Vehicle Modeling and Simulation...4 FY 08 Work Plans: Vehicle Modeling and Simulation • Continue...
Transcript of Vehicle Modeling and Simulation...4 FY 08 Work Plans: Vehicle Modeling and Simulation • Continue...
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Vehicle Modeling and SimulationVehicle Modeling and SimulationMatthew Thornton
National Renewable Energy [email protected]
phone: 303.275.4273Principal Investigator: Matthew Thornton
Agreement: 17802DOE Vehicle Technologies Program
Overview of DOE Vehicle Modeling and Simulation R&D
North Marriott Hotel and Conference CenterBethesda, Maryland
February 28, 2008
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
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Objective: Vehicle Modeling and Simulation
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Provide technical analysis of future vehicle technologies and systems to support project planning decisions for both DOE and industry that will impact our dependence on imported petroleum
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Provide analytical support to DOE and USCAR technical teams addressing current technical R&D barriers and targets
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Perform analytical assessments of the potential long-term outcome of DOE programs in terms of national petroleum consumption
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Accomplishments FY07 and FY08: Vehicle Modeling and Simulation
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PHEV Simulations and Analysis– Travel Profile Database – PHEV Impact on Components– Integration with Renewable Fuels– PHEV Economics– PHEV Test Procedures
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Route-Based Hybrid Vehicle Control
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Thermoelectric Generator Potential for Vehicle Waste Heat Recovery
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Integrated Vehicle Thermal Management Modeling
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FY 08 Work Plans: Vehicle Modeling and Simulation
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Continue PHEV Simulations and Analysis– Medium-Duty Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Analysis– Expand Travel Profile Database – Analysis of PHEV Impact on Components– Integration with Renewables and Bio-Fuels– PHEV Economics– PHEV Test procedures
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Route-Based Hybrid Vehicle Control
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Integrated Vehicle Thermal Management Modeling
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Exhaust System Thermal Analysis Test Bench
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Budget: $800K (~40% spent)
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PHEV Simulations and Analyses PI: Tony Markel
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Provide assessment of the potential benefit of PHEVs and identify pathways for market integration by evaluating operation and performance under “real world” driving conditions, evaluating system component requirements, evaluating costs and benefit trade-offs, and assessing barriers to introduction into the fleet and eventual commercialization
Objective:
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Accomplishments FY 07 & 08: PHEV Simulations and Analysis
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Processed GPS travel profile data sets provide nearly 2000 real world driving profiles for simulation– Completed simulations for opportunity charge and no-charge
scenarios (FY07)– Spectrum of duty cycles expanded with Los Angeles, Kansas City,
and Tyler data (FY08)•
Assess PHEV Component Impacts– Energy storage, power electronics, emission control (FY07 & 08)
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PHEV/Biofuels Integration– Used GREET to review PHEV/fuel scenarios and their relative
benefits (FY07)•
Economic Analysis and Marketability– Conducted an attribute-based market study suggesting cost
effectiveness of PHEVs challenging (FY07)– Component cost goals important for reducing initial cost (FY07)– Reviewed potential impacts of incentives and other factors on cost
equations (FY08)•
Test Procedures– Provided 4 recommended revisions to methods for reporting PHEV
fuel consumption (FY 07, continuing in FY08)
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Recharge Scenario Impacts on PHEV Petroleum Consumption Benefits
OpportunityOpportunityChargeCharge(PHEV20)(PHEV20)
No Charge No Charge (PHEV20)(PHEV20)
Opportunity charge: connect PHEV charger to grid any time that the vehicle is parked.
Base Case assumes one full charge per day
~71%
PHEV20 with Opportunity Charge provides greater benefits than PHEV40 with a single daily recharge.
