VCE Chemistry written examination – Data Book · PDF fileSI prefixes 5 6. Acid-base...
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CHEMISTRYWritten examination
DATA BOOK
© VICTORIAN CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY 2017
February 2017
Victorian Certificate of Education Year
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 2
Table of contents Page
1. Periodic table of the elements 3
2. Electrochemical series 4
3. Chemical relationships 5
4. Physical constants and standard values 5
5. SIprefixes 5
6. Acid-base indicators 6
7. Sample representations of organic molecules 6
8. Formulas of some fatty acids 7
9. Structural formulas of some important biomolecules 7–8
10. Heats of combustion of common fuels 9
11. Typical heats of combustion of common blended fuels 9
12. Energy content of foods 9
13. Characteristic ranges for infra-red absorption 10
14. 13C NMR data 10
15. 1H NMR data 11–12
16. 2-aminoacids(α-aminoacids) 13–14
3 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
TURN OVER
1. P
erio
dic t
able
of t
he el
emen
ts
1 H
1.0
hydr
ogen
2 He
4.0
heliu
m
3 Li
6.9
lithi
um
4 Be
9.0
bery
llium
5 B
10.8
bo
ron
6 C
12.0
ca
rbon
7 N
14.0
ni
troge
n
8 O
16.0
oxygen
9 F 19.0
fluorine
10
Ne
20.2
ne
on
11
Na
23.0
so
dium
12
Mg
24.3
m
agne
sium
13
Al
27.0
al
umin
ium
14
Si
28.1
si
licon
15
P 31.0
ph
osph
orus
16
S 32.1
su
lfur
17
Cl
35.5
ch
lorin
e
18
Ar
39.9
ar
gon
19
K
39.1
po
tass
ium
20
Ca
40.1
ca
lciu
m
21
Sc
45.0
sc
andi
um
22
Ti
47.9
tit
aniu
m
23
V
50.9
va
nadi
um
24
Cr
52.0
ch
rom
ium
25
Mn
54.9
m
anga
nese
26
Fe
55.8
iro
n
27
Co
58.9
co
balt
28
Ni
58.7
ni
ckel
29
Cu
63.5
co
pper
30
Zn
65.4
zi
nc
31
Ga
69.7
ga
llium
32
Ge
72.6
ge
rman
ium
33
As
74.9
ar
seni
c
34
Se
79.0
se
leni
um
35
Br
79.9
br
omin
e
36
Kr
83.8
kr
ypto
n
37
Rb
85.5
ru
bidi
um
38
Sr
87.6
st
ront
ium
39
Y
88.9
yt
trium
40
Zr
91.2
zi
rcon
ium
41
Nb
92.9
ni
obiu
m
42
Mo
96.0
m
olyb
denu
m
43
Tc
(98)
te
chne
tium
44
Ru
101.
1 ru
then
ium
45
Rh
102.
9 rh
odiu
m
46
Pd
106.
4 pa
lladi
um
47
Ag
107.
9 si
lver
48
Cd
112.
4 ca
dmiu
m
49
In
114.
8 in
dium
50
Sn
118.
7 tin
51
Sb
121.
8 an
timon
y
52
Te
127.
6 te
lluriu
m
53
I 12
6.9
iodi
ne
54
Xe
131.
3 xenon
55
Cs
132.
9 ca
esiu
m
56
Ba
137.
3 ba
rium
57–7
1 la
ntha
noid
s
72
Hf
178.
5 ha
fniu
m
73
Ta
180.
9 ta
ntal
um
74
W
183.
8 tu
ngst
en
75
Re
186.
2 rh
eniu
m
76
Os
190.
2 os
miu
m
77
Ir
192.
2 iri
dium
78
Pt
195.
1 pl
atin
um
79
Au
197.
0 go
ld
80
Hg
200.
6 m
ercu
ry
81
Tl
204.
4 th
alliu
m
82
Pb
207.
2 le
ad
83
Bi
209.
