Vegetables + development 07-2007 XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Can Vegetables Be More...

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07-2007 XYZ

www.avrdc.orgDevelopment Through Vegetable Research

Can Vegetables Be More Productive

Under Tree-Based Systems?

AVRDC-WVC Thursday Seminar, 12 June 2008

Manuel C. Palada, Ph.D.Crop & Ecosystem Management Specialist

Photo by Mandy Lin


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Outline• Overview of the SANREM CRSP Vegetable

Agroforestry Project (VAF)• Early studies on VAF• Tree-vegetable crop interface/interactions• Performance of AVRDC-WVC vegetable

varieties under VAF• Other results from the Philippines, Indonesia

and Vietnam• Summary• VAF TMPEGS Team


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Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production in Southeast Asian Watersheds (2005-2009)

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAM(SANREM CRSP)


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Strong Partnership

UPLBUPLBNCA&T

UC Berkeley

De La Salle

Don Bosco


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AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center

Greg Luther Flordeliza FaustinoLiwayway Engle

Manny Palada Mubarik Ali

AVRDC – WVCSANREM Team


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Problem Statement

Communities in many forest and vegetable producing watersheds in Southeast Asia are suffering from poverty, and forest, soil and water resources degradation


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Nghia Trung, Budang District, Nghia Trung, Budang District, Binh Phuoc Province VietnamBinh Phuoc Province Vietnam

May 11, 2006

VEGETABLE AGROFORESTRY PROJECT SITES


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Nanggung, IndonesiaNanggung, IndonesiaMay 3, 2006



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Lantapan, PhilippinesLantapan, PhilippinesMay 24, 2008



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Binh Phouc Province

VIETNAM

VAF: Cacao, cashew, coffee, bananas, timber trees, vegetables


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Indonesia

Nanggung Sub-DistrictNear Jakarta


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VAF: Bananas, vegetables, mix trees

Indonesia


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Lantapan, BukidnonIsland of Mindanao

Philippines

VAF: alley cropping, vegetables, bananas, timber trees


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Problem Statement

Communities in many forest and vegetable producing watersheds in Southeast Asia are suffering from poverty, and forest, soil and water resources degradation


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Response

TMPEGSTMPEGS““TeaMPEGS”TeaMPEGS”


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SANREM CRSP VAF TMPEGS


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TMPEGS

Stands for our TeaM’s

Philosophy

Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast Asian Watersheds


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PEGS• A peg is a pin

forming a projection that may be used as a support

TMPEGS Philosophy:TMPEGS Philosophy:““We are ‘PEGS’ supporting small scale We are ‘PEGS’ supporting small scale farmers both farmers both womenwomen and men” and men”


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TMPEGS

Technology ‘complementarity’


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TMPEGS

Marketing ‘value chain’


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TMPEGS

Policy ‘incentives’


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TMPEGS

E nvironmental &nvironmental &conomic-social impactconomic-social impact

‘‘it works’it works’


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TMPEGS

Gender

‘equity’


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TMPEGS

Scaling-up ‘contagiousness’


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Scaling-up

Vegetables

Trees

Complementary agroforestry systems

Technology

Marketing

GenderPolicy Stakeholders mainly Small Scale

Farmers both Women and Men

Predominant flowFeedback flow

Baseline studies

Conceptual Framework

Environmental and Socio-Economic

Impacts


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Overall hypothesisOverall hypothesis

In intensive vegetable In intensive vegetable production system in the production system in the uplands, monoculture uplands, monoculture systems are not systems are not sustainable, but sustainable, but integrating trees is integrating trees is feasible and offers better feasible and offers better prospects.prospects.


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Alley Cropping

Vegetable Agroforestry (VAF) systems is inevitably the most Vegetable Agroforestry (VAF) systems is inevitably the most appropriate technology for the uplands to enhance the productivity, appropriate technology for the uplands to enhance the productivity, profitability and protective functions of vegetable production system in profitability and protective functions of vegetable production system in a sustainable manner, while reducing production risks and a sustainable manner, while reducing production risks and environmental hazards of vegetable production system. environmental hazards of vegetable production system.


