` d`er`` olemt dlst`r grho slt` th slt`, ks
wlcc b` `xpcklj`d b`chw). Lj D`lr `c-Bkamlt lt wks
ahoohj prkatla` th r`pklr tmljes hv`r kjd hv`r
keklj, b`yhjd gurtm`r r`pklr. ls o`kjs tmkt, `v`j
lg stlcc lj us`, h`j tm` hrleljkc smkp` kcr`kdy ahucd
jht b` d`t`rolj`d kjyohr`. Ohr`hv`r, k`r dls-akrdlje tm` hbi`at, d`aky s`ts lj,7vkrylje kaahrd-
lje th tm` ljflu`ja` hg kjytmlje grho ohlstur` kjd
wljd th tm` cln`s hg ljs`at kjd rhd`jt katlvlty. `s`
prha`ss`s kct`r tm` hbi`at `v`j ohr`. Jh ktt`jtlhj
ls elv`j th tmls erhup kpkrt grho s`v`rkc `xtrkhrdl-
jkry grkeo`jts.
Vr`s`rvktlhj
E`j`rkccy sp`knlje, tm` pr`s`rvktlhj5hg tm` c`ktm`r
ls ehhd. ` gkat tmkt sh okjy `jtrl`s kr` hjcy sokcc
grkeo`jts ls du` th us` kjd w`kr rktm`r tmkj th bkd
pr`s`rvktlhj. Ljd``d, ahjsld`rlje tm` grkelclty hg
tm` bhhn ahv`r c`ktm`r, hj` ahucd v`j sky tm` pr`s-
`rvktlhj ls `xa`cc`jt.
Hj` hg tm` ohst amkrkat`rlstla ahjdltlhjs hg vls-
lbc` d`t`rlhrktlhj hg c`ktm`r ls k ahjdltlhj usukccy
r`g`rr`d th ks o`ctlje. ls ls akus`d by ohlstur`,
kcchwlje olarhblkc kttkan hr mydrhtm`rokc smrljn-
ke` kjd elv`s tm` c`ktm`r k r`sljhus kpp`krkja`.` prha`ss ls lrr`v`rslbc` kjd wlcc ahjtlju` lg jht
sthpp`d. ls ls hbs`rv`d lj v`ry g`w grkeo`jts,
DB ;;75 (Akt. Jh. 16) kjd DB 1547b (Akt. Jh. 74)
b`lje tm` ohst hbvlhus `xkopc`s. Mhw`v`r, bhtm
grkeo`jts smhw k r`sljhus-cln` ahjdltlhj hjcy lj
arhss-s`atlhj9 tm` surgka` lts`cg ls surprlsljecy lj-
tkat. ` kbs`ja` hg tmls typ` hg d`t`rlhrktlhj sue-
e`sts pr`dholjkjtcy dry ahjdltlhjs. @xkopc`s hg
`xtr`o` o`ct`d c`ktm`r kr` njhwj grho Kokrjk
tm` okt`rlkc sust`r`d sp`alkccy hr lj ohst aks`s hjcyphst-`xakvktlhj (W`cdo`li`r, 26;6b> W`cdo`li`r &
@jd`jbure, 2665) kjd grho Tutkjnmkoujs thob
(W`cdo`li`r, 26;6k kjd r`g`r`ja`s tm`r`lj).
Qnlj Vrha`sslje
Qnlj yp` Ld`jtlaktlhj
Ks `xpcklj`d `cs`wm`r`=(W`cdo`li`r, 26;6b9 ;= kjd
r`g`r`ja`s tm`r`lj),
C`kam, ;
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Kjkcysls
jht kcwkys ks ujkobleuhus ks hj` whucd mhp` (hwj
hbs`rvktlhj [ksr Lbrlo> s`` kcsh hoshj, 26679
0 Wkj Drl`c-Ourrky 2662k9 ; W`cdo`li`r &
Wkj Rhhd`, 2660). ls t`st mks jht b``j kppcl`d
kjd olemt b` ujd`rtkn`j lj tm` gutur`.
Ahchur, b`sld`s tm` jkturkc ahchur hg tm` c`ktm`rhr ahchur tmkt ls du` th snlj prha`sslje, wks jht ld`j-
tl`d. Lj htm`r whrds, wltm DB 2=27 (Akt. Jh.;71)
b`lje tm` hjcy `xa`ptlhj, jh pkljt, dy` hr pleo`jt
s``os th mkv` b``j us`d th d`ahrkt` tm` c`ktm`r.
T`amjlakccy tm`r` ls k dlstljatlhj b`tw``j pleo`jt,
pkljt kjd dy` (s`` ghr xkopc` C`` & [ulrn`, 2666).
` pr`s`jt whrn r`g`rs th tm`s` tmr`` ks pkljt
b`akus` jh kjkcys`s w`r` dhj` th d`t`rolj` tm`
pmyslakc prhp`rtl`s. O`kjt by tm` t`ro pkljt ls k
ahchur htm`r tmkj tm` ahchur hg tm` c`ktm`r lts`cg hrtm` ahchur hg tm` c`ktm`r du` th tm` snlj prha`sslje
o`tmhds. `r` ls qult` sho` dlstljatlhj lj ahchur
hg tm` c`ktm`r, vkrylje grho k clemt brhwj (`.e.DB
2520, Akt. Jh. 274) th tm` er`ylsm bckan c`ktm`r hg
tm` bhhn ahv`rs (`.e.DB 2757, Akt. Jh. ;5;). Lt ls
pckuslbc` th suee`st tmkt tm`s` `xtr`o` dlst`r`ja`s
lj ahchur kr` du` th tm` typ` hg snlj, lj sho` aks`s
lj ahjj`atlhj wltm tm` snlj prha`sslje o`tmhds.
Htm`r akus`s hg tm` dlst`r`ja` lj jkturkc ahchur kr`
tm` us` hg tm` hbi`at (jkturkc gkts lj tm` snlj gurtm`r
aur` tm` c`ktm`r), sp`ala alrauostkja`s durljeburlkc, wmlam olemt dlst`r dlstljatcy `v`j b`tw``j
hbi`ats lj achs` prhxlolty.
Okjugkaturlje T`amjhchey
Qtltam`s kjd Q`kos
` us` hg c`ktm`r tmhje lj stltamlje ls gklrcy clolt`d
b`ghr` Rhokj tlo`s.;1
Ljd``d, j`krcy kcc Vmkrkhjlaghhtw`kr (W`cdo`li`r, 266 266 266 266
26;6k),;4 amkrlht c`ktm`r, ljacudlje bhw aks`s kjd
qulv`rs (W`cdo`li`r, 26;6b);0 kjd htm`r hbi`ats
suam ks tm` t`jt hg Lst`onm`b (p`rshjkc hbs`rvktlhj
266 s`` kcsh Qamwkrz, 26669 201-20=) studl`d tmus
gkr ls pr`dholjkjtcy stltam`d wltm slj`w kjd, th
c`ss`r xt`jt, flkx (s`` kcsh Wkj Drl`c-Ourrky, 26669
265-26=). ls dlst`rs grho c`ktm`rwhrn hg Jublkj
hrlelj, ks jds grho ghr `xkopc` Ml`rknhjphcls
A-erhup suee`st (W`cdo`li`r, 2665b), wmlam kr` gkr
ohr` h`j okd` wltm `xtr`o`cy j` kjd d`clakt`
c`ktm`r tmhjes. Lj phst-Vmkrkhjla tlo`s, tm` us`
hg c`ktm`r tmhjes eklj`d lophrtkja` hv`r flkx kjd
slj`w kjd wks tm` oklj okt`rlkc th s`aur` tm` shc`
cky`rs lj skjdkcs kjd ghr stltamlje s`kos lj hbi`ats
suam ks bkes kjd t`jts.
` vkrl`ty lj stltamlje kjd s`kos lj @eyptlkjc`ktm`rwhrn ls clolt`d (W`cdo`li`r, 26;6b9 ; tm`
stltamlje, mhw`v`r, ls s`ahjdkry, b`akus` tm` hrlel-
jkc sclts kchje tm` p`rlo`t`r mkv` pkrtlkccy b``j
ac`kr`d hg tm` hrleljkc stltamlje. Lj DB ;;66 (Akt.
Jh. 7), tm` stltamlje ls v`ry r`euckr, but kt tm` dhr-
skc surgka` hg tm` ljshc` tm` spka` b`tw``j tm` smhrt
stltam`s ls ouam blee`r. ` r`v`rs` sltuktlhj ls, hg
ahurs`, tru` ghr tm` v`jtrkc surgka` hg tm` tr`kdshc`
(eur` 2B> htm`r ehhd `xkopc`s kr` DB ;06;, Akt.
Jh. 2
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;5
Kjkcysls
Gleur` 2. Q`v`rkc vkrlktlhjs hg c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltamlje.
K) @v`jcy-spka`d> B) R`euckr, wld`cy-spka d smhrt stltam`s>
A) @xtr`o` v`rslhj hg B. T` tmhje rujs ouam ohr` dlkehjkccy
tmrhuem tm` c`ktm`r (s`` kcsh D)> D) DB ;7
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;=
Kjkcysls
v`jtrkc surgka` hg skjdkc Q-6s``j lj DB
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; DB
1511k, Akt. Jh. 466 kjd DB 12;2, Akt. Jh. 1;7).
` dlkehjkc stltamlje tmkt rujs kct`rjkt`cy hv`r
kjd ujd`r bhtm de`s hg tm` t`kr kjd tmus pucc tm`o
the`tm`r okn`s lt v`ry sultkbc` ghr tmls purphs`.
Lts pr`dholjkjt us` ks k r`pklr-stltam ls tm` r`kshjtmkt lt ls jht h`j `jahujt`r`d. Gljds grho Ml`rk-
nhjphcls A-erhup (a. 24 jd MN25A
61-;=;) suee`st tmkt tm` t`amjlqu` wks us`d grho k
v`ry `krcy dkt`.
Qhc`/Ppp`r Ahjstruatlhjs
Kcc stltamlje ls dhj` wltm c`ktm`r tmhje, `xa`pt ghr
hj` hg tm` hbi`ats tmkt kr` ackssl`d ks smh`. M`r`,
tm` stltamlje ls dhj` wltm flkx. DB 156=k-a (Akt. Jh.
;66) okn` up k ckre` pkrt hg k pkrtlkccy ljtkat upp`r
kjd grkeo`jts hg tm` shc`. Pjghrtujkt`cy, tm` c`ktm-`r ls mkrd kjd brlttc` du` th wmlam k d`tklc`d study
prhv`d lophsslbc` prlhr th tr`kto`jt, but tm` dlst`r-
`jt pkrts hg tm` upp`r kr` s`aur`d wltm ghcd`d `de`s
kjd fl`sm-erklj stltamlje (eur` 0K> tmls ls bkslakccy
k rujjlje stltam, but okd` wltm twh tmr`kds lj tm`
hpphslt` dlr`atlhj).26` shc`/upp`r ahjstruatlhj
Gleur` 4. Lj sklchr stltam`s dlkehjkc stltamlje rujs kct`rjkt`cy
hv`r kjd ujd`r bhtm `de`s hg tm` t`kr th pucc tm`o the`tm`r.
Gleur` 0. K) T` s`kos lj tm` upp`r DB 156=k (Akt. Jh. ;66)9
tm` `de`s kr` ghcd`d kjd stltam`d wltm fl`sm-erklj stltamlje hg
flkx. Ag.eur` 7> B) Vrhbkbc` shc`/upp`r ahjstruatlhj9 c`ktm`r
tmhje rujjlje stltam`s wltmhut k rkjd.
K
B
lj 156=k-a (Akt. Jh. ;66) ls uja`rtklj, b`akus` tm`
shc` kjd upp`r kr` s`pkrkt`d, but sokcc r`ojkjts
the`tm`r wltm tm` rktm`r arud` c`ktm`r tmhje stltam-`s suee`sts tmkt tm` upp`r wks s`aur`d th tm` shc`
wltm rujjlje stltam`s (eur` 0B). Jh r`ojkjts hg
rkjd survlv`.