0 bi
smut
h
84
Po
(210)
polo
nium
85
At
(210)
asta
tine
86
Rn
(222)
rado
n
87
Fr
(223)
fran
cium
88
Ra
(226)
radi
um
89–1
03
actin
oids
104
Rf
(261)
ruth
erfo
rdiu
m
105
Db
(262)
dubn
ium
106
Sg
(266)
seab
orgi
um
107
Bh
(264)
bohr
ium
108
Hs
(267)
hass
ium
109
Mt
(268)
mei
tner
ium
110
Ds
(271)
darm
stad
tium
111
Rg
(272)
roen
tgen
ium
112
Cn
(285)
cope
rnic
ium
113
Nh
(280)
niho
nium
114
Fl
(289)
flerovium
115
Mc
(289)
mos
covi
um
116
Lv
(292)
liver
mor
ium
117
Ts
(294)
tenn
essi
ne
118
Og
(294)
ogan
esso
n
57
La
138.
9 la
ntha
num
58
Ce
140.
1 ce
rium
59
Pr
140.
9 pr
aseo
dym
ium
60
Nd
144.
2 ne
odym
ium
61
Pm
(145)
prom
ethi
um
62
Sm
150.
4 sa
mar
ium
63
Eu
152.
0 eu
ropi
um
64
Gd
157.
3 ga
dolin
ium
65
Tb
158.
9 te
rbiu
m
66
Dy
162.
5 dy
spro
sium
67
Ho
164.
9 ho
lmiu
m
68
Er
167.
3 er
bium
69
Tm
16
8.9
thul
ium
70
Yb
173.
1 yt
terb
ium
71
Lu
175.
0 lu
tetiu
m
89
Ac
(227)
actin
ium
90
Th
232.
0 th
oriu
m
91
Pa
231.
0 pr
otac
tiniu
m
92
U
238.
0 ur
aniu
m
93
Np
(237)
nept
uniu
m
94
Pu
(244)
plut
oniu
m
95
Am
(243)
amer
iciu
m
96
Cm
(247)
curiu
m
97
Bk
(247)
berk
eliu
m
98
Cf
(251)
calif
orni
um
99
Es
(252)
eins
tein
ium
100
Fm
(257)
ferm
ium
101
Md
(258)
men
dele
vium
102
No
(259)
nobe
lium
103
Lr
(262)
law
renc
ium
The
valu
e in
bra
cket
s ind
icat
es th
e m
ass n
umbe
r of t
he lo
nges
t-liv
ed is
otop
e.
79
Au
197.
0 go
ld
atom
ic n
umbe
r
rela
tive
atom
ic m
ass
sym
bol o
f ele
men
t
nam
e of
ele
men
t
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 4
2. Electrochemical series
Reaction Standard electrode potential (E0) in volts at 25 °C
F2(g)+2e– ⇌ 2F–(aq) +2.87
H2O2(aq)+2H+(aq)+2e– ⇌ 2H2O(l) +1.77
Au+(aq)+e– ⇌ Au(s) +1.68
Cl2(g)+2e– ⇌ 2Cl–(aq) +1.36
O2(g)+4H+(aq)+4e– ⇌ 2H2O(1) +1.23
Br2(l)+2e– ⇌ 2Br–(aq) +1.09
Ag+(aq)+e– ⇌ Ag(s) +0.80
Fe3+(aq)+e– ⇌ Fe2+(aq) +0.77
O2(g)+2H+(aq)+2e– ⇌ H2O2(aq) +0.68
I2(s)+2e– ⇌ 2I–(aq) +0.54
O2(g)+2H2O(l)+4e– ⇌ 4OH–(aq) +0.40
Cu2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Cu(s) +0.34
Sn4+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Sn2+(aq) +0.15
S(s)+2H+(aq)+2e– ⇌ H2S(g) +0.14
2H+(aq)+2e– ⇌ H2(g) 0.00
Pb2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Pb(s) –0.13
Sn2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Sn(s) –0.14
Ni2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Ni(s) –0.25
Co2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Co(s) –0.28
Cd2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Cd(s) –0.40
Fe2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Fe(s) –0.44
Zn2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Zn(s) –0.76
2H2O(l)+2e– ⇌ H2(g)+2OH–(aq) –0.83
Mn2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Mn(s) –1.18
Al3+(aq)+3e– ⇌ Al(s) –1.66
Mg2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Mg(s) –2.37
Na+(aq)+e– ⇌ Na(s) –2.71
Ca2+(aq)+2e– ⇌ Ca(s) –2.87
K+(aq)+e– ⇌ K(s) –2.93
Li+(aq)+e– ⇌ Li(s) –3.04
5 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
TURN OVER
3. Chemical relationships
Name Formula
calculating the number of moles n mM
n cV n VVm
= = =; ;
universal gas equation pV = nRT
calibrationfactor(CF)forbombcalorimetry CF = VItT∆