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Travel Profile Data Processing Summary of Newly Processed Travel Data
Each data set stored in a different format Automated processing more challenging than expected
Los Angeles•621 vehicles•Multiple days
TX DOT•Laredo, Tylor, Rio Grande•Austin (in process)
Atlanta (in process)•Multiple weeks for individual households
St. Louis, MO•227 vehicles•Used for Xcel study
Univ. of Michigan Naturalistic Database
Kansas City•368 vehicles
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PHEV Component Impacts Summary
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Energy Storage– PHEV introduces more long duration power pulses– Time at SOC depends on recharge behavior– Run simulations to set PHEV Battery requirements
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Power Electronics– PHEVs produce higher thermal loads on PEEMs
and increase battery bus voltage fluctuation
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Engine/Emissions Control– Charge depleting electric PHEV simulations
suggest potential reduction in emissions by reducing initial daily cold starts and total daily engine starts
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PHEV 40Conventional HEV PHEV 10 PHEV 20
Further reductions with renewable electricity resources
** Assumes national average for electricity mix
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PHEV Economics Analysis: Incentives
Accomplishment– Analyzed energy impacts from incentivizing PHEVs (cars)
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Currently, a given level of incentives can directly incentivize far more HEVs and overall reduce oil use more than incentivizing PHEVs
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Current level of federal HEV incentives, however, only replace ~0.1% of the fleet
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If incentivizing PHEVs helps achieve DOE cost targets, PHEVs may over come the tipping point and have a larger impact than incentivizing HEVs
Significance– Shows a pathway to reduce imported oil through PHEVs
National Gasoline Reduction Cost
$1.23
$2.40
$-
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
HEV PHEV20Gas
olin
e R
educ
tion
Cos
t($
/gal
lon
save
d)
Maximum Gasoline Reduction and Incentive
1.091.37
$- $-0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
HEV PHEV
Gas
olin
e R
educ
tion
(MB
PD)
$-$0$0$1$1$1
Tota
l Inc
entiv
e (b
illio
ns)
* PHEV20 based on number of cars only, not light trucks
*
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FY 08 Work Plan: PHEV Simulations and Analysis
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Medium-Duty Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Analysis
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Expand Travel Profile Database
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Analysis of PHEV Impact on Components
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Integration with Renewables and Bio-Fuels
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PHEV Economics
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PHEV Test procedures
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Budget: 350K (~45% spent)
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Justification and Future Plans: PHEV Simulations and Analysis
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Supports grater DOE multi-lab PHEV and advanced vehicle technology evaluation efforts, including:– PHEV Demonstration– Vehicle component requirements (e.g. Energy storage and
Power Electronics)– PHEV Benchmarking
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Perform simulation and modeling to help identify best pathways to fuel savings and fuel diversity with PHEVs
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Future Plans– On going project supporting PHEV R&D Plan– Use simulation tools to reduce battery coat and extend
battery life– Explore V2G technologies and their ability to affect vehicle
economics and renewables
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Route-Based Hybrid Vehicle Control PI: Jeff Gonder
Maximizing HEV fuel efficiency over known or predictable drive cycles by optimizing the control strategy for that particular driving cycle.
Objective:
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Spectrum of possible RBC approaches; establishing a sound comparison baseline is critical for evaluating the benefit
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Example implementation demonstrates 2-4% fuel savings– Moderated by practical
considerations (relative to effective baseline)
– Considerable in aggregate (if applied across the fleet)
Accomplishments FY 07 Route-Based Hybrid Vehicle Control
Bet
ter f
uel
effic
ienc
y
Less cycle sensitive
No cycle knowledge
Flexible forecasted knowledge about any
cycle
Full knowledge of a single
cycle
7.15
7.25
7.35
7.45
7.55
7.65
-5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
Con
sum
ptio
n (L
/100
km)
NEDC Tuned_lineRoute-Based Control_lineNEDC Tuned_pointRoute-Based Control_point
-2%
-2%
7.15
7.25
7.35
7.45
7.55
7.65
-5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
Con
sum
ptio
n (L
/100
km)
NEDC Tuned_lineRoute-Based Control_lineNEDC Tuned_pointRoute-Based Control_point
-2%
-2%
Same RBC scheduling provides consistent savings across the range of delta SOC
38.3 34.4%0.4%Same RBC vs. Baseline Tuning
Foothills grades with HWFET (mis-
prediction)*
40.1 33.7%2.3%RBC vs. Baseline Tuning (revised)
Foothills grades with US06 high