DB 15
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2;
Kjkcysls
(Akt. Jh. 216). Lj ohst aks`s, `xa`pt ghr tm` ckst twh
m`ja` tm`lr acksslaktlhj lj tm` akt`ehry Pjld`jtl-
`d tm`s` kr` ksshalkt`d wltm tm` skjdkcs. DB 1501`
(Akt. Jh. 77) ls k pkrtlauckrcy ehhd `xkopc`9 lt ls hg
k pr`-strkp wltm k sarkp hg bkan strkp tmkt ls kttkam`d
th k s`ahjd sarkp by tm` sclt-kjd-pucc t`amjlqu`. lssuee`sts tmkt tm` t`amjlqu` ls okljcy us`d ghr r`pklr-
lje twh brhn`j pkrts. Mhw`v`r, k pklr hg skjdkcs lj tm`
Qkoocuje d`s eypthchelsam`j Ljstltut d`r Pjlv`rsltt
M`ld cb`re smhws tmls sljec` sclt-kjd-pucc t`amjlqu`
ks kj hrleljkc ahjstruatlhj (iujatlhj hg tm` grhjt kjd
bkan strkps).27` sljec` sclt-kjd-pucc ahjstruatlhj lj
kj `xtrkhrdljkry smh` lj tm` Brltlsm Ous`uo Chjdhj
ls hrleljkc thh.25Lj k pklr hg skjdkcs lj tm` ahcc`atlhj hg
tm` Chuvr`, tm` grhjt strkp ls chhp`d krhujd tm` bkan
strkp kjd s`aur`d wltm k sljec` sclt-kjd-pucc (Ohj-t`obkuct, 26669 DB
DB 2261, Akt.
Jh. =7> DB ;2 DB 2714, Akt. Jh. =DB 1565, Akt. Jh.
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Kjkcysls
Brkldlje
Hj` brkld`d c`ktm`r strkp ls r`elst`r`d. DB =01k
(Akt. Jh. ;
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21
Kjkcysls
Qho`tlo`s tm` strlp ls ghcd`d c`jetmwls` kjd olemt
b` okd` hg c`ktm`r hg dlst`r`jt ahchur, kctmhuem bhtm
the`tm`r kr` rktm`r rkr` (eur` ;2). H`j tm` pkss-
lje strlp akj b` s``j lj r`cl`g kt tm` hutsld` hg tm`
ahlc prhp`r (`sp`alkccy ac`kr lj DB 2;01, Akt. Jh. 56
kjd DB 27=
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24
Kjkcysls
strkps (`.e. Ohjt`obkuct, 26669 ;;6, s`` kcsh eur`
;2). `s` ahlcs kr` k ahoohj c`o`jt lj skjdkcs ks
okjy jds suee`st (ghr `xkopc` Brujthj, ; Nu`jy & \hyhtt`, ; Jku`rtm, ;
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20
Kjkcysls
Gleur` ;0. Qkjdkc (QKLPM 104), smhwlje tm` tub` lj sltu.Ahurt`sy hg tm` Qkoocuje d`s eypthchelsam`j Ljstltut d`r
Pjlv`rsltt M`ld`cb`re.
Gleur` ;7. T` skjdkc RQO ; lg tm` hrleljkc shc` wks
d`ahrkt`d, lt olemt jht b` vlslbc` kjyohr . Kjhtm`rokihr gujatlhjkc erhup, bhhn ahv`rs, smhws k vkrl-
`ty hg d`ahrktlhj t`amjlqu`s9 lopr`ss`d kjd ljals`d
d`ahrktlhj ks w`cc ks pkljtlje.
Vkljt`d D`ahrktlhj
DB 261; (Akt. Jh. 5), k skjdkcs m``c, ls d`ahrkt`d wltm
twh pkrkcc`c zlezke clj`s (U-smkp`) tmkt kr` okd` up
hg bckan dhts. Twh hg tm`s` r`cktlv`cy ckre` U-ohtlgs
kr` sltukt`d lj tm` a`jtr`, b`tw``j tm` sclts ghr tm`r`a`ptlhj hg tm` pr`-strkps. Ghhtw`kr wltm pkljt`d
ohtlgs hj tm` shc` ls ujusukc. Lj ahjtrkst, skjdkcs hg
wmlam `jtlr` shc` cky`rs kr` okd` hg pkljt`d c`ktm`r
kr` r`phrt`d ks `krcy ks tm` J`w Nljedho (Wkj Drl`c-
Ourrky, 26669 167-165> W`cdo`li`r, 266 s`` kcsh
Ohjt`obkuct, 26669 ;;6 ghr kj ujdkt`d but phsslbcy
Amrlstlkj `xkopc`).
Hj` grkeo`jt hg bhhn ahv`r (DB 2=27, Akt. Jh.
;71) mks pkljt hj tm` hbv`rs`. ` P-smkp`d ohtlg
(wltm kj kv`rke` wldtm hg 1.0 oo) mks k dkrn mu`,
kjd tm` c`ktm`r surgka` ls ac`krcy kst`at`d, wmlam ls `vl-d`ja`d by tm` juo`rhus sokcc arkans. Vhsslbcy tmls ls
du` th k am`olakc r`katlhj b`tw``j (`c`o`jts hg) tm`
ahchur kjd tm` c`ktm`r hr tm` aurlje/tkjjlje ke`jal`s,
b`akus` tm` surgka` hg tm` c`ktm`r ls dkoke`d `xkatcy
wm`r` tm` ahchur wks kppcl`d. ls mkpp`j`d thh wltm
tm` twh trlkjec`s tmkt kr` sltukt`d ljsld` tmls P-ohtlg.
Kbhv` tmls P kr` s`v`rkc r`d clj`s kjd htm`r smkp`s
hg vkrylje wldtm, wmlam olemt b` r`ojkjts hg t`xt,
but lt ls thh bkdcy pr`s`rv`d th b` a`rtklj. Lj ahjtrkst
th tm` P-ohtlg kjd tm` trlkjec`s, tm` c`ktm`r surgka`m`r` ls jht dkoke`d. Kctmhuem rkr` kohje tm` c`ktm`r
grho D`lr `c-Bkamlt, `vld`ja` hg pkljt`d d`ahrktlhj
hj bhhn ahv`rs grho Jke Mkookdl (Ekbrk & @kthj-
Nrkuss, 26659 ;02-;01), suee`sts lt wks jht ujaho-
ohj, kctmhuem jht tm` ohst gkvhurlt` o`kjs hg d`ah-
rktlhj.
Lopr`ss`d kjd Qtkop`d D`ahrktlhj
` pkljt`d ohtlgs kr` jht tm` hjcy d`ahrktlhj lj
skjdkc DB 261; (Akt. Jh. 5) b`akus` kt hj` hg tm`
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27
Kjkcysls
`de`s ls k rhw hg lopr`ss`d zlezke ohtlgs. `s` kr`
v`ry ac`kr kt hj` `de`, but kr` c`ss ac`krcy d`j`d
kt tm` m``c kjd s``o `jtlr`cy kbs`jt hj tm` htm`r
`de`. ` ahjdltlhj hg tm` ohtlgs kt tm` m``c kjd tm`
kbs`ja` kt tm` hpphslt` `de` olemt b` du` th w`kr,
kctmhuem tmls whucd ahjtrkdlat tm` ehhd, j`krcyujdkoke`d ahjdltlhj hg tm` pkljt`d d`ahrktlhj
ujc`ss tmls wks kppcl`d ouam ckt`r. Lt ls r`okrnkbc`
tmkt h`j tmls zlezke ohtlg ls lcc d`j`d.
Kcsh tm` dhrskc surgka` lj tm` shc` DB 11=< (Akt.
Jh. 1) mks lopr`ss`d ohtlgs. Mhw`v`r, tm` smkp` ls
rktm`r ujac`kr, but ls, phsslbcy, iust bkdcy d`j`d
zlezke ohtlgs rktm`r tmkj dlst`r`jt ohtlgs. Lj tm`
a`jtr`, ohst hg tm` d`ahrktlhj ls whrj kwky.
` stkop`d zlezke ohtlg ls hj` hg tm` ohst hg-
t`j haaurrlje ohtlgs lj tm` d`ahrktlhj hg skjdkcskjd pkrkcc`cs kr` kbujdkjt (`.e.Brujthj, ; Ohjt`obkuct, 26669 Russh, 26649
;= B) DB 2757k (Akt.
Jh. ;5;)> A) DB ;27
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25
Kjkcysls
;27 jht`
tmkt m`r`, s`v`rkc alrac`s drhpp`d hut hg tm` aut ks
ls tm` aks` lj DB 146;, Akt. Jh. ;42) kjd phsslbcy
DB 2757k (Akt. Jh. ;5;). Qho`tlo`s tm` alrauckr
ohtlgs w`r` aut thh gkr kjd j`krcy aut hut hg tm`
c`ktm`r (ghr `xkopc` ;27 eur`;5A). Lj ahjtrkst th tm` smkcchw lopr`ss`d ohtlgs,
tm` a`jtr` ls aut hut. ls, mhw`v`r, ls ahljald`jtkc
rktm`r tmkj ljt`jd`d b`akus` lt kcwkys haaurs lj tm`
sko` hbi`at tmkt kcsh mks ohtlgs lj wmlam tm` ljt`-
rlhr ls stlcc pr`s`jt (b`ct DB = DB
2004, Akt. Jh.;=
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2=
Kjkcysls
B`ct DB 21
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2 DB 122, Akt. Jh. ;54 ^e-
ur` 22_> DB 2625, Akt. Jh. ;4= eur` 16_> DB ;0;6,
Akt. Jh. ;45 eur` 2=_> DB 2644, Akt. Jh. ;;1 e-
Gleur` 2;. DB 16;1 (Akt. Jh. ;=;) ls `jtlr`cy ahv`r`d wltm
ehue`d ohtlgs.
ur` 1;_ kjd DB ;5;7, Akt. Jh. ;51 ^eur` 2 DB
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16
Kjkcysls
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1;
Kjkcysls
Gleur` 21. Grkeo`jt hg bhhn ahv`r DB 120 (Akt. Jh. 276).
Gleur` 24. Grkeo`jt hg bhhn ahv`r DB 5=2 (Akt. Jh. ;05).
Gleur` 20. Grkeo`jt hg bhhn ahv`r DB
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12
Kjkcysls
Gleur` 27. K) Grkeo`jt hg bhhn ahv`r DB
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11
Kjkcysls
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14
Kjkcysls
Gleur` 2
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17
Kjkcysls
dlfiauct, lg jht lophsslbc`, th pusm tm` c`ktm`r ljth
tm` spka`s b`tw``j tm` clj`s hg k thhc tmkt mkd th
prhdua` ouctlpc` clj`s lj hj` eh. ` s`qu`ja` hg
kppclaktlhj h`j akjjht b` d`t`rolj`d> lt ls tm`r`-
ghr` `xtrkhrdljkry tmkt lt ahucd b` `stkbclsm`d tmkt
tm` dlkehjkc clj`s lj DB ;167 (Akt. Jh. ;47> eur`
25) w`r` kppcl`d hv`r tm` v`rtlakc clj`s.
Kaahrdlje th Ehubltz `t kc. (266;9 44) k dkrn clj`hr kr`k wlcc kpp`kr lj tm` pcka`s tmkt kr` ahopr`ss`d
by lopr`sslhj hr `obhsslje. ` r`v`rs` (l. . fl`sm
sld`) hg DB ;5;0 (Akt. Jh. ;52> eur` 22) smhws tmls
v`ry w`cc, wmlam suee sts tmkt kt c kst lj tmls `xkopc ,
tm` d`ahrktlhj wks kppcl`d th tm` jht-vlslbc` surgka`.
Mhw`v`r, tm` bckan ahchur hg tm` hbv`rs` (l.`. erklj
sld`) h`j dh`s jht kcchw tm` r`ahejltlhj hg tm` dls-
ahchrktlhj, but kt c`kst sho` ohtlgs w`r` ac`krcy kp-
pcl`d th tm` hbv`rs`.