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Early Studies on Vegetable Agroforestry Systems

• International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Nigeria (1985-90)• University of the U.S. Virgin Islands, St. Croix (1991-2001)• Center for Subtropical Agroforestry, University of Florida (2002-2005)


Alley cropping Leucaena with leafy Chinese cabbage (Pai-tsai)

Chen, Y.S., B.T. Kang and F.E. Caveness. 1989. Alley cropping vegetable crops with Leucaena in Southern Nigeria. HortScience 24(5):839-940.

No alley With alley

No alleyNo alley

With alleyWith alley

IITA, Nigeria

Alley cropping with amaranthus, celosia, tomato and okra

Treatments:

Alley (+Fertilizer)

Alley (-Fertilizer)

No Alley (+Fertilizer)

No Alley (-Fertilizer)

Leucaena hedgerows: 4 m

Alley width: 4 m

Palada, M.C., B.T. Kang and S.L. Claassen. 1992. Effect of alley cropping Leucaena leucocephala and fertilizer on yield of vegetable crops. Agroforestry Systems 19:139-147.

IITA, Nigeria

Hedgerow intercropping pigeonpea with bell pepper

Pruning hedgerows Pruning applied as mulch

Palada, M.C., S.M.A. Crossman and C.D. Collingwood. 1992. Effect of pigeonpea hedgerows on soil water and yield of intercropped pepper. Proc. Caribbean Food Crops Soc. 28:517-532.

St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Alley cropping Moringa with medicinal plants and culinary herbs Palada, M.C., B.N. Becker, J.M. Mitchell and P.K.R. Nair. 2003. Cultivation of medicinal plants in alley cropping system with Moringa oleifera in the Virgin Islands. Pp. 60-76 In: Y.N. Clement and C.E. Seaforth (eds). Proc. 6th Int’l Workshop on Herbal Medicines for the Caribbean. Univ. of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago.


Rao, M.R., M.C. Palada and B.N. Becker. 2004. Medicinal and aromatic plants in agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems 61:107-122.

Palada, M.C., J.M. Mitchell, B.N. Becker and P.K.R. Nair. 2005. The integration of medicinal plants and culinary herbs in agroforestry systems for the Caribbean: A study in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Acta Hort. 676:147-153.


Hedgerow intecropping eggplant and sweet corn with Leucana, Gliricia, Moringa and Pigeonpea.

Palada, M.C., J.J. O’Donnell, S.M.A. Crossman and J.A. Kowalski. 1994. Influence of four hedgerow species on yield of sweet corn and eggplant in an alley cropping system. Agron. Abst. 1994:7.

Maize in Moringa hedgerows

Maize in Leucaena hedgerows

Hedgerow/alley plot

No hedgerow plot

Morinda hedgerows

Hot pepper

5 m

1 mRow 3

Row 4

Row 1

Row 2

Palada, M.C., B.N. Becker and J.M. Mitchell. 2004. Growth and yield of hot pepper in hedgerow intecropping with Morinda (Morinda citrifolia L.) during early establishment. Proc. Caribbean Food Crops Soc. 40:22-28.


Palada, M.C., S.M.A. Crossman and J.J. O’Donnell. 2004. Integrating high value horticultural crops into agroforestry systems in the tropics with focus on alley cropping. Proc. Symp. On Celebrating Minority Professionals in Forestry and Natural Resources Conservation. Florida A&M Univ. Tallahassee, Florida.