speed
Change in SOC Range
Consumption Improvement
Control ComparisonCycle
38.3 34.4%0.4%Same RBC vs. Baseline Tuning
Foothills grades with HWFET (mis-
prediction)*
40.1 33.7%2.3%RBC vs. Baseline Tuning (revised)
Foothills grades with US06 high
speed
Change in SOC Range
Consumption Improvement
Control ComparisonCycle
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Accomplishments FY 08 Route-Based Hybrid Vehicle Control
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SAE paper to be published in April
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Working with industry partner on transit bus demonstration—in use application of adaptive HEV controls
Work Plan FY08 Route-Based Hybrid Vehicle Control
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Publish preliminary results
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Establish industry partner for hardware demonstration
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Budget: $75K (~35% spent)
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Justification and Future Plans: Route-Based Hybrid Vehicle Control
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Supports DOE program goal of assessing advanced vehicle technologies and their impact on petroleum reduction– Low cost solution to implement– Can be transferred to other R&D areas to provide
additional incremental benefits
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Possible next steps:– Collaborate with a partner for hardware
demonstration (Light-Duty)– Apply approach to other R&D areas
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PHEV application•
Benefits to other areas (e.g. battery life, emissions…)– Explore translating GPS routes into representative
driving cycle predictions
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Feasibility of Onboard Thermoelectric Generation for Vehicle Waste Heat RecoveryPI: Kandler Smith
• potential fuel savings
• cost/mass analysis
• waste heat availability
30 mph50 mph70 mph
% F
uel S
avin
gs
Car SUV Class 4 Class 8
Fuel saved by shifting from engine- to electrically-driven accessories
Fuel Waste heat to exhaustWaste heat to exhaust
Waste heat
to coolant
TESystem
Fuel Waste heat to exhaustWaste heat to exhaust
Waste heat
to coolant
TESystem
electricity
Questions:System topology?Vehicle platform?Fuel savings?Driving cycle sensitivity?
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Accomplishments FY 07 Feasibility of Onboard Thermoelectric Generation for Vehicle Waste Heat Recovery
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Eliminating alternator loads and shifting engine- driven accessories to electric-driven decreases fuel consumption (2-10% for light duty, 1-15% for heavy duty)
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Thermoelectric (TE) system cost/mass analysis shows Class 8 trucks (with high mass and VMT) would likely derive more benefit than Class 4 trucks or light duty vehicles
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Exhaust power analysis indicates that replacing alternator power with a TE system will be difficult (with the possible exception of class 8 trucks)
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Efficient, small-engine vehicles are least attractive vehicle platform (present highest TE system efficiency requirement; most sensitive to mass increase)
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Integrated Vehicle Thermal Management Modeling PI: Kevin Bennion
Objective
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Using a systems analysis approach, evaluate methods of optimizing the vehicle’s thermal management systems.
Thermal Challenges/Impacts
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Operating Temperatures.
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Reliability.
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Cost.
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Volume.
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Mass.
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Vehicle Efficiency.
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Safety.
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Occupant Comfort.
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Emissions.Source: International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative (iNEMI) Technology Roadmap – Automotive Chapter, January 2007.
-40 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
Wheel Mounted Components (Brakes)
Passenger Compartment
On-Engine and On-Transmission
Engine Compartment
250 [°C]
85 [°C]
140 [°C]
125 [°C]
Temperature [°C]
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Work Plan FY08 Integrated Vehicle Thermal Management Modeling
Energy Use Sensitivity
Adjust Electrical
Auxiliary Load and Vehicle
Mass
Component Optimization
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Quantify impact of vehicle thermal management developments through simulation using:– Standard test cycles.– Real world drive cycles.
• Quantify energy use sensitivity to mass and electric auxiliary loads.
• Identify/develop lumped parameter transient thermal models for critical systems to integrate with existing vehicle simulation tools.
• Quantify through simulation potential thermal management opportunities.
• Budget: $150K (~35% spent)
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Accomplishments FY08 Integrated Vehicle Thermal Management Modeling
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Identify component temperatures.