Qho` hg tm` ohst r`okrnkbc` but j`v`rtm`c`ss `x-p`at`d stkop`d ohtlgs kr` arhss`s, wmlam kr` s``j lj
hjcy twh grkeo`jts. DB eur` 20)
smhws tmr`` kcohst ahopc`t` arhss`s. ` hutclj` ls
lopr`ss`d kjd tmus lj chw r`cl`g. ` a`jtr` kpp`krs
lj mlem r`cl`g but ls jht prhtrudlje b`yhjd tm` r`st
hg tm` c`ktm`rs surgka`. Lj htm`r whrds, tm` thhc oust
mkv` b``j mhcchw lj tm` smkp` hg tm` hutclj` (eur`
15). Kctmhuem lt ls t`optlje th suee`st tmkt tm` dhu-
bc` arhss`s lj DB 2; eur` 10) kr`
okd` by stkoplje tm`o twla` wltm tm` sko` thhc ks
tm` kghr`o`jtlhj`d arhss`s lj DB
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15
Kjkcysls
lj hj` hg tm` Mkoucl bljdljes m`kdpl`a`s (D`puy-
dt, ;
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46
Kjkcysls
` grhjt strkp lj DB =5< (Akt. Jh. 2), tmhuem
chst, whucd mkv` b``j pucc`d tmrhuem twh sclts lj
tm` ljshc`, wmlam kr` phsltlhj`d trkjsv`rs`cy hj`
b`mljd tm` htm`r. ` grhjt strkp ls tmus skjdwlam`d
b`tw``j tm` ljshc` kjd tr`kdshc` kjd dh`s jht smhw
kt tm` v`jtrkc surgka` hg tm` tr`kdshc`.0=` grhjtstrkp ls s`aur`d lj k slopc` wky9 tm` t`roljkc `jd
mks k ckre`r wldtm tmkj tm` sclt lj tm` shc`, pr`v`jt-
lje lt grho sclpplje tmrhuem (DB ;;00, Akt. Jh. ;;
ls k ehhd `xkopc` kjd DB 15;4b, Akt. Jh.
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41
Kjkcysls
gujatlhj hr ks pkrt hg tm` skjdkc strkp ahopc`x.
Mhw`v`r, `xkatcy mhw tmls whucd whrn ls ujnjhwj
ks tmus gkr tm`y mkv` j`v`r b``j ghujd lj sltulj k
skjdkc (kcsh jht`d by Uljt`rbhttho, 266;9 11=).
Lt ls tm`r`ghr` ujcln`cy tmkt tm`y katukccy kr` pkrts
hg tm` strkp ahopc`x. Ljt`r`stljecy, Ehubltz `t kc.(26669 05-76) smhw tm` rhcc`d theec` ks pkrt hg smh`
gkst`jljes, wm`r` tm`y kr` pusm`d hr drkwj tmrhuem
theec` mhc`s kjd tmus achs` tm` upp`r krhujd tm`
kjnc`.7
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40
Kjkcysls
hg c`ktm`r ls w`cc ktt`st`d. Qt Qlokkj, wmh clv`d
kt tm` `jd hg tm` ;6tm a. KD, ls njhwj ks Qt. Ql-
okkj tm` Tkjj`r, Qt. Qlokkj tm` Qmh`okn`r kjd
Qt. Qlokkj, tm` Ahbbc`r (Kjhjyohus, ;
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45
@xp`rlo`jtkc whrn smhucd sm`d ohr` clemt hj tm`
trka`s k pkrtlauckr thhc c`kv`s hj tm` c`ktm`r.== Mhw-
`v`r, hj` thhc ls r`kdlcy r`ahejlskbc` grho tm` c`ktm-
`r. ` `de`s hg s`v`rkc hbi`ats (tm` b`st `xkopc`s
kr` DB ;212k, Akt. Jh. ;=7> DB ;776b, Akt. Jh. 47>
DB ;5;6, Akt. Jh. 45 kjd DB 2677/267=, Akt. Jh.
;5), wmlam kr` okd` hg gklrcy tmlan c`ktm`r, mkv` kahjv`x smkp`. ls mks b``j dhj` th hbtklj kj k`s-
tm`tlakccy pc`kslje `st`at kjd wks dhj` wltm k sp`-
alkc njlg`9 tm` `de` smkv`r hr b`v`cc`r. Quam k thhc
ahjslsts hg k sc`jd`r, aurv`d smkjn wltm k erhhv`
THHCQ9 K QMHRT JHT@
hj tm` upp`r sld` ghrolje k amls`c-smkp`d auttlje
`de` (Dkrn`, 26679 ;60-;67). Dkrn` kcsh jht`s
tmkt tm` thhc ls pkrtlauckrcy vucj`rkbc` th w`kr kjd
dkoke` wmlam olemt kaahujt ghr lts j`kr-kbs`ja`
lj tm` kramk`hchelakc r`ahrd. ` thhc ahopkr`s
w`cc wltm k ehue` kjd olemt b` olstkn`j ks suam
(Qamwkrz, 26669 ag.V`trl`, ;
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4=
` mlem d`er`` hg r`-us` kjd r`pklr dh`s jht aho`
ks k surprls` elv`j tm` jktur` hg tm` slt` (ohjks-
t`ry). Ghhtw`kr, lj pkrtlauckr, ls grkeo`jt`d kjd
lj sho` aks`s r`pklr`d hv`r kjd hv`r keklj, wmlam
sho`tlo`s dh`s jht c`kv` kjy trka` hg tm` hrleljkc
typ` hg skjdkc (DB ;745k, Akt. Jh. 4= ls k ehhd `x-
kopc`). Htm`r sp`alo`js kr` okd` hg pl`a`s kjdblts hg htm`r hbi`ats, h`j skjdkcs, suam ks DB
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4 Ksmohc`kj Ous`uo, Hxghrd>
Brltlsm Ous`uo, Chjdhj> @eyptlkj Ous`uo,
Aklrh> Cuxhr Ous`uo, Cuxhr> ` Okjam`st`r
Ous`uo, Pjlv`rslty hg Okjam`st`r (gutur` prhi-`at)> O`trhphcltkj Ous`uo hg Krt, J`w \hrn>
Ous`h @elzlh, Turlj> Ous`uo hg Glj` Krts, Bhs-
thj> Jktlhjkc Ous`uo hg Kjtlqultl`s, C`ld`j>
Jktlhjkc Ous`uos hg Qahtckjd, @dljburem>
Hrl`jtkc Ljstltut` Ous`uo, Amlakeh> V`trl` Ou-
s`uo hg @eyptlkj Kramk`hchey PAC, Chjdhj>
Rh`o`r- ujd V`clzk`us-Ous`uo, Mlcd`sm`lo>
Rhykc Hjtkrlh Ous`uo, Thrhjth> Qkoocuje
d`s eypthchelsam`j Ljstltuts d`r Pjlv`rsltt
M`ld`cb`re> Uhrcd Ous`uo, Clv`rphhc. @xak-vktlhjs9 Kokrjk> Ko`jmht`p LL T opc` Cux-
hr> B`r`jln`> D`lr `c-Bkamlt> Drk Kbu `c Jkek>
@c`pmkjtlj`> Ml`rknhjphcls> O`rsk Ekwksls>
[ksr Lbrlo.
7 Ultmhut prhp`r tr`kto`jt, d`aky hg tm` snlj s`ts
lj ks shhj ks tm` kjlokc dl`s. M`r` ls o`kjt gur-
tm`r d`aky by ke`jts lj tm` erhujd.
5 Ouam r`s`kram ls dhj` ljth tm` d`t`rlhrktlhj hg
c`ktm`r, `sp`alkccy ghr tm` ohd`rj c`ktm`r ljdus-
try. Ghr k ehhd ljtrhduatlhj hj tm` o`amkjlsos
hg d`t`rlhrktlhj s`` Gchrlkj (2667).
= Qnlj prha`sslje yl`cds wkst`> hstauts, mhw`v`r,
usukccy hjcy r`g`rs th grkeo`jts hg c`ktm`r tmkt
kr` aut hst grho k prha`ss`d sm``t hg c`ktm`r lj
hrd`r th hbtklj k sultkbc` pl`a` ghr tm` okju-
gkatur` hg kj hbi`at. Bhtm wlcc b` dlsauss`d lj
s`atlhj Hstauts kjd Ukst`.
< ` ld`jtlaktlhj by vkrlhus st`ps kt mttp9//www.gursnlj.az ls mkjdy, kctmhuem lt r`cl`s m`kvlcy hj
mklr. Ohr`hv`r, phw`rguc olarhsahp`s kr` j``d`d,
wmlam kr` jht kcwkys kvklckbc` lj tm` `cd. K j`w
prhi`at by Dholjlak DKrakje`ch kt Pjlv`rslty
Ahcc`e` Chjdhj (PAC) ls o`kjt th `xpkjd tmls
syst`o kjd ghaus ohr` hj tm` snljs erklj pktt`rj.
;6 Ghr gkt ahjt jts, s`` `sp`alkccy Trhoo`r (2660).
R`ekrdlje DJK, Rhy hoshj (26679 0=) wrht`9
Uhrn ls b`lje ujd`rtkn`j th kjkcys` DJK `x-
trkat`d grho snlj-bks`d hbi`ats. Lt olemt w`cc
b` phsslbc` th d`v`chp suam prha`dur`s ghr uj-tkjj`d okt`rlkcs kjd suaa`ssguc r`sucts mkv`
b``j r`phrt`d wltm hlc-tkjj`d amkohls c`ktm`rs
(Ckjerlde`, 2664). Lt ls c`ss cln`cy, mhw`v`r, tmkt
suaa`ssguc o`tmhds wlcc b` ghujd ghr us` wltm
v`e`tkbc`- hr olj`rkc-tkjj`d c`ktm`rs ks tm`
arhss cljnlje o`amkjlsos ljvhcv`d lj tm` tkj-
jlje prha`ss`s wlcc prhbkbcy ljt`rg`r` wltm tm`
`xtrkatlhj prha`dur`s. ls o`kjs tmkt tm` wky
k snlj ls pr`pkr`d (sh-akcc`d snlj prha`sslje)
j``ds th b` njhwj rst lj hrd`r th ljar`ks` tm`phsslblclty hg phsltlv` snlj typ` ld`jtlaktlhj.
;; Q`` kcsh s`atlhj Hstauts kjd Ukst`.
;2 But jht` tmkt tm` dlsausslhj hg tm` ahjt`xt ls
ghrtmaholje, s`` kbhv`.
;1 Q`` jht` =.
;4 Qtubb`d-th` smh`s, mhw`v`r, kr` usukccy okd`
wltm c`ktm`r tmhje. ` dktlje hg tm`s` smh`s,
ujghrtujkt`cy, ls, ks y`t, uja`rtklj.
;0 Ljacudlje tm` j`krcy ahopc`t` amkrlht c`ktm`r
aurr`jtcy ujd`r study (s`` W`cdo`li`r, 26;6b>
W`cdo`li`r & Lnrko, 266
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0;
Jht`s
;7 Jhj-ghhtw`kr `xkopc`s DB 156;K (Akt. Jh.
10=) kjd DB 15
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02
Jht`s
11 Qho` ahjstruatlhjkc `c`o`jts kr` kcsh d`ahrk-
tlv`. Ghr ohr` d`ahrktlhj t`amjlqu`s s`` s`atlhj
D`ahrktlhj T amjlqu`s.
14 Ahlcs tmkt kr` okd` hg pcklt`d strlps hg pkco
c`kg kr` sho`tlo`s us`d lj br` ghhtw`kr (-
br` smh`s wltm gucc fl`xlbc` upp`r ^W`cdo`li`r,26;6`_> ahlc`d skjdkcs ^PA 2=165, W`cdo`li`r,
Lj pr`ss b_, lshckt`d jds ^[L 2262=/K;6 grho
[ksr Lbrlo_).
10 Kcsh QKLPM ;;72.GI;=25> QKLPM.wltmhut juo-
b`r (Qkoocuje d`s eypthchelsam`j Ljstltut d`r
Pjlv`rsltt M`ld`cb`re)> PA 2=2=< (V`trl` Ou-
s`uo hg @eyptlkj Kramk`hchey, PAC) kjd KQM
;= QKLPM ;;=;.GI440 (Qkoocuje
d`s eypthchelsam`j Ljstltut d`r Pjlv`rsltt M`l-
d`cb`re)> ;704 kjd 22;1 (Rh`o`r- ujd V`clzk`us
Ous`uo, Mlcd`sm`lo).
15 ls ls k rktm`r ujlv`rskc wky hg oknlje bkes, ks
`xkopc`s grho tm` Akv` hg C`tt`rs (\kdlj, ; @K01 @26042 (Hrl-
`jtkc Ljstltut` Ous`uo, Amlakeh). Vrhbkbcy lj
QKLPM.14< hr ;
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01
Jht`s
5;), okrn`rs (`.e. Lbld`o9 70> J`uj`rt, Ghrtm-
aholje) but kcsh lj b`ct grkeo`jts (`.e.Gkcan &
Clamtwkrn, ; Rhokj).