Photo by Mandy Lin


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TMPEGS

Technology objective:Develop economically viable and ecologically-sound vegetable-agroforestry (VAF) systems

Evolution of the AF system in Southern Philippines (Mindanao) (hedgerow intercropping)

1970-90: Pruned hedgerow

1990-2000: NVS – Natural Veg. Strips

2000- present: commercial trees

PositiveControl soil erosionProvide organic fertilizerFodder for animalNegativeLabor intensiveCompetes with crops: space, growth resources, labor, etc

PositiveVery cheap to establish

Control soil erosion effectivelyNegativeNo economic benefits

?Potentials:Productivity/ProfitabilitySustainabilityDiversityEnvironmental services


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Environmental services

Reduction of soil loss..Effect of different hedgerow types on soil loss

===============================Hedgerow systems Soil loss (Mg ha-1)-----------------------------------------------------Grasses 2.20 cForage legumes 9.80 cShrubs 5.70 cTrees 6.50 cContour cultivation 40.0 bTraditional cultivation 350.0 a

(up & down the slope)

Tolerable rate 12.0=============================================Rainfall: 3000 mm annually “The greatest immediate impact of timber hedgerow system is reducing soil loss about 55 times than traditional up and down the slope cultivation thus making soil nutrients that will become available to the food crops”.


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Relative yield of maize over six cropping periods as influenced by different timber tree species as hedgerows spaced at 8m x 3m

Yield of control


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Tree-Crop Interactionin

Hedgerow Intercropping


Safety-net zone

Schematic diagram of tree-crop interaction in hedgerow intercropping system

+reduction of negative effects through silvicultural management

N 2 - fixation C0 2 - fixation

Yield of control (monocropping systems)

tree-crop nutrient transfer through pruning and roots and nodules turn-over.

leaching of nutrients to lower depths 0 - 100 cm depth

> 100 cm depth

uptake from safety- net zone (nutrient pumping below root zone of annual crops)

+

fertility, micro-climae, erosion control, nutrient pumping, safety-net, tree biomass and soil C stocks

=+

competition: light, water nutrient=-

--

Net benefit = 2T+ (Y2-2Y1)-2D

where: T = value of tree products (inc

above and below C stocks, N2

fixation)

Y1 = yield loss Y2 = yield gain D = value of displaced crop

D

Y1 Y1

Y2

Schematic diagram of tree-crop interaction under parkland system

N 2 - fixation

C0 2 - fixationScenario 1. Competition

> 100 cm depth

0 - 100 cm depth

leaching of nutrient

+

+ uptake of H20, nutrients

- Tree is competitive

-

Scenario 2. Complementary

+ +

Net benefit = T + (Y2 - D)

Schematic diagram of tree-crop interaction under boundary planting system

> 100 cm depth

0 - 100 cm depth

+ Y2

Y1

Y = T + (Y2 - Y1) - D

-


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Vegetable Agroforestry System Research

Goal: Tree-vegetable integration on farm

with minimal negative interaction but

optimal positive interaction, thus

increasing productivity, economic

profitability, nutrient use efficiency and

environmental services


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Tree integration on intensive vegetable based systems with minimal negative interaction

Approaches:• Tree-vegetable

matching• Tree management• Crop management


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Methodology

1. Assessment of existing VAF systems covering 21 farms, 2 AF systems, 6 tree species, 8 vegetables, 4 aspects. Data collected were tree parameters (stem diameter, tree height, canopy height and width), spatial performance of vegetables (height, stem diameter, crown width, biomass), spatial light transmission (fish eye photography/quantum light meter)

2. Focus group discussion with 15 VAF farmers on various ways of integrating trees on vegetable farms and their practices and experiences on tree and vegetable management addressing tree-vegetable competition and complementarity

3. Evaluation of 5 commercial, 20 indigenous, and 5 tree vegetables under tree-based system.


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Eucalyptus- tomato interaction under boundary planting system

Tomato height

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

0 3 6 9 12 15

Distance from the tree

he

igh

t (c

m)

Competition Complementarity Neutral

Average height at neutral zone

(m)


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White bean yield under Maesopsis eminii hedge trees

0

5

10

15

20

0 5 10 15 20

Distance from the tree

Bea

ns

(g/p

lt)

M. eminii hedge

Competition zone Complementarity zone Neutral zone

Three zones of tree-crop interaction in vegetable agroforestry systems

Average yield

(m)


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Net complementarity as a simple tool in assessing appropriate tree-vegetable integration