enthalpy ∆H = mc∆T
electric charge Q = It
number of moles of electrons n e QF
( )− =
4. Physical constants and standard values
Name Symbol Value
Avogadro constant NA or L 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
chargeononeelectron(elementarycharge) e –1.60 × 10–19 C
Faraday constant F 96 500 C mol–1
molar gas constant R 8.31 J mol–1 K–1
molar volume of an ideal gas at SLC Vm 24.8 L mol–1 at 100 kPa at 25.0 °C
specificheatcapacityofwater c 4.18 J g–1 K–1 at 25.0 °C
5. SI prefixes
SI prefix Scientific notation Multiplying factor
giga(G) 109 1 000 000 000
mega(M) 106 1 000 000
kilo(k) 103 1000
deci(d) 10–1 0.1
centi(c) 10–2 0.01
milli(m) 10–3 0.001
micro (μ) 10–6 0.000001
nano(n) 10–9 0.000000001
pico(p) 10–12 0.000000000001
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 6
6. Acid-base indicators
Name pH range Colour change from lower pH to higher pH in range
thymol blue 1.2–2.8 red → yellow
methyl orange 3.1– 4.4 red → yellow
bromophenol blue 3.0– 4.6 yellow → blue
methyl red 4.2– 6.3 red → yellow
bromothymol blue 6.0–7.6 yellow → blue
phenol red 6.8–8.4 yellow → red
phenolphthalein 8.3–10.0 colourless → red
7. Sample representations of organic molecules
molecular formula C4H8O2 or C3H7COOH
semi-structural formula CH3CH2CH2COOH
structural formula
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
HO
O
H
skeletal structure O
OH
7 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
TURN OVER
8. Formulas of some fatty acids
Name Semi-structural formula Molecular formula
lauric CH3(CH2)10COOH C11H23COOH
myristic CH3(CH2)12COOH C13H27COOH
palmitic CH3(CH2)14COOH C15H31COOH
palmitoleic CH3(CH2)4CH2CH=CHCH2 (CH2)5CH2COOH C15H29COOH
stearic CH3(CH2)16COOH C17H35COOH
oleic CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH C17H33COOH
linoleic CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH C17H31COOH
linolenic CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH C17H29COOH
arachidic CH3(CH2)17CH2COOH C19H39COOH
arachidonic CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)3CH=CH(CH2)3COOH C19H31COOH
9. Structural formulas of some important biomolecules
vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
O
OH
O
HO
CH
OH
CH2
HO
C
C
C
H
H
OH
OH
OH
H
H
H
glycerol
sucroseOH
OH
OH
OHHO
O O
O
HH
H
H HH
H H
CH2OH
CH2OH
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 8
CH2OHCH2OHCH2OH
OHO
O O
O O
OHOH OH OH
OH
OH OH
300–600
amylose (starch)
vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
HO
CH2
CH
CH CHCH3
CH2
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH2 CH2CH2
O
O–O
O
O
N+H3N
aspartame
H
vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)
HO
CH2
CH
CH CHCH3
CH2
CH3CH3
CH3
CH3HC
CC
HH
OOH
CH2OH CH2OH
H
HOH
OHH
fructoseα-glucose
CH2OHO
OHOH
HOH H
H H
HHO
amylopectin (starch)
CH2OHCH2CH2OH
OHO
O O OO
O
O
O
O
OH OH OH
OH OH
CH2OH
OHO
OH
cellulose
CH2OH
OH
OHCH2OH
OHO O
OH
O OO
9 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
TURN OVER
10. Heats of combustion of common fuelsThe heats of combustion in the following table occur at a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure of 100 kPa.