04 DB ;27; (Akt. Jh. ;)> DB =5< (Akt. Jh. 2)>
DB 11= DB ;217 (Akt. Jh. 0)>
DB 1540 (Akt. Jh. 76). Vhsslbcy Ohjt`obkuct L, B, 29DB 261; (Akt. Jh. 5)> DB ;27
DB ;5;6 (Akt. Jh. 45)> DB 156
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00
Kdkos, U.K. ;
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07
Blbclherkpmy
@lamj`r, L., T. B`an & I. Qlec. 266
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05
Blbclherkpmy
Rhs`j-Kykchj, O. ;
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0=
Blbclherkpmy
W`cdo`li`r, K.I. 26;6b. Kokrjks C`ktm`rwhrn. Vkrt L.
Vr`cloljkry Kjkcysls kjd Aktkcheu`. Jhre,
DrunUkr`.
W`cdo`li`r, K.I. 26;6a. E`b`c Kddks C`ktm`rwhrn lj
tm` Rhykc Hjtkrlh Ous`uo, Thrhjth. Grl`jds
hg Kjal`jt @eypt J`wsc`tt`r. Uljt`r 26;69 jhpp juob`rs.
W`cdo`li`r, K.I. 26;6d. Qtudl`s hg Kjal`jt @eyp-
tlkj Ghhtw`kr. T`amjhchelakc Ksp`ats. Vkrt ]L.
Q`wj-@de` Vcklt`d Qkjdkcs. Ikkrb`rlamt`j @x
Hrl`jt` Cux 429 5
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VKRT LL. AKTKCHEP@
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7;
Akt. Jh.
;
Gljd Jh. DB ;27;
Hbi`at Ahopc`t`(8) shc`
O`ksur`o`jts c9 ;;4#> w m``c9 0;.0> w grhjt9 74.6>
t9 2.6> c sclts9 25.0
Ahchur Brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
` m``c ls rhujd`d kjd tm` wldtm thwkrds tm` grhjtsclemtcy but ahjtljuhuscy ljar`ks`s lj slz`. ` wklst
ls jht r`strlat`d. ` grhjt ls squkr` aut. Ohst hg tm`
stltam mhc`s kchje tm` `de` mkv` c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s
lj sltu, suee`stlje tmkt tm`r` wks kt c`kst hj` htm`r
shc` cky`r tmkt wks s`aur`d wltm rujjlje stltam`s.
` stltam`s kt tm` grhjt kr` sltukt`d kt k substkjtlkc
dlstkja` grho tm` `de`, tm` v`jtrkc kr`k hg wmlam ls
sohhtm`d. C`jetmwls` dhwj tm` a`jtr` kr` twh smhrt
rhws hg stltam mhc`s9 hj` stkrtlje kt tm` grhjt kjd tm`
htm`r kt tm` m``c. Lj b`tw``j tm` twh rhws ls kj `op-
ty kr`k wltm k sarktam tmkt kcsh rujs c`jetmwls`. lssarktam dh`s jht eh tmrhuem tm` `jtlr` tmlanj`ss. Lj
tm` olddc` hg tm` stltam rhw ls k mhc`, ahjtkljlje tm`
r`ojkjts hg k c`jetmwls`-ghcd`d strlp, wmlam ls kcc tmkt
r`okljs hg tm` grhjt strkp. Twh ckre` sclts ghr tm` r`a`p-
tlhj hg tm` pr`-strkp kr` sltukt`d kbhut mkcgwky dhwj
tm` skjdkcs c`jetm rktm`r tmkj achs` th tm` m``cs `de`,
wmlam ls usukccy tm` aks`. ` v`jtrkc surgka` smhws
tm` w`kr tmkt ls akus`d by tm` pr`-strkp9 tm` kr`k b`-
tw``j tm` sclts ls ouam sohhtm`r tmkj tm` r`st hg tm`surgka`. Lt smhws tmkt tm` pr`-strkp wks ks wld` ks tm`
c`jetm hg tm` sclts. ` strkje` smkp` hg tm` skjdkc, th-
e`tm`r wltm tm` twh sokcc auts lj tm` grhjt `de` kjd
tm` ghrwkrd phsltlhj hg tm` sclts ghr tm` pr`-strkps,
suee`sts tmkt tm` skjdkc ls okd` grho k r`-us`d pl`a`
hg c`ktm`r (prhbkbcy aut grho k ckre`r skjdkc). Lj tm`
aurr`jt stkt`, tm` skjdkc oust mkv` b``j o`kjt ghr k
amlcd. ` phsltlhj hg tm` grhjt strkp ls p`rmkps thh
ouam kjt`rlhr th b` us`guc ghr ehlje b`tw``j tm` th`s.
K phsslblclty, mhw`v`r, ls tmkt tm` ljshc` wks s`wj hjth
k chje`r tr`kdshc`, wmlam whucd mkv` elv`j tm` grhjtstrkp k ouam b`tt`r t.
DB ;27;. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskc vl`w.
GHHTU@KR AKT. JHQ. ;;6;
QKJDKCQ AKT. JHQ. ;
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71
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
DB =5 t9 2.=
Ahchur Dkrn brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Lrr`euckrcy-smkp`d grkeo`jt wltm tmr`` rhws hg ruj-jlje stltam`s (c`ktm`r tmhje). Hj` chje `de` ls ljtkat.
Akt. Jh.
4
Arhss-s`atlhj smhwlje tm` pr`-strkp kjd tm` wky lt lspucc`d tmrhuem tm` sclts.
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74
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
DB 11=
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70
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
Gljd Jh. DB ;217
Hbi`at Qhc` kjd pr`-strkp
O`ksur`o`jts c9 ;26#> w m``c9 4 w wklst9 4=#>
w grhjt9 76.=> t shc`9 0.2> c sclts shc`9
26.5> w pr`-strkp9 ;0.2> t pr`-strkp9
;. c sclts pr`-strkp9 7.5Ahchur Er`y shc`, r`ddlsm brhwj pr`-
strkp
D`sarlptlhj
Bkan tmr`` qukrt`rs hg tm` c`jetm hg k sokcc skjdkc.
` c`ktm`r ls r`cktlv`cy tmlan. ` m``c ls rhujd`d
kjd tm` wklst ls sclemtcy ahjstrlat`d. Thwkrds tm`
grhjt tm` wldtm ljar`ks`s, but tm` skjdkc ls ljaho-
pc`t` wmlam prhmlblts njhwlje `xkatcy th wmkt `x-
Akt. Jh.
0
t`jt. ` stltam mhc`s kt tm` m``c, sho` hg wmlam stlcc
mkv` tm` c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`slj sltu, sue-
e`st kt c`kst hj` htm`r cky`r hrleljkccy, but wm`tm`r
lt wks kj `jtlr` shc` hr hjcy kt tm` m``c ls uja`r-
tklj. Kjywky, lt whucd mkv` skjdwlam`d tm` pr`-
strkp rujjlje ujd`rj`ktm tm` pr`s`rv`d shc` cky`r.` pr`-strkp, pucc`d tmrhuem sclts hj `ltm`r sld` hg
tm` shc` cky`r, ls sltukt`d rktm`r gkr bkan. Lt ls okd`
hg r`ddlsm c`ktm`r ks hpphs`d th tm` er`y c`ktm`r
hg tm` shc`. ` okcghroktlhj hg tm` tmr`` sclts kt
`kam rhujd`d t`roljkc `jd hg tm` pr`-strkps ac`krcy
smhws `vld`ja` hg tm` kttkamo`jt hg tm` bkan kjd
m``c strkp, jhw chst.
DB ;217. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
Gljd Jh. DB ;;66Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt
O`ksur`o`jts c9 76.=> w9 2;.;> t9 5.4
Ahchur Er`y
D`sarlptlhj
Ar`sa`jt-smkp`d pl`a` tmkt ahjslsts hg tmr`` cky`rs.
Hj` hg tm` cky`rs (prhbkbcy tm` tr`kdshc`) ls sub-
stkjtlkccy tmlan`r. `y kr` kttkam`d th kam htm`r by
o`kjs hg c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s (kpprhxl-
okt`cy 1 oo chje), wmlam kr` wld`cy, but `v`jcy-
spka`d (kpprhxlokt`cy 0 oo). Twh sokcc `opty
stltam mhc`s kt tm` ljshc`.
Akt. Jh.7
Gljd Jh. DB 261;Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt
O`ksur`o`jts c9 5 w m``c9 7;.4> w grhjt (ks
pr`s`rv`d)9 0=.1> t9 7.6> c sclt ghr
pr`-strkps9 15.7
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
M``c hg k skjdkc, ahjslstlje hg kt c`kst twh shc` cky-
`rs. ` dhrskc surgka` hg tm` ljshc` ls d`ahrkt`d b`-
tw``j tm` sclts wltm twh pkrkcc`c zlezke clj`s okd` up
hg dhts, wmlam olemt b` pkljt`d. Hj tm` hut`r sld`
hg hj` sclt ls k rhw hg lopr`ss`d zlezke d`ahrktlhj.
Akt. Jh.5
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77
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
DB ;;66. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
R`okrnkbcy, tmls ls jht vlslbc` hj tm` htm`r sld`, but
lt olemt mkv` b``j whrj kwky. ` m``c smhws okjy
r`pklrs9 k rhw hg ble c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s b`tw``j
tm` sclts> jkrrhw c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s kt rlemt
kjec`s th tm` sclts kjd sclemtcy wld`r rujjlje stltam`s
hg c`ktm`r tmhje kchje tm` phst`rlhr de`. R`ojkjts
hg tm` pr`-strkp kr` stlcc lj sltu.
DB 261;. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
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7=
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
Gljd Jh. DB ;;77
Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt
O`ksur`o`jts c9 46.1> w9 01.6> t9 5.=
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Grkeo`jt hg k skjdkc, smhwlje k dlstljat aurv`, but ltls jht ac`kr wm`tm`r lt ls tm` grhjt hr m``c pkrt. Lt ahj-
Akt. Jh.
;6
slsts hg twh cky`rs, wmlam kr` ujdhubt`dcy r`-us`d
pl`a`s hg c`ktm`r ks tm` aurr`jt tr`kdshc` smhws tm`
r`ojkjt hg k pr`-strkp kt tm` thrj `de` hg tm` grke-
o`jt (krrhw). ` twh cky`rs kr` s`aur`d, ohr` hr
c`ss kchje tm` ljtkat `de`, wltm ahkrs` c`ktm`r tmhje
rujjlje stltam`s. R`-us`d ks dhhr plvht, `vld`ja`dby tm` ahja`jtrla rljes hj tm` ljshc` (dksm`d krrhw).
DB ;;77. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
Gljd Jh. DB ;;00
Hbi`at Qhc` kjd grhjt strkp grkeo`jt
O`ksur`o`jts c9 71. w9 =1.2> t9 2.6 - 1.;
Ahchur Brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Grhjt pkrt hg k skjdkc ahjslstlje hg hj` shc` cky`r.
Ljtkat c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s kchje tm`
`de`. Jht`, mhw`v`r, tmkt tmls stltamlje dlst`rs lj
spkalje kt tm` ckt`rkc kjd o`dlkc `de`s. ` grke-
o`jt smhws k dlstljat rhujd`d, phljt`d grhjt. `
kttkamo`jt hg tm` grhjt strkp ls stlcc lj sltu, smhwlje
lt wks pucc`d tmrhuem twh trkjsv`rs` sclts. ` sclts
kr` sltukt`d achs`r th tm` o`dlkc de`, ljdlaktlje tm`
skjdkc wks o`kjt ghr tm` c` ghht. ` `jd hg tm`
grhjt strkp ls pucc`d tmrhuem tm` s`ahjd sclt (grho
tm` grhjt `de`) kjd ljar`ks`s lj wldtm, r`suctlje lj
k s`ol-alrauckr `xt`jslhj> slja` tm` wldtm ls wld`r
tmkj tm` sclt, lt pr`v`jts lt grho sclpplje tmrhuem.
Vhsslbcy, tm` strkp wks s`aur`d wltm k stltam rujjlje
hv`r lt kt tm` rst sclt kjd kt tm` dhrskc surgka` hg
tm` shc`, but tm` stltam ls chhs` hj hj` sld`, oknlje
lt lophsslbc` th ksa`rtklj tm` ahjstruatlhj. K`r
Akt. Jh.
;;
Db ;;70. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`
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7
(b) c9 4;.;> w9 01.;> t9 2.=
Ahchur Er`y
D`sarlptlhj
(k) J`krcy r`atkjeuckr grkeo`jt hg k skjdkcsshc` cky`r. Tm` grkeo`jt mks k sokcc pl`a` hg
hrleljkc ckt`rkc hr o`dlkc `de`. Tmr`` rhws
Akt. Jh.