• Net complementarity = degree of complementarity-degree of competitiveness

• Degree of complementarity = relative yield (at complementary zone) -1 x distance of influence (0= no complementarity)

• Degree of competitiveness = 1- relative yield (at competition zone) x distance of influence (0= no competition)

• Relative yield at complementarity zone = yield at complementarity zone divided by yield at neutral zone

• Relative yield at competition zone = yield at competition zone divided by yield at neutral zone


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Influence of timber tree species on VAF net complementarity under farmer management

(tree-vegetable matching)

-0.23

0.48

-0.30

-0.85

-1.67

Acacia mangium

Eucalyptus robusta

Eucalyptus torillana

Gmelina arborea

Maesopsis emini

Net complementarityTree species


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Influence of vegetable crops on net complementarity under farmers management (tree-vegetable matching)

Vegetables Net complementarity index

Bell pepper

Brocolli

Cabbage

Cauliflower

Chinese cabbage

Tomato

White beans

Maize

0.14

-7.54

0.98

0.44

0.57

-0.48

-1.67

-1.55

Influence of aspects on VAF net complementarity

North (vegetable on south side) South (vegetable on north side)

East (vegetable on west side)West (vegetable on east side)

North


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Aspects Net

complementarityEast (vegetable on west side)

West (vegetable on east side)

North (vegetable on south side)

South (vegetable on north side)

-2.09

- 0.54-1.06-1.74

Influence of aspects on net complementarity under farmer’s crop management


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Relationship between tree height (m) and net complementarity

y = 0.3034x + 12.696

R2 = 0.14

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

(10.00) (5.00) - 5.00 10.00

Net complementarity

Tre

e h

eig

ht

(m)


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Relationship between proportion of canopy left after pruning vs net complementarity

y = 2.0991x + 62.359

R2 = 0.03

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

(10.00) (5.00) - 5.00 10.00

Net complementarity

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f c

an

op

y le

ft (

%)


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Relationship between tree canopy width and net complementarity

y = -14.254x + 560.37

R2 = 0.08

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

(10.00) (5.00) - 5.00 10.00

Net complementarity

Ca

no

py

wid

th (

cm

)


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Vegetable-tree matching• Evaluation of 5 commercial, 20

indigenous (from AVRDC GRSU), and 5 tree vegetables under tree-based system involving leafy, fruit and root vegetables.

• Vegetables were planted 2 rows perpendicular to the 6-year old Eucalytus torillana tree row 25 cm from tree trunk.

• Vegetable entries were arranged in RCB design replicated 3 times.

• Vegetables were harvested spatially row by row.

• Zones of interaction were calculated in each plot.


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Promising vegetables at competition zone (4.5 ±1.2 m from tree hedge)

Type Species Scientific name VarietyLeafy Amaranthus (5) Amaranthus caudatus TOT 2272 0.80 a

Jute (4) Corchorus olitorius TOT 4721 0.53 c

Cabbage Brassica oleracea Resest crown 0.73 ab

Chinese cabbage Brassica rapa Blues 0.63 b

Fruit Eggplant (3) Solanum melongena S00- 633 0.67 b

Bellpepper Capsicum annuum 9950-5197 0.80 a

Okra Abelmoschos esculentus 0.60 b

Tomato Lycopersicon esculentumWVCT-1 0.73 ab

Climbing Alugbati (3) Basella alba TOT 5274 0.73 ab

Yardlong bean (3) Vigna unguiculata TVO 2074 0.40 d

Tree (4) Malunggay M oringa oleifera local 0.57 bc

Chinese malunggay Sauropus androgynous local 0.80 a

Root Carrots Daucus carota local 0.80 a

In a column, means having a common letters are not significantly different by

by Tukey's test at 5% level

Adaptability index

Adaptability index = Yield at competition zone (Y1) / yield at neutral zone (Y0)

Where: 1 = adapted


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Promising vegetables at complementarity zone (from 5 – 15 (±2) m from tree hedge)