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Review current or proposed technologies for:– Waste heat
utilization.– Combined or
integrated cooling.– Ancillary load
reduction.– Improved thermal
management.
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Other Electrical Entertainment Equipment
Heated Mirrors/Winshields Heated/Cooled Seats
EGR Cooler Charge Air Cooler
Fuel Cooler
Alternator Power Steering
Power Electronics Fuel Cell Temperatures
Electric Machine Winding Electric Machine Magnets NdFeB
Battery - HEV/PHEV/EV Battery - 12V Lead Acid
Heated Washer Fluid
Heater Core AC Condenser AC Evaporator Vehicle Cabin
NOx Trap
Thermal Reactors Particulate Trap Diesel
Catalyst Engine Combustion Wall
Exhaust
Refrigerant Transmission Oil
Engine Oil Secondary Coolant Loop (HEV)
Engine Coolant
Temperature [C]
Application/Location Specific
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Other Electrical Entertainment Equipment
Heated Mirrors/Winshields Heated/Cooled Seats
EGR Cooler Charge Air Cooler
Fuel Cooler
Alternator Power Steering
Power Electronics Fuel Cell Temperatures
Electric Machine Winding Electric Machine Magnets NdFeB
Battery - HEV/PHEV/EV Battery - 12V Lead Acid
Heated Washer Fluid
Heater Core AC Condenser AC Evaporator Vehicle Cabin
NOx Trap
Thermal Reactors Particulate Trap Diesel
Catalyst Engine Combustion Wall
Exhaust
Refrigerant Transmission Oil
Engine Oil Secondary Coolant Loop (HEV)
Engine Coolant
Temperature [C]
Application/Location Specific
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Justification and Future Plans: Integrated Vehicle Thermal Management Modeling
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Provides systems approach to addressing waste heat utilization challenges--minimizing heating and cooling system complexity, and reducing mass.
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On going project transitioning from modeling and analysis of thermal management systems to testing and system integration in a vehicle
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Publications, Presentations•
Markel and Pesaran, “Battery Requirements and Cost-Benefit Analysis for Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles” (Presentation) NREL report PR-540-42082, 2007
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Markel and Pesaran, “PHEV Energy Storage and Drive Cycle Impacts’ (Presentation) NREL report PR-540- 42026, 2007
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Gonder and Simpson “Measuring and Reporting Fuel Economy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles” WEVA Journal, May 2007
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Markel “Platform Engineering Applied to Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles” SAE Paper No. 2007-01-0292, 2007
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Markel and Gonder “Energy Management Strategies for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles” SAE Paper No. 2007-01-0290, 2007
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Thornton, Gonder, Markel, and Simpson “Using GPS Travel Data to Assess Real-World Energy Use of Plug- In Hybrid Vehicles” to be published in Transportation Research Record, Washington DC, 2007.
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Pesaran, A., Markel, T., Tataria, H. and Howell, D. “Battery Requirements for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles – Analysis and Rationale.” Publication & Presentation at EVS-23, Anaheim, CA. December 2007
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Gonder, J. “Route-Based Control of Hybrid Vehicles, Project Description & Status Report.” Presentation to the VSATT, October 4, 2006.
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Gonder, J. “FY07 Milestone 6.1: Route-Based HEV Control Strategy Report.” DOE Milestone Report, July 2007.
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Gonder, J. “Route-Based HEV Control, Summary of FY07 Work.” Presentation to the VSATT, September 5, 2007.
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Gonder, J. “Route-Based Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles.” Paper (2008-01-1315) & presentation to be delivered at the 2008 SAE World Congress, April 2008.
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Smith and Thornton “Feasibility of Onboard Thermoelectric Generation for Improved Vehicle Fuel Economy” Diesel Engine-Efficiency and Emissions Research Conference, Detroit, MI, August 2007.
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Smith and Thornton “Feasibility of Thermoelectrics for Waste Heat Recovery in Hybrid Vehicles” 23rd International Electric Vehicle Symposium, Anaheim, CA, December 2007.
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