;2
hg stltam mhc`s ruj c`jetmwls`> sho` stlcc
ahjtklj r`ojkjts hg c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje
stltam`s. Jht` tmkt tm` stltam mhc`s kr` jht `j-
tlr`cy hj hj` clj`, but tm` spkalje b`tw``j
tm` tmr`` rhws ls gklrcy `qukc.
(b) Lrr`euckrcy-smkp`d grkeo`jt, phsslbcy hrlel-
jktlje grho tm` sko` skjdkc hr k ahopkrkbc`hj`, iudelje by tm` rhws hg stltam mhc`s.
DB ;;6
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52
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
htm`r. ls, mhw`v`r, ahucd jht b` d`t`rolj`d ghr
a`rtklj. ` cky`rs kr` s`aur`d kt tm` `de` wltm
c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s. Jht` tm` sljec`
c`ktm`r tmhje stltam kt tm` thrj hpphslt` `de`. `
sokcc sarkp, wmlam ls jht juob`r`d s`pkrkt`cy, mks
twh `opty stltam mhc`s achs` th hj` `de`.
DB ;27 w9 ;=. t9 2.7>
(267=) c9 51.0> w9 4;.2 (b`jt)> t9 2.7
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Twh pl`a`s ttlje the`tm`r. Hj` chje `de` ls stlcc
ljtkat> tm` htm`r `de`s kr` thrj. Hrleljkccy s`aur`d
wltm c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s kchje tm` `de`
ks w`cc ks wltm k rhw hg stltam`s c`jetmwls` dhwj
tm` a`jtr`, suee`stlje k ouctlpc` cky`r`d shc`. Kt
tm` grhjt lt ls m`kvlcy r`pklr`d, `vld`ja`d by tm`ouctlpc`, rkjdho stltam`s. Jht` tm` rhujd`d `de`.
K rhw hg ljals`d(8) d`ahrktlhjs ls vlslbc` loo`dl-
kt`cy hj tm` ljj`r sld` hg tm` `de` stltam`s (krrhw).
Kctmhuem tmls typ` hg d`ahrktlhj ls h`j s``j, lt ls
strkje` tmkt tm`y kr` kppcl`d th tm` v`jtrkc surgka`.
ls olemt suee`st tmkt tm` shc` wks, hrleljkccy, kj
ljshc` wltm tm` aurr`jt v`jtrkc surgka` katlje ks
dhrskc surgka`.
Akt. Jh.
;5
Gljd Jh. DB 26 t9 2.=
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Tkp`rlje pl`a` hg k skjdkcs shc` wltm hj` aurv`d
`de`, wmlam ls hrleljkc9 tm` htm`r `de`s kr` thrj.
Q`v`rkc rkjdho c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s suee`sts r`-
pklr> htm`r stltam`s suee`sts kt c`kst hj` htm`r shc`
cky`r.
Akt. Jh.
;=
DB 26
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75/280
51
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
DB 2677 & 267=. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskcvl`w.
Gljd Jh. DB 2671
Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt
O`ksur`o`jts c9 02.;> w9 7;.;> t9 ;6.2
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th brhwj
D`sarlptlhjLrr`euckrcy-smkp`d pl`a` hg skjdkcs shc`, ahjslstlje
hg twh cky`rs. Hj` `de` ls ljtkat> tm` htm`rs kr` thrj
hst. ` cky`rs kr` s`aur`d wltm c`ktm`r tmhje ruj-
Akt. Jh.
; t9 4.6 - ;;.0
Ahchur Brhwj th dkrn brhwj, bckan
R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 2=4
D`sarlptlhj
Grhjt pkrt hg k skjdkc, r`pklr`d kt tm` v`jtrkc sur-
gka` wltm, wmkt s``os th b` k pkrtlkc (trlkjeuckr lj
smkp`), bkan pkrt hg k skjdkc tmkt ls s`aur`d wltm
Akt. Jh.
26
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76/280
54
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
rkjdho c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s. Tm` grhjt strkp
whucd mkv` ehj` tmrhuem twh sclts, iudelje by
tm` upwkrds aurvktur` hg tm` de`s hg tm` kr`k b`-
tw``j tm` sclts (krrhws> ag. DB ;;00, Akt, Jh.;;).
Hjcy tm` phst`rlhr sclt ls pr`s`rv`d. Jht` tm`
rhujd`d `de`s hg tm` c`ktm`r.
DB ;760b. W`jtrkckjd dhrskc vl`w.
Gljd Jh. DB ;724k, b
Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jtsO`ksur`o`jts (k) c9 22. w9 42.;> t9 2.4>
(b) t9 ;1. w9 21.2 - 20.0> t9 7.5
Ahchur BrhwjR`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 260
D`sarlptlhj
Grkeo`jt wltm hj` ljtkat, aurv`d `de`. ` htm`r
`de`s kr` thrj. ` grkeo`jt ahjslsts hg twh cky`rs
wmlam kr` s`aur`d wltm gklrcy ahkrs` (1-4 oo wld`),
wld`cy but `v`jcy-spka`d (kbhut 0 oo) c`ktm`r
tmhje rujjlje stltam`s kchje tm` `de`. ` stltam`s
kr` bkr`cy vlslbc` hj tm` v`jtrkc surgka`.
Akt. Jh.
22
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77/280
50
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
DB ;724k & b. Dhrskc kjdv`jtrkc vl`w.
DB ;=00k. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
Gljd Jh. DB =42
Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt
O`ksur`o`jts c9 =0#> w9 22.; - 20.7> t9 4.1
Ahchur Dkrn brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Ar`sa`jt-smkp`d grkeo`jt, smhwlje hj` ljtkat
`de`. Bkr`cy vlslbc` kr` stltam mhc`s kchje tm` `de`,
Akt. Jh.
21 DB =42. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
ks w`cc ks k pklr hg stltam mhc`s s`t sclemtcy ohr`
ljwkrds. Vhsslbcy, k s`ahjd cky`r ls vlslbc` hj hj`
surgka`.
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78/280
57
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
Gljd Jh. DB ;04 w9 2=.4> t9 2.6
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Lrr`euckrcy-smkp`d grkeo`jt tmkt ls thrj hj tmr``sld`s9 tm` ghurtm `de` oky b` ljtkat (krrhw). Lt
smhws twh rhws hg pklr`d stltam mhc`s ks w`cc ks twh
lshckt`d stltam mhc`s hj bhtm sld`s (phsslbcy r`o-
jkjts hg htm`r rhws, jhw chst). Hj` ahrj`r mks stlcc
r`ojkjts hg k s`ahjd shc` cky`r lj sltu.
Gljd Jh. DB ;025
Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt
O`ksur`o`jts c9 0=.4> w9 ; t9 4. t thtkc9
;4.1
Ahchur Brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Grhjt pkrt ahjslstlje hg kj ljshc` kjd tr`kdshc`.
` grhjt tkp`rs wltmhut kjy ljdlaktlhj ghr wmlam
ghht lt ls o`kjt (strklemt). ` tr`kdshc` prhtrud`s
sclemtcy grho tm` ljshc` hj hj` sld`. Kchje tm` `de`
hg tm` ljshc` kr` wld`cy, but `v`jcy-spka`d c`ktm`r
Akt. Jh.
2=tmhje stltam`s (1.6-4.6 oo wld`, b`tw``j ;6.6-;1.6
oo chje, wltm k spkalje hg kbhut 0.6 oo). Lj sho`
hg tm`s` stltam`s kr` r`ojkjts hg kjhtm`r cky`r (hr
strlp8) stlcc lj sltu. Qho` hg tm`s` c`ktm`r pl`a`s prh-
trud` grho tm` ljshc`s `de`. Hj` stltam kt tm` grhjt
ls s`wj hv`r tm` `de` hg tm` twh shc` cky`rs (krrhw).
C`jetmwls` dhwj tm` a`jtr` ls k rhw hg ahopkrkbc`
c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s> phsslbcy tm`s` kr`
pkrt hg tm` grhjt strkp.
Akt. Jh.
2 w9 21.0 - 1;.0> t9 1.4
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Rhuemcy r`atkjeuckr grkeo`jt, smhwlje twh rhws
hg gklrcy `v`jcy-spka`d stltam mhc`s, sho` hg wmlam
stlcc ahjtklj r`okljs hg c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s. Hj`
`de` ls ljtkat> tm` htm`rs kr` aut hst. Hj` smhrt `jd
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80/280
5=
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
mks k aut c`jetmwls` (kbhut < oo chje), tm` guja-
tlhj hg wmlam ls ujnjhwj. K ckre` pl`a` hg tmhje
prhtrud`s grho k stltam mhc` j`xt th lt.
Gljd Jh. DB ;;75
Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jtO`ksur`o`jts c9 42.6> w9 2;.2> t9 14.6
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th brhwj
R`okrns R`sljhus kpp`krkja` kt hj` `jd
D`sarlptlhj
Trlkjeuckr grkeo`jt grho k skjdkcs shc`, ahjslst-
lje hg twh cky`rs. Q`v`rkc stltam mhc`s kr` vlslbc`,
twh hg wmlam stlcc mkv` tm` r`ojkjts hg c`ktm`r
tmhjes.
Gljd Jh. DB ;; w9 ;=.7 - 21.0> t9 2.7
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Rhuemcy r`atkjeuckr pl`a`, ahv`r`d rkjdhocy wltm
stltam mhc`s. Hj` hg tm` chje `de`s s``os ljtkat. Lg
sh, mhw`v`r, tm` auttlje hg tm` shc` wks dhj` v`ry
ahkrs`cy b`akus` auts akj b` s``j kt s`v`rkc phljts,
wmlam okrns tm` amkjelje hg tm` njlg`s dlr`atlhj
(krrhws). Jht` tm` smkrp ahrj`r, wmlam ls ujgkolclkr
lj tm` njhwj smkp`s hg skjdkcs. Lt olemt b` k ckt`rr`whrn.
Gljd Jh. DB 217 t9 1.4
Ahchur Brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Rhuemcy squkr` grkeo`jt hg sljec` tmlanj`ss. Mhw-
`v`r, tm` stltam mhc`s, sho` wltm r`ojkjts hg c`ktm`r
tmhje rujjlje stltam`s stlcc lj tm`o, suee`st kt c`ksthj` ohr` cky`r hrleljkccy.
Gljd Jh. DB 2=44
Hbi`at Grkeo`jt hg strkp ahopc`x
O`ksur`o`jts c9 ;65.=> d9 1.= - 4.5> w tub`9 ;2.2>
t tub`9 =.2
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Twh c jetmwls`-ghcd`d hr sclemtcy twlst`d pl a`s hg
c`ktm`r tmkt kr` m`cd the`tm`r wltm k tub` hg c`ktm`r. `
tub mks jh s`kos, but s``os th tmlan ghr c es c ktm`r8
Akt. Jh.
16
DB ;;75. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskc vl`w.
Akt. Jh.1;
DB ;;
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81/280
5 t9 ;.1
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj
Akt. Jh.
15
Akt. Jh.
10
ohr`. ` grkeo`jt mks hj` ljtkat `de`, smhwlje
k dlstljat aurvktur`. ` hbi`at ahjslsts hg kt c`kst
ghur cky`rs, but jht tmrhuemhut tm` `jtlr` grkeo`jt.
Q`v`rkc hg tm` cky`rs kr` ckt`r kddltlhjs, iudelje by
tm` gkat tmkt tm`y ruj hv`r pr`vlhus stltam`s. Q`v`rkc
hrleljkc c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s kr` stlcc ld`jtlkbc`(krrhw). Lt ls r`okrnkbc` tmkt tm` r`pklrs kr` aut
jla`cy th t tm` hrleljkc shc`.
D`sarlptlhj
` twh pl`a`s hg ljtkat `de` ghro, lg tm` hbi`at
ls k grkeo`jt hg k skjdkcs shc`, tm` grhjt pkrt. `
ckt`rkc `de`, wmlam ls tm` ckre`st ljtkat `de` hg tm`
twh, smhws k dlstljat aurvktur` b`ghr` jdlje lj tm`
phljt`d grhjt. ` skjdkc ahjslst`d hg kt c`kst hj`
ohr` shc` cky`r, iudelje by tm` c`ktm`r tmhje ruj-
jlje stltam`s kchje tm` `de`. Typlakccy lj skjdkcstm` kddltlhjkc rhws hg stltam`s kr` pcka`d c`jetmwls`
dhwj tm` a`jtr`> m`r`, mhw`v`r, tm` twh kddltlhjkc
rhws ruj dlkehjkccy grho bkan th grhjt. ls gkat
ls r`sphjslbc` ghr tm` 8 wltm tm` ld`jtlaktlhj hg
tm` hbi`at ks shc` grkeo`jt. Ohr`hv`r, tm` sclt, t`j-
tktlv`cy ld`jtl`d ks tm` hj` ghr tm` r`a`ptlhj hg tm`
grhjt strkp, ls pcka`d dlkehjkccy thh (kt rlemt kjec`s
th tm` dlkehjkc rhws hg stltam`s), keklj k g`ktur`
usukccy jht s``j lj skjdkcs.