Type Species Scientific name VarietyComplementarity

indexLeafy Amaranthus (5) Amaranthus caudatus TOT 2272 Taiwan 2.10

Jute (4) Corchorus olitorius TOT 6667 2.70Cabbage Brassica oleracea Resest crown 1.33Chinese cabbage Brassica rapa Blues 1.60

Fruit Eggplant (3) Solanum melongena S00- 633 1.50Bellpepper Capsicum annuum 9950-5197 1.57Okra Abelmoschos esculentus 1.57Tomato Lycopersicon esculentumWVCT-1 1.33

Climbing Alugbati (3) Basella alba TOT 5274 1.87Yardlong bean (3) Vigna unguiculata TVO 2141 Philippines 2.27

Tree Malunggay (4) Moringa oleifera local 1.43Chinese malunggay Sauropus androgynous local 1.17Katuray Sesbania grandiflora local 3.37

Root Carrots Daucus carota local 1.57

Complementarity index = Yield at complementarity (Y2) / yield at neutral zone (Y0)Where: 1= no complementarity effect


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Net complementarity indices of selected vegetables planted perpendicular to the tree line (researcher-managed)

Net complementarity index = Y2-Y1

Where: 0 = no benefit

Type Species Scientific name VarietyLeafy Amaranthus (5) Amaranthus caudatus TOT 2272 1.30 abc

Jute (4) Corchorus olitorius TOT 6667 2.40 a

Cabbage Brassica oleracea Resest crown 0.60 bc

Chinese cabbage Brassica rapa Blues 0.97 bc

Fruit Eggplant (3) Solanum melongena S00- 168 1.27 abc

Bellpepper Capsicum annuum 9950-5197 0.50 c

Okra Abelmoschos esculentus 0.97 bc

Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum WVCT-1 0.67 bc

Climbing Alugbati (3) Basella alba TOT 1578 1.13 abc

Yardlong bean (3) Vigna unguiculata TVO 2141 1.97 ab

Tree (3) Malunggay Moringa oleifera local 0.83 bc

Alikway Sauropus androgynous local 1.03 abc

Katuray Sesbania grandiflora local 3.10 a

Root Carrots Daucus carota local 0.77 bc

In a column, means having a common letters are not significantly different by Tukey's test at 5% level

Net complementarity index


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INDONESIA

•Effect of shading on yields of vegetables under mixed-tree species



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Indonesia – mixed tree species


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Adaptation of vegetables under different shading regimes in multi-storey agroforestry system in Indonesia.

Increase in yield over no shade

Vegetables Medium light

(%)

Amaranth spp 180

Kangkong 90

Eggplant 71

Chili 9

Tomato 5Note: Under heavy shade (Low light: 32-174*1000 lux), the growth and yield of 10 vegetables evaluated were negatively affected. (Medium light: 43-540*1000 lux). Adapted from Manurong et al 2008. Can vegetables be productive under tree shade management in West Java?


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VIETNAM

•Shading effect on yield of vegetables•Termite Biocontrol on Cacao Seedlings: Vetiver Grass Application



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Vietnam - Cashew


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Vietnam: Cashew - Vegetables


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Vietnam: Cashew - Vegetables

1.1. Amaranth, kangkong, okra, and Amaranth, kangkong, okra, and bitter gourd achieved highest yield bitter gourd achieved highest yield under full sun light condition under full sun light condition

2.2. Mustard and French bean have Mustard and French bean have highest yield under medium highest yield under medium light conditionlight condition

3.3. Average yield of cashew trees Average yield of cashew trees located between two vegetable located between two vegetable rows was recorded to be 17% rows was recorded to be 17% more than average yield without more than average yield without vegetables planted.vegetables planted.