Fuel Formula Heat of combustion (MJ kg–1)
Molar heat of combustion (kJ mol–1)
hydrogen H2 141 286
methane CH4 55.6 889
ethane C2H6 51.9 1560
propane C3H8 50.5 2220
butane C4H10 49.7 2880
octane C8H18 47.9 5460
ethyne(acetylene) C2H2 49.9 1300
methanol CH3OH 22.7 726
ethanol C2H5OH 29.6 1360
11. Typical heats of combustion of common blended fuelsThe heats of combustion in the following table occur at a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure of 100 kPa. These are typical values and will vary depending on the source of the fuel.
Fuel Heat of combustion (MJ kg–1)
kerosene 46.2
diesel 45.0
natural gas 54.0
12. Energy content of foods
Food Energy content (kJ g–1)
fats and oils 37
protein 17
carbohydrate 16
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 10
13. Characteristic ranges for infra-red absorption
Bond Wave number (cm–1)
Bond Wave number (cm–1)
C–Cl(chloroalkanes) 600–800 C=O(ketones) 1680–1850
C–O(alcohols,esters,ethers) 1050–1410 C=O(esters) 1720–1840
C=C(alkenes) 1620–1680 C–H(alkanes,alkenes,arenes) 2850–3090
C=O(amides) 1630–1680 O–H(acids) 2500–3500
C=O(aldehydes) 1660–1745 O–H(alcohols) 3000–3600
C=O(acids) 1680–1740 N–H(aminesandamides) 3300–3500
14. 13C NMR dataTypical 13C shift values relative to TMS = 0These can differ slightly in different solvents.
Type of carbon Chemical shift (ppm)
R–CH3 8–25
R–CH2–R 20– 45
R3–CH 40–60
R4–C 36– 45
R–CH2–X 15–80
R3C–NH2, R3C–NR 35–70
R–CH2–OH 50–90
RC CR 75–95
R2C=CR2 110–150
RCOOH 160–185
OR
ROC
165–175
OR
HC
190–200
R2C=O 205–220
11 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
TURN OVER
15. 1H NMR dataTypical proton shift values relative to TMS = 0These can differ slightly in different solvents. Where more than one proton environment is shown in the formula, the shift refers to the ones in bold letters.
Type of proton Chemical shift (ppm)
R–CH3 0.9–1.0
R–CH2–R 1.3–1.4
RCH=CH–CH3 1.6–1.9
R3–CH 1.5
or CH3
ORC
OCH3
NHR
CO
2.0
CH3R
C
O
2.1–2.7
R–CH2–X(X=F,Cl,BrorI) 3.0– 4.5
R–CH2–OH, R2–CH–OH 3.3– 4.5
R
NHCH2R
CO
3.2
R—O—CH3 or R—O—CH2R 3.3–3.7
O C
O
CH32.3
R
OCH2R
CO
3.7– 4.8
R–O–H 1–6(variesconsiderablyunderdifferentconditions)
R–NH2 1–5
RHC CHR 4.5–7.0
OH 4.0–12.0
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 12
Type of proton Chemical shift (ppm)
H 6.9–9.0
R
NHCH2R
CO
8.1
R
H
CO
9.4 –10.0
RH
CO
O9.0–13.0
13 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
TURN OVER
16. 2-amino acids (α-amino acids)
Name Symbol Structure
alanine Ala
H2N CH COOH
CH3
arginine Arg
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 NH
NH
C NH2
asparagine Asn
H2N CH COOH
CH2
O
C NH2
aspartic acid Asp
H2N CH COOH
CH2 COOH
cysteine Cys
H2N CH COOH
CH2 SH
glutamine Gln
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2
O
C NH2
glutamic acid Glu
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 COOH
glycine Gly H2N CH2 COOH
histidine His
H2N CH COOH
CH2 NH
N
isoleucine Ile
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH CH2 CH3
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 14
END OF DATA BOOK
Name Symbol Structure
leucine Leu
H2N CH COOH
CH2
CH3 CH CH3
lysine Lys
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2
methionine Met
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 S CH3
phenylalanine Phe
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
proline ProHN
COOH
serine Ser
H2N CH COOH
CH2 OH
threonine Thr
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH OH
tryptophan Trp
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
HN
tyrosine Tyr OH
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
valine Val
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH CH3