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83/280
=;
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
DB ;210. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskc vl`w.
DB 22;=. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskc vl`w.
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84/280
=2
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
Gljd Jh. DB ;; w9 20.2 - 40.6> t9 2.0
Akt. Jh.
1=
D`sarlptlhj
Lrr`euckrcy-smkp`d grkeo`jt wltm s`v`rkc stltam
mhc`s, sho` hg wmlam stlcc ahjtklj r`ojkjts hg c`ktm-
`r tmhje stltam`s. Hj` `de` s``os ljtkat (krrhw).
DB ;; brhwj
tr`kdshc`
D`sarlptlhj
Vhhrcy pr`s`rv`d grkeo`jt hg k skjdkcs shc`, ahj-
slstlje hg ghur cky`rs. Hj` `de`, tm` hjcy ljtkat hj`,
smhws k e`jtc` aurvktur`. ` cky`rs kr` s`aur`d wltm
c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s kchje tmls aurvlje
Akt. Jh.
46
`de`. Kddltlhjkc c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s s`t ljwkrds
grho tm` `de` suee`sts r`pklr. ` sko` ls tru` ghr
tm` cky`rs tm`os`cv`s, but lt akjjht b` `stkbclsm`d
wmlam hj`s kr` r`pklrs. Jht` tmkt tm` tr`kdshc` ls
sclemtcy sokcc`r tmkj tm` ljshc` kjd oldshc`s.
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85/280
=1
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
DB 116
brhwj fl`sm surgka`
O`ksur`o`jts c9 4;.0> w9 44.2> t9 ;.7
Akt. Jh.4;
D`sarlptlhjLrr`euckrcy-smkp`d grkeo`jt hg shc`, smhwlje tmr``
stltam mhc`s kchje tm` ljtkat `de`, ks w`cc ks twh kd-
dltlhjkc stltam mhc`s sclemtcy ljwkrds. Qarkps hg k
s`ahjd cky`r kdm`r` th tm` fl`sm surgka`.
DB 2=74. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
Akt. Jh.
42
Gljd Jh. DB 27;7
Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt
O`ksur`o`jts c9 5;.5> w9 5=.5> t9 2.0
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
` grkeo`jt mks k rhujd`d grhjt> hj` sld` `de`aurv`s e`jtcy thwkrds tm` strklemt bkan `de`. `
htm`r sld` `de` ls strklemt. us, lt olemt b` tm`
shc` hg k rlemt skjdkc. ` pklr`d stltam`s kchje tm`
`de` (hj` hg wmlam stlcc mks r`ojkjts hg c`ktm`r tmhje
stltam`s lj sltu) suee`st tmkt tm`r` wks kt c`kst hj` kd-
dltlhjkc shc` cky`r hrleljkccy. ` bkan `de` ac`krcy
smhws lt ls aut hst.
Gljd Jh. DB 2 w bkan9 47.1> w wklst9 10.=>
w grhjt9 41.4> t9 ;.2
Ahchur Bckan erklj surgka` (? dhrskc sur-
gka` shc`)> dkrn brhwj fl`sm surgka`D`sarlptlhj
lj cky`r hg c ktm`r, wmlam ls thrj hst hj ohst `de`s.
Mhw`v`r, twh sphts smhw ljtkat `de`s (krrhws). `
amlcds skjdkc rhuemcy ghcchws gkolclkr skjdkc smkp`s9
tm` m``c ls sclemtcy `xpkjd`d lj wldtm, tm` wklst ls r`-
strlat`d but tm` wldtm ljar`ks`s keklj thwkrds tm` grhjt
kjd t`roljkt`s lj k rhujd`d grhjt. Kt tm` ckt`rkc de`, kt
tm` m``c, k strlje (sY2(8)
Q1_) ls pucc`d tmrhuem k mhc`, kat-
lje ks bkan strkp (tm` hj` kt tm` o`dlkc de` ls chst). Kt
tm` grhjt, k sokcc chjeltudljkc sclt oust mkv` b``j us`d
ghr tm` r`a`ptlhj hg tm` grhjt strkp, wmlam ls jhw chst.
Akt. Jh.
41
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86/280
=4
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
DB 27;7. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskc vl`w.
DB 2
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87/280
=0
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
Akt. Jh.
44
Gljd Jh. DB ;741k
Erhup DB ;741k, b
Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt
Ahchur Brhwj
R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 126
O`ksur`o`jts c ljacudlje stltam`s9 05.5> w9 4;.6>t9 5.0
D`sarlptlhj
Grkeo`jt hg shc` ahjslstlje hg twh cky`rs. K sokcc
pl`a` hg hrleljkc `de` ls stlcc ljtkat (krrhw), ljacud-
lje tm` c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltamlje. Twh rhws
hg stltam`s c`jetmwls` dhwj tm` a`jtr` akj kcsh stlcc
b` hbs`rv`d.
DB ;741k. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
Akt. Jh.
40
Gljd Jh. DB ;56=
Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt
O`ksur`o`jts c9 ;;;.7> w kt bkan strkp (? wklst8)9
52.0> w grhjt9 52.;> t thtkc9 ;;.5
Ahchur Brhwj> tm` v`jtrkc surgka` hg tm`
shc` ls bckan (amkrr`d)
D`sarlptlhj
` pl`a` hg shc` ahjslsts hg ghur cky`rs, but tm` v`j-
trkc twh kr` prhbkbcy r`pklrs. ` hrleljkc cky`rs kr`
s`aur`d kchje tm` `de`, kjd phsslbcy kcsh c`jetmwls`
dhwj tm` a`jtr`. Mhw`v`r, du` th tm` juo`rhus
stltam`s, tm` hrleljkc stltam`s akj jh chje`r b` r`ahe-jls`d. Jht` tm` grkeo`jt hg tm` bkan strkp9 lt ls k r`pklr
kjd kttkam`d th tm` shc`s wltm k sljec` stltam. DB ;56=. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
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88/280
=7
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
Gljd Jh. DB ;776k, b
Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jts
O`ksur`o`jts (k) c9 7;.4> w9 16.1 - 15.0> t9 5.;>
d grhjt strkp9 4.;>
(b) w9 45.6> c9 14.1> t9 2. tm`slz` suee`sts k amlcds skjdkc.
(b) Vl`a` hg skjdkcs shc` (prhbkbcy m``c pkrt) wltm
k rhujd`d, ljtkat `de` wltm stltam mhc`s kchje
lt. Twh stltam mhc`s suee`st tm`r` wks k rhw hg
tm`o c`jetmwls` dhwj tm` a`jtr`. ls sue-
e`sts tm`r` wks kt c`kst hj` htm`r shc` cky`r.
DB ;766k. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
DB ;766b. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
Gljd Jh. DB ;5;6
Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt
O`ksur`o`jts c9 7=.2> w9 t9
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89/280
-
7/23/2019 Veldmeijer 2011 - Sandals, shoes and other leatherwork from the Coptic Monastery Deir el-Bachit
90/280
-
7/23/2019 Veldmeijer 2011 - Sandals, shoes and other leatherwork from the Coptic Monastery Deir el-Bachit
91/280
= w9 00.7> t9 1.7
Ahchur Brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Rhuemcy squkr` grkeo`jt hg k skjdkcs shc`, wltm,b`sld`s tm` rhw hg c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s
Akt. Jh.
02
kchje tm` `de`, twh kddltlhjkc rhws c`jetmwls`
dhwj tm` a`jtr`. ` spkalje b`tw``j tm` rhws ls
kbhut ;0 oo. ` stltam`s kpp`kr smhrt hj tm` dhr-
skc surgka` hg tm` shc` but tm` spkalje ls wld`. R`o-
jkjts hg tm` s`ahjd shc` cky`r kr` stlcc lj sltulj sho`
hg tm` `de` stltamlje.
DB 15;6. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskc vl`w.
Gljd Jh. DB 15;;k
Erhup DB 15;;k-a
Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt
O`ksur`o`jts c9 72.4 - 75.4> w9 7;.1> t9 5.6
Ahchur BrhwjR`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 145
Akt. Jh.
01
D`sarlptlhj
K j`krcy squkr` grkeo`jt hg k skjdkcs shc`, wmlam
ahjslsts hg twh cky`rs. R`okrnkbcy, ohst hg tm` v`
rhws hg c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s kr` stlcc lj-
tkat. ` rhws kr` kbhut ;6 oo kpkrt.
DB 15;;k. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
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w9 =.= - ;1.5> t9 2.0Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj
R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 227, 202, 104
D`sarlptlhj
Ar`sa`jt-smkp`d grkeo`jt wltm ljtkat `de`. Q`v`rkc
ahkrs` c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s kr` stlcc lj sltu
kchje tm` `de`.
Gljd Jh. DB 152;
Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt
O`ksur`o`jts 12.; x 12.=> t9 5.5Ahchur Bckan
D`sarlptlhj
Trlkjeuckr grkeo`jt hg twh cky`rs tmkt kr` s`aur`d
wltm c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s. Vhsslbcy, tm`
stltam`s kr` r`pklrs.
Akt. Jh.
04
DB 156
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w9 4;.7> t9 4.4
Ahchur Brhwj
Akt. Jh.
76
D`sarlptlhj
@de` pkrt hg tm` m``c hg k skjdkc, iust smhwlje sokcc
r`ojkjts hg tm` c`jetmwls` phsltlhj`d sclt ghr tm`
r`a`ptlhj hg tm` pr`-strkp. ` grkeo`jt ahjslsts
hg twh cky`rs tmkt kr` s`aur`d wltm ahkrs` stltam`s,
s``oljecy okd` hg rkwmld`. Lt ls a`rtklj tmkt ohsthg tm` vlslbc` stltam`s kr` jht hrleljkc.
DB 1540. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
Gljd Jh. DB 150=k
Erhup DB 150=k, b
Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt
O`ksur`o`jts c9 =2.6 - ==.6> w9 76.0 - 7=.5> t9 1.6
Ahchur BrhwjR`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 1
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w pr`-strkp9 t pr`-
strkp9 1.4
Ahchur Brhwj
R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jhs. 204, 464
D`sarlptlhj
(b) Gklrcy tmlan pl`a` hg k skjdkcs shc`. ` rhujd-`d `de` suee`sts tmkt tm` grkeo`jt ls `ltm`r k
pkrt hg tm` grhjt hr tm` m``c. Kchje tm` `de` kr`
c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s (sokcc hj tm`
dhrskc surgka`, but ckre` hj tm` v`jtrkc surgka`),
wmlam suee`sts tmkt tm`r` wks kt c`kst hj` ohr`
shc` cky`r hrleljkccy. Mhw`v`r, bhtm surgka`s
smhw r`pklr pktam`s> tm` hj` hj tm` v`jtrkc sur-
gka` tmus oust mkv` b``j kppcl`d k`r tm` s`a-
hjd shc` cky`r wks chst. ` pktam`s kr` s`aur`d
wltm c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s> tm` hj` hj
tm` dhrskc surgka` lj k ouam ahkrs`r wky tmkj
tm` hj` hj tm` v`jtrkc surgka`.
(`) Twh grkeo`jts kr` c`jetmwls`-ghcd`d strlps hg
c`ktm`r, sho` hg wmlam mkv` sh-akcc`d sclt-kjd-
pucc ahjj`atlhjs (s`` tm` s`atlhj 'Qclt-kjd-Vucc
T`amjlqu`). ` blee`r grkeo`jt ahjslsts hg kpr`-strkp wltm k squkr` thp th wmlam tm` bkan
strkp ls s`aur`d tmrhuem k o`sm njht (t`xt e-
ur` 5D). ` `jds hg tm` strlp tmkt ls njhtt`d th
tm` pr`-strkp `o`re`s kt tm` sld` hg tm` pr`-strkp
grho b`tw``j tm` twh cky`rs hg wmlam tm` pr`-
strkp ls okd`. Jh stltamlje hg tm` twh cky`rs mks
b``j hbs`rv`d, `v`j tmhuem tm` thp hg tm` pr`-
strkp suee`sts lt. ` strlp ehlje tmrhuem tm` pr`-
strkp ls ahjj`at`d, iust b`ghr` tm` pr`-strkp, wltm
kjhtm`r strlp lj tm` sclt-kjd-pucc t`amjlqu`.