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Biocontrol of Termite in Cacao Trees

Termite damage on cacao treeVetiver grass


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Percent mortality in cacao seedlings due to termite damage as influenced by biocontrol methods

Treatment Site 1

Mortality (%)

Site 2

Mortality (%)

Manure 39 70

Farmer’s Practice

(Chemical)

0 70

Manure + Lime 17 70

Manure + Vetiver grass compost + Vetiver plants

0 33


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PHILIPPINES•Vegetable variety trials

•Drip irrigation

•Minimum tillage – cover crop



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Tomato Variety Trial


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Evaluation of Indigenous Vegetables


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Indigenous Vegetables


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Conventional Vegetables


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Medicinal Trees

Vegetable farmers performing evaluation of the performance of different tomato superior lines against tomato leaf curl virus under tree based system during the farmers’ field day at Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. These tomato lines were provided by AVRDC.

AVRDC tomatoes and eggplants evaluated under tree based system were shown to vegetable farmers during farmers’ field day at Lantapan, Bukidon, Philippines.

Farmers posed at the experimental billboard after evaluating different tomato lines which are resistant to tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) during the farmers field at Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines


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Henry Binahon Outstanding Agroforestry Farmer


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Binahon Farm Model Vegetable Agroforestry Farm


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Drip irrigation


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Miniumum tillage with cover crop

Perennial peanut (Arachis pintoi)


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Taiwan

AVRDC-WVC Vegetable Agroforestry Research Field ( Established in 2005)


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Tropical Fruit Trees

Species Common name

Anona reticulata Bullock’s Heart

Rollinia mucosa Biriba

Baccaurea ramiflora Mafai

Tamarindus indica* Tamarind

Artocarpus heterophyllus* Jackfruit

Eugenia brasiliensis Brasil cherry

Eugenia uniflora Surinam cherry

Psidium littorale Raddi Strawberry guava

Syzygium samarangense* Nam Pheung Honey

Chrysophyllum caimito* Star Apple

Pouteria campechiana* Canistel

Pouteria caimito Radlk* Abiu


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Pouteria camechiana - Canistel


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Pouteria caimito - Abiu


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Chrysophyllum caimito – Star Apple


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Artocarpus heterophyllus – Jack Fruit


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Tamarindus indica - Tamarind


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Syzygium samarengense – Wax Apple


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Sequential cropping of vegetable crops


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Question

Can Vegetables Be More

Productive Under Tree-Based Systems?


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Answer

Of course, the answer is YES!


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Summary and Recommendations

1. Reduce competition between trees and vegetables (Y1) by:• - Using vegetables that have high adaptability indices, adapted to low light environment, at competition zone (up to 4.5m from tree line)• - Using trees which are less competitive

- Employing tree root pruning and root barrier (chili yield was significantly higher in with root barrier treatment)

Can Vegetables Be More Productive Under Tree Based Systems?

3 ways of improving economic viability of vegetable agroforestry systems

Yes!


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2. Increase tree-vegetable complementarity (Y2) -Using vegetables with high complementarity response indices at

complementarity zone (4.6 – 15 m away from the tree line)- Employing appropriate pruning regime, leaving 40- 60% of the

tree canopy- favorable for both trees and crops- Using optimum tree lines/hedges spacing, 25-30 meters apart

and 3 meters between trees, having approximately 110- 130 trees per hectare

3. Use valuable trees (T)- Premium timber trees (indigenous species)- Adapted fruit trees (Taiwan)- Rubber trees

3 ways of improving economic viability of vegetable agroforestry systems


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Acknowledgement

This study was funded and supported by the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources Management – Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM-CRSP) under U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).


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TMPEGS VAF Collaborators

• Agustin Mercado, Jr. - World Agroforestry entre• Caroline Duque World Agroforestry Centre• Manuel Palada – World Vegetable Centre• Liwayway Engle - World Vegetable Centre• Flordeliza Faustino - World Vegetable Centre • Gregory Luther - World Vegetable Centre • Gerhard Manurong - World Agroforestry Centre• James Roshetko - World Agroforestry Centre• Bambang Purwoko - Bogor Agricultural University • Anas Susila - Bogor Agricultural University • Try Van My - Nong Lam University, Vietnam • Manuel Reyes - North Carolina A&T State University


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SANREM CRSP VAF TMPEGS

Thank you for joining us!


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Photo by Mandy Lin

Vegetables + development 07-2007 XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Can Vegetables Be More...

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