DB 1501b. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskc vl`w.
DB 1501`.
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98/280
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(`) Dkrn brhwj
R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 246O`ksur`o`jts (k) c9 w (okxlokc)9 42.5> t9 1.4>
(`) c pr`-strkp9 w pr`-strkp9 ;7.7>
t pr`-strkp9 ;.=> c bkan strkp9 76.0>
w bkan strkp9 4.6> t bkan strkp9 2.4
Akt. Jh.
7=
D`sarlptlhj
(k) Ljahopc`t grhjt pkrt hg k skjdkcs shc`. Vklr`d,
`opty stltam mhc`s tmkt ghcchw tm` `de` ks w`cc
ks twh rhws c`jetmwls` dhwj tm` a`jtr`.
(`) ` thp hg tmls pr`-strkp ls trlkjeuckr/trkp`zhl-
dkc lj smkp` kjd ahjtkljs tmr`` sclts, c`jetm-wls`, th wmlam tm` bkan strkp (ohr` hr c`ss
ghcd`d c`jetmwls`) ls mltam`d (t`xt eur` 5G).
DB 211=Kk. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
DB 211=K`. R`v`rs` kjd hbv`rs`.
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;6;
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
Akt. Jh.
57
Gljd Jh. DB ;72 t9 2.6
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj
R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jhs. ;=1, 251D`sarlptlhj
T`roljktlje, rhujd`d `jd hg k pr`-strkp. Jht`,
mhw`v`r, tmkt hj` ahrj`r ls aut lj k strklemt, dlkeh-
jkc clj`. ` strkp mks tmr`` sclts c`jetmwls` ghr tm`
r`a`ptlhj hg tm` bkan strkps.
Gljd Jh. DB 1505k
Erhup DB 1505k-a
Hbi`at Vr`-strkp wltm grkeo`jt hg bkan
strkpO`ksur`o`jts c9 1=.0> w9 ;2.2 - ;1.4 x 1=.0> t9 2.1
Ahchur Bckan hut`r surgka` (erklj)> brhwj
ljj`r surgka` (fl`sm)
R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jhs. 22=, 175
D`sarlptlhj
Vr`-strkp, tm` thp hg wmlam ls trlkjeuckr. Lt mks hj`
sclt th wmlam tm` bkan strkp (sljec` cky`r, jkrrhw
strlp hg c`ktm`r) ls mltam`d (t`xt eur` 5G). Jht`
tmkt tm` `xtr`oltl`s hg tm` bkan strkp dh jht `o`re`
grho tm` htm`r surgka`, but kr` pucc`d tmrhuem tm`
tmlanj`ss hg tm` de`s hg tm` pr`-strkp. Jht` kcsh tm`sljec` stltam mhc` kt tm` htm`r `jd.
Gljd Jh. DB 2;;=
Hbi`at Qtrkp ahopc`x
O`ksur`o`jts c thtkc9 ; m pr`-strkp9 ;5.7>
t pr`-strkp9 1.;> w bkan strkp9 0.4>
m ahlc9 ;;.0> w ahlc9 7#> t strlp ahlc9
;.=
Ahchur Brhwj
D`sarlptlhjTwh pr`-strkps wltm trkp`zhldkc `jds kr` ahjj`at`d
wltm k jkrrhw c`ktm`r tmhje (bkan strkp). ` bkan
strkp ls kttkam`d th tm` sljec` sclt, hrl`jtkt`d c`jetm-
wls`, ks ls usukccy s``j, l. . mltamlje (ag. t`xt eur` 5G),
but wltm hj` `xa`ptlhj9 ljst`kd hg ehlje tmrhuem tm`
sclt, tm`y kr` put tmrhuem tm` tmlanj`ss hg tm` c`ktm`r
(krrhw) kjd `o`re` grho tm` hut`r sld`s hg tm` pr`-
strkp, rktm`r tmkj tm` ljj`r sld`, k`r wmlam tm` bkan
strkp rujs th tm` s`ahjd pr`-strkp. Lj b`tw``j tm`
twh pr`-strkps ls kj hvkc, trlpc` ahlc`d `c`o`jt tmkt ls
okd` hg k jkrrhw but r`cktlv`cy tmlan strlp hg c`ktm`r.
DB ;72 tm`r` wks
prhbkbcy kcsh hj` hj tm` hpphslt` sld` hg tm` htm`r
pr`-strkp, but lt ls jht pr`s`rv`d.
DB 15=5. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.
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;62
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
DB 2;;=. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.
Gljd Jh. DB 2;20
Hbi`at Grkeo`jt hg strkp ahopc`x
O`ksur`o`jts c pr`-strkp9 ;60.6> w pr`-strkp9 t pr`-strkp9 2.2> w thtkc9 ;;4.;>
d bkan strkps9 2.; x 4.;> ahlcs9 0.4 x
7.; x ;;.6
Ahchur Brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Twh pr`-strkps wltm trlkjeuckr thp `jds kjd hj`
sclt c`jetmwls` th wmlam tm` c`jetmwls`-ghcd`d bkan
Akt. Jh.
5 bckanlsm-
brhwj erklj surgka`
D`sarlptlhj
Hj` strlp lj tm` sclt-kjd-pucc t`amjlqu` (t`xt eur` =).
Hj` strlp ls us`d wltm tm` rhuem`r fl`sm surgka` hut-
wkrds> tm` htm`r wltm tm` sohhtm`r erklj surgka`
hutwkrds, r`suctlje lj k d`ahrktlv` `st`at.
Akt. Jh.
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;67
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
Gljd Jh. DB 27 t pr`-strkp9 2.5> w bkan strkp9
0.5> t bkan strkp9 1.6>
(b) c pr`-strkp9 =0.6> w pr`-strkp9;1.7> t pr`-strkp9 2.0> w bkan strkp9
7.=>
(a) c9 21.6> w9 0.;> t9 2.1 & c9 70.6> w9
0.2> t9 2.0
Ahchur Dkrn brhwj
Akt. Jh.
tm` htm`r
`jd ls thrj hst. ` c`jetmwls`-ghcd`d bkan strkp
ls s`aur`d by o`kjs hg k o`sm njht (t`xt eur`
5D) th tm` sljec`, c`jetmwls`-hrl`jtkt`d sclt.
(b) Qko` ks (k). Jht` tmkt tm` rhujd`d thp `jd lsjht ghcd`d. Lj bhtm `xkopc`s, tm` pkrt hg tm`
bkan strkp wmlam ls njhtt`d th tm` pr`-strkp ls
jht ghcd`d c`jetmwls`9 tm` ghcdlje stkrts k`r tm`
`jds r`turj grho tm` njht.
(a) Twh grkeo`jts hg c`jetmwls`-ghcd`d strlps hg
c`ktm`r, phsslbcy pkrts hg tm` bkan strkps.
k b k b
a
DB 27
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;65
Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs
plje tmrhuem. ls ahjstruatlhj ls us`d lj skjdkcs.
Mhw`v`r, tm` htm`r `jd hg tm` grkeo`jt s``os lj-
tkat, wmlam okn`s tm` hbi`at ouam thh smhrt th b` k
skjdkcs grhjt strkp.
Gljd Jh. DB w pr`-strkp9 4.4 -
26.6> t pr`-strkp9 2.0> w bkan strkp9
1.< - 5.4 (mltam`d pkrt)> t bkan
strkp9 1.;
Ahchur Brhwj
D`sarlptlhj
Vr`-strkp wltm trkp`zhldkc thp kjd tmr`` pkrkcc`c
sclts, c`jetmwls`, ghr tm` r`a`ptlhj hg tm` bkan strkp,wmlam ls mltam`d th lt (t`xt eur` 5G). ` bkan strkp
ls ghcd`d c`jetmwls`, but tm` pkrt ehlje tmrhuem tm`
sclts mks chst lts ghcdlje kjd tm` c`ktm`r ls hg sljec`
tmlanj`ss. ` hpphslt` `jd ls thrj hst. K jkr-
rhw, c`jetmwls`-ghcd`d strlp ls ljs`rt`d kt tm` `de`
kjd s`aur`d by o`kjs hg k Y-hv`rmkjd njht (t`xt
eur` 5B).
Gljd Jh. DB ; w pr`-strkp9 ;5.; -
2;.5> t pr`-strkp9 2.1> w bkan strkp9
0. brhwj fl`sm
surgka`
R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 176. Ag. DB
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;;;
Ghhtw`kr9 Qmh`s
DB 156=b. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.
DB 1654. Ckt`rkc kjd o`dlkc vl`w.
Gljd Jh. DB 1654
Hbi`at Grkeo`jt hg upp`r
O`ksur`o`jts c thtkc9 ;16. m vkop (okxlokc)9
1 m bkan pkrt9 ;
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;;4
Ljslejlks
DB 2=7
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;;5
Ljslejlks
wld`. Kt tm` strklemt, smhrt `de`, tm` tmhje hg tm`
clj` d`ahrktlhj rujs ujd`r tm` alrac` hj tm` erklj
sld` (`o`relje hj tm` htm`r sld`, l.`.fl`sm sld`) kjd
ls ghcd`d hv`r tm` `de` ks k o`kjs hg jlsmlje.
DB 2=25. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.
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;;=
Akt. Jh.
;;1
Gljd Jh. DB 2644
O`ksur`o`jts c9 72.0> w9 2;. t9 6.=
Ahchur Dkrn brhwj
R`okrns Q`v`rkc sokcc sarkps jht d`sarlb`d.
Q`` t`xt eur` 1;
D`sarlptlhj
Lrr`euckrcy-smkp`d grkeo`jt wltm twh pkrkcc`c lo-
pr`ss`d clj`s kchje hj`, ljtkat(8) `de`. J`xt th tmls
s`t ghcchws k s`t hg ghur clj`s, pkrkcc`c th tm` rst s`t
but s`pkrkt`d grho lt by kj ujd`ahrkt`d bkjd. Bkr`cy
vlslbc` ls k dhubc lopr`ss`d clj`, kpprxlokt cy kt k
40 kjec` ks w`cc ks r`ojkjts hg alrac` d`ahrktlhj.DB 2644. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`. Rlemt9 drkwlje,s`` t`xt eur` 1;.
Gljd Jh. DB 25;5O`ksur`o`jts 21.< x 21.4> t9 1.5
Ahchur Dkrn brhwj th bckan
D`sarlptlhj
Qokcc grkeo`jt wltmhut d`ahrktlhj. R`ojkjts
hg pkpyrus kdm`r` th hj` surgka`. C`ktm`r tmhje
stltam`s kt hj` `de` (kppkr`jtcy rujjlje stltam).
Gljd Jh. DB 251=k, b
O`ksur`o`jts (k) 21.0 x 14.6> t9 ;.6>
(b) 12.5 x 06.5> t9 ;.1Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj
Akt. Jh.
;;4
DB 22;5. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.
Akt. Jh.
;;0
D`sarlptlhj
(k) Twh s`ts hg ghur(8) clj`s kt kbhut 40 kjec`.
(b) Twh s`ts hg ghur clj`s kt rlemt kjec`s, lj tm` ahr-j`r hg wmlam kr` tm` dhts pkrkcc`c th tm` clj`s.
DB 251=k & b. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.
k b b k
BHHN AHW@RQ
AKT. JHQ. ;;1;57
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;2;
Bhhn Ahv`rs
D`sarlptlhj
Trlkjeuckr grkeo`jt, ghcd`d hj hj` sld`, smhwlje
lopr`ss`d d`ahrktlhj hg twh mhrlzhjtkc kjd twh
v`rtlakc clj`s tmkt arhss `kam htm`r kt tm` ahrj`r.
Kbhv` hj` s`t hg clj`s kr` tmr`` stkop`d dhts.
Gljd Jh. DB ;27 t9 2.
(D`ahrkt`d grkeo`jt) 27.= x 1;.=>
t thtkc9 1.;
Ahchur Bckan
R`okrns Twh grkeo`jts tmkt kr` jht juo-
b`r`d s`pkrkt`cy. Qarkps hg pkpy-rus kdm`r` th bhtm grkeo`jts. Q``
kcsh Akt. Jh. ;7.
D`sarlptlhj
` r`atkjeuckr grkeo`jt mks jh g`ktur`s. `
sokcc`st grkeo`jt ahjslsts hg twh cky`rs hg c`ktm`r. Lt
mks tmr`` stkop`d rljes dhwj tm` olddc` kjd twh
kddltlhjkc rljes kt rlemt kjec`s th tm` olddc` hj` hg
tm` rhw hg tmr`` (t`xt eur` ;5).
DB 2;47. Hv`rvl`w hg hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.
Akt. Jh.
;22
DB ;27
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;24
Bhhn Ahv`rs
Gljd Jh. DB 2;66k
Erhup DB 2;66k-a
O`ksur`o`jts ;10.7 x 266.6> t9 2.6
Ahchur Bckan, brhwjR`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. ;55, 240. Qarkp
hg pkpyrus kdm`r`s th lt. Q`` t`xt
eur` 12
D`sarlptlhj
` d`ahrktlhj ahjslsts hg tmr`` pkrkcc`c clj`s, tm`
hut`r twh hg wmlam kr` lj chw r`cl`g kjd tm` olddc`
hj` lj mlem r`cl`g.
DB 2;;7. R`v`rs` kjd hbv`rs`.
Akt. Jh.
;2=
DB 2;;7. Drkwlje, s`` t`xt eur` 11.
DB 2;66k. Ghcd`d, hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.
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;27
Bhhn Ahv`rs
Gljd Jh. DB ;1;
O`ksur`o`jts Wkrl`s grho 16.7 x 45.1 th 17.4 x
07.7
Ahchur Bckan, clemt brhwj
R`okrns Jht juob`r`d s`pkrkt`cy
D`sarlptlhjGhur g`ktur`c`ss grkeo`jts hg wmlam hj` surgka`
smhws r`ojkjts hg tm` bckanlsm upp`r surgka`, amkr-
kat`rlstla hg bhhn ahv`rs. Mhw`v`r, tm` surgka`s kr`
sh whrj, tm` ljj`r cky`rs (fl`sm sld`) hg tm` c`ktm`r
kr` pr`dholjkjtcy vlslbc`.
Gljd Jh. DB =1 t c`ktm-
`r9 ;.4>
(b) ;2.7 x =;.6> t ghcd`d9 2.1Ahchur Bckan, clemt brhwj
R`okrns R`ojkjts hg pkpyrus hj kcc hut`r
surgka`s
D`sarlptlhj
(k) C`jetmwls`-ghcd`d, sclemtcy aurv`d grkeo`jt.
(b) R`atkjeuckr, c`jetmwls`-ghcd`d grkeo`jt wltm
k sljec` stltam mhc` kjd r`ojkjts hg tm` stltam
kt tm` ghcd`d `de`.
Gljd Jh. DB ;707
O`ksur`o`jts
(b) ;5.4 x = t9 0.2>
(a) 07.5 x 55.=> t9 ;.5Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th dkrn brhwj
R`okrns R`ojkjts hg pkpyrus ljsld` tm`
ghcds, hj bhtm surgka`s hg (k) kjd
(b) kjd hj hj` surgka` hg (a)
D`sarlptlhj
(k) Qmhrt, r`atkjeuckr grkeo`jt, smhwlje tm` stkrt
hg k ghcd hj hj` hg lts chje `de`s.
(b) Chje, rhuemcy r`atkjeuckr grkeo`jt, wmlam ls
ghcd`d c`jetmwls`. R`ojkjts hg br`s kr` pr`s-
`jt ljsld` tm` ghcd> phsslbcy, tm`s` kr` pkco c`kg.
(a) Blee`r, but g`ktur`c`ss grkeo`jt.
Akt. Jh.
;1;
DB ;1;. G`ktur`c`ss sarkps.
Akt. Jh.
;12
DB =1
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Bhhn Ahv`rs
DB ;700k-a. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.
k b a k b a
Gljd Jh. DB =6;aErhup DB =6;k-i
O`ksur`o`jts 24.; x 1=.0> t9 ;.;
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj
R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. ;;6, 267, 2==.
R`ojkjts hg pkpyrus ljsld`
D`sarlptlhj
Aurc`d grkeo`jt wltm lopr`ss`d clj` d`ahrktlhj.
`r` ls kt c`kst hj` s`t hg tmr`` pkrkcc`c clj`s kjd,
phsslbcy, k sljec` clj` sho` dlstkja` kwky.
Gljd Jh. DB ;;=6O`ksur`o`jts 14.6 x 15.0> t ljacudlje pkpyrus9 0.5
Ahchur Bckan. Vkpyrus sarkps kdm`r` th
bhtm sld`s
D`sarlptlhj
Trlkjeuckr grkeo`jt wltm kj lshckt`d c`ktm`r tmhje
stltam.
Gljd Jh. DB 2111
O`ksur`o`jts D`ahrkt`d9 2
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;2=
Bhhn Ahv`rs
DB 2111. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.
DB ;15
(b) thtkc9 1.4 x 02.2 x 72.7. C`ktm`r
strlp tmrhuem sclt9 w9 t9 2.;>
(a) ;2.7 x 2;.1> t9 2.; & ;1.7 x 71.1>
t9 ;.6
Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th bckan
D`sarlptlhj(k) Rhuemcy squkr` pl`a` hg ouctl-cky`r pkpyrus,
tm` de` hg wmlam ls ahv`r`d wltm k c`ktm`r strlp
tmkt ls ghcd`d hv`r tm` tmlanj`ss`s hg pkpyrus.
Jht` tm` ckre` sclt lj tm` pkpyrus (s`` kcsh (b)).
(b) Lrr`euckrcy-smkp`d pl`a` hg ouctl-cky`r pkpyrus
(but ouam tmljj`r tmkj (k)). K sokcc sarkp hg
c`ktm`r strlp ls pucc`d tmrhuem k sclt.
(a) Twh g`ktur c`ss sarkps hg c`ktm`r.
Akt. Jh.
;1 t9 ;.6
Ahchur Hj` surgka` bckanlsm (erklj sur-
gka`8)> hbv`rs` surgka` r`d-brhwj
(fl`sm surgka`8)
D`sarlptlhj
Rhuemcy t`krdrhp-smkp`d grkeo`jt wltm lopr`ss`d
clj` d`ahrktlhj. `r` kr` twh th ghur pkrkcc`c clj`s
lj hj` s`t> s`v`rkc mhrlzhjtkc kjd v`rtlakc s`ts ghrok am`an`rbhkrd pktt`rj. Hj tm` htm`r sld` (tm` fl`sm
surgka`), tm` am`an`rbhkrd d`ahrktlhj ls vlslbc` ks
w`cc, but m`r` lt smhws ks hj` hr twh, wld`r, rkls`d
clj`s tmkt kr` arhss`d by lopr`ss`d hj`s. Jht` tm`
hkvkc stltam mhc`s(8) kt hj` `de` (krrhw).
Akt. Jh.
;46
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;16
Bhhn Ahv`rs
Gljd Jh. DB 1666
O`ksur`o`jts 01.= - 55.6 x ;71.6> t `de`9 5.=
Ahchur Bckanlsm hut`r surgka` but r`d-
brhwj b`yhjd tm` whrj surgka`.
Er`y ljj`r surgka`
D`sarlptlhjAhrj`r pl`a` hg k sm``t hg c`ktm`r, tm` `de` hg wmlam
ls r`ljghra`d wltm k strlp hg c`ktm`r tmkt ls ghcd`d
krhujd (wldtm kpprhxlokt`cy ;1.6 oo). Hj` sur-
gka` smhws k ckre` pktam hg pkpyrus, wmlam ac`krcy ls
tm` ljj`r sld` hg tm` ahv`r. ` hut`r sld`, mhw`v`r,
mks pktam`s hg pkpyrus kttkam`d but tm`s` kr` ouam
sokcc`r. ` hut`rohst surgka` hg tmls sld` ls s`v`r`-
cy whrj, smhwlje tm` y`cchw brhwj ljj`r cky`r hgtm` c`ktm`r tmlanj`ss.
DB 1666. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.
Akt. Jh.
;4;
Gljd Jh. DB 146;
O`ksur`o`jts 2=.7 x 1=.6> t9 ;. r`d-brhwj
fl`sm surgka`
D`sarlptlhj
Lrr`euckrcy-smkp`d grkeo`jt wltm k s`t hg tmr`` pkr-
kcc`c, lopr`ss`d clj`s. Jht` tm` p`rg`at alrauckr, rkj-
dhocy pcka`d mhc`s.
Akt. Jh.
;42
DB 146;. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.
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;12
Bhhn Ahv`rs
DB 2120a. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.
DB 2120k. D`tklc hg tm` d`ahrktlhj.
tm` d`ahrktlhj. Jht` tmkt tm` d`ahrktlhj ls kcsh
vlslbc` hj tm` bkan sld` hg tm` c`ktm`r.(b) G`ktur`c`ss sarkp wltm sho` ujac`kr lopr`s-
slhj kt hj` ahrj`r tmkt olemt b` lopr`ss`d clj`
d`ahrktlhj.
(a) Grkeo`jt wltm lopr`ss`d d`ahrktlhj, stkrtlje
wltm k s`t hg tmr`` pkrkcc`c, mhrlzhjtkc clj`s. B`-
chw tm`s`, kt k gklr dlstkja` (kbhut ;6 oo), ls k
s`t hg v` mhrlzhjtkc, pkrkcc`c clj`s, ghcchw`d by
k rhw hg alrac`s (kbhut ;; oo mlem> tm` dlko-
`t`r hg tm` alrac`s ls kbhut 4 oo). B`chw, tmlsrhw hg alrac`s ls bhrd`r`d wltm k s`t hg twh mhrl-
zhjtkc, pkrkcc`c clj`s. Th tm` c`, kt rlemt kjec`s
th tm` mhrlzhjtkc clj`s, ls rst k s`t hg tmr``(8)
pkrkcc`c clj`s, ghcchw`d kt k gklr dlstkja` (kbhut
;6 oo8) by k s`t hg ghur pkrkcc`c clj`s. ` v`r-
tlakc clj`s arhss tm` s`t hg v` mhrlzhjtkc clj`s,
k`r wmlam tm` grkeo`jt ls brhn`j.
DB 2120b. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.
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;11
Bhhn Ahv`rs
Gljd Jh. DB 2152k-a
O`ksur`o`jts (k) 0;.6 - 71.; x 07.0 - 77.6> t9 6.=>
(b) ; t9 6.
(a) 11.1 - 07.5 x 20.1 - 70.0> t9 6.=
Ahchur Bckan erklj surgka`> r`d-brhwj
fl`sm surgka`R`okrns Jht` tm` sokcc pl`a`s hg stlanlje
pkp`r, wmlam w`r` kdd`d b`ghr`
tm` grkeo`jt wks studl`d ghr tm`
pr`s`jt whrn.
D`sarlptlhj
(k) Rhuemcy squkr` grkeo`jt, wmlam ls brhn`j hj kcc
`de`s. ` ahrj`rs smhw r`ojkjts hg lopr`ss`d
clj` d`ahrktlhj> hj` ahrj`r s``os ljtkat. Lt mks
k s`t hg tmr`` pkrkcc`c clj`s, ghcchw`d kt k sclemtcy
ckre`r dlstkja` (kbhut 4 oo), by k s`t hg ghurpkrkcc`c clj`s. ` htm`r ahrj`r hjcy smhws tm`
rst s`t (pkrtlkccy). ` tmus-ar`kt`d, dlkohjd-
smkp`d kr`k (kbhut 06 x 06 oo), ls cc`d wltm
Akt. Jh.
;44
twh ckre`, stkop`d rhs`tt`s (kbhut ;0 oo lj
dlko`t`r), hj` hg wmlam ls ljahopc`t` du` th k
br`kn. ` p`tkcs kr` lj chw r`cl`g, but tm` m`krt
hg tm` rhs`tt` smhws lj mlem r`cl`g.
(b) Trlkjeuckr grkeo`jt wltm lopr`ss`d clj` d`ah-
rktlhjs. K s`t hg v` mhrlzhjtkc, pkrkcc`c clj`sls ghcchw`d kt gklr dlstkja` (kbhut 5 oo), by k
s`t hg tmr`` pkrkcc`c, mhrlzhjtkc clj`s. B`chw tmls
s`t (kbhut = oo), ls kjhtm`r s`t hg ghur pkrkcc`c,
mhrlzhjtkc clj`s. Iust vlslbc` hj tm` chw`st phljt
hg tm` grkeo`jt, kt kj `stlokt`d 40h kjec`,
ls k s`t hg tmr``(8) pkrkcc`c clj`s. Jht` tmkt tm`s`
dh jht ruj hv`r hr ujd`r tm` ckst mhr