Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Varinder S. KanwarSanjay Kumar Shukla   Editors

Sustainable Civil Engineering PracticesSelect Proceedings of ICSCEP 2019

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Volume 72

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Sheng-Hong Chen, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

Ioannis Vayas, Institute of Steel Structures, National Technical University ofAthens, Athens, Greece

Sanjay Kumar Shukla, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup,WA, Australia

Anuj Sharma, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA

Nagesh Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of ScienceBangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Chien Ming Wang, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland,Brisbane, QLD, Australia

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Varinder S. Kanwar • Sanjay Kumar ShuklaEditors

Sustainable Civil EngineeringPracticesSelect Proceedings of ICSCEP 2019

123

EditorsVarinder S. KanwarChitkara UniversitySolan, Himachal Pradesh, India

Sanjay Kumar ShuklaEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalup, WA, Australia

ISSN 2366-2557 ISSN 2366-2565 (electronic)Lecture Notes in Civil EngineeringISBN 978-981-15-3676-2 ISBN 978-981-15-3677-9 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3677-9

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Preface

Increasing population worldwide creates the need to build more infrastructure anddevelop more resources, and therefore, our environment is under continued dete-rioration with different types of impact, including depletion of major resources suchas air, water and soil, and destruction of the ecosystem. There is a need tounderstand that the true development cannot be achieved by putting resources andecology at risk. We need to adopt the sustainability in our progress and growth.Sustainability is often defined as a set of environmental, economic and socialconditions in which the society has the capacity and opportunity to maintain andimprove its quality indefinitely without degrading the quantity, quality or avail-ability of natural, economic and social resources. Civil engineers must take the leadin applying sustainability to selection, planning, design, construction and mainte-nance of various elements and components of infrastructure. Historically, sustain-ability considerations have been approached by engineers as constraints on theirdesigns. However, with its growing importance for civil engineering and its otherapplied areas such as mining, agriculture and aquaculture, professionals shouldmove towards incorporating sustainability principles into their routine practice.Sustainable design requires a complete assessment of the design in place and time.Sustainable engineering practice should meet the human needs for natural resour-ces, industrial products, energy, food, transportation, shelter and effective waste andmaterial management while conserving and protecting environmental quality andthe natural resource base, essential for future development. Civil engineers cancontribute solutions to sustainable development by adopting cleaner technology andgreen design principles. Commitment to this challenge requires that civil engineersacknowledge their professional obligation, extend their knowledge base and par-ticipate in all levels of policy decisions.

This international conference, held on 19–20 July 2019, achieved its aims byestablishing long-term linkages between the user industries and the providers of cleantechnologies and sustainable materials for a rapid transformation of the small- andmedium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Out of a total of 200 participants who attended thisconference, about 60 were SMEs and over 30 were clean technology experts fromdifferent areas such as academics, consultancy, equipment manufacturers and

v

suppliers and environmental technology apart from regulators, administrators andstudents. The conference has created awareness and appreciation amongst aca-demicians, scientists, researchers and practitioners from various disciplines andsectors about developing and implementing sustainable practices and technologiesthat minimize the impact on our environment. Deliberations were done on newinitiatives in the latest technologies in the fields of infrastructure development andmaintenance. This helped participants and regulators to formulate concrete strategieswith optimal utilization of available resources for developing these technologies,consolidating the suggestions, strategies and recommendations made during theconference and disseminating the knowledge on the conference themes.

We would like to extend our deep-felt thanks to Dr. Ashok K. Chitkara,Chancellor of Chitkara University; Dr. Madhu Chitkara, Pro-Chancellor of ChitkaraUniversity; and Prof. Steve Chapman, CBE, Vice-Chancellor and President of EdithCowan University for supporting us at all fronts. We are thankful to Dr. AkashChakraborty, Rini Christy Xavier Rajasekaran and the team of Springer for theirfull support and cooperation at all the stages of the publication of this book. Wewish to extend our special thanks to the contributing researchers/authors, sponsorsand all those who supported this conference for making it a milestone in the area ofsustainability.

We do hope that this book will create awareness and appreciation amongstacademicians, scientists, researchers and practitioners from various disciplines andsectors about the need and the new initiatives towards sustainable infrastructuredevelopment. The comments and suggestions from the readers and users of thisbook are most welcome.

Solan, India Varinder S. KanwarPerth, Australia Sanjay Kumar Shukla

vi Preface

Contents

Use of Waste Foundry Sand in Precast Concrete PaverBlocks—A Study with Belgaum Foundry Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1H. K. Thejas and Nabil Hossiney

An Experimental Study on Utilisation of Red Mud and Iron OreTailings in Production of Stabilised Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9M. Beulah, K. Sarath Chandra, Mothi Krishna Mohan, I. Clifford Deanand G. Gayathri

Theoretical and Experimental Assessment of Gravel Loss on UnsealedRoads in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Vasantsingh Pardeshi, Sanjay Nimbalkar and Hadi Khabbaz

Experimental Investigation on the Tensile Strength Behaviourof Coconut Fibre-Reinforced Cement Concrete in Fijiand Pacific Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Samuela Loaloa Vukicea, Swetha Thammadi, Sateesh Pisiniand Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Influence of Flat-Shaped Aggregates in Granular Skeletonon Its Compactness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Koroudji Kamba Ayatou, Irina Pachoukova, Bhartesh Rajand Vikram Kumar

Sustainable Design of Slopes Under Earthquake Conditions . . . . . . . . . 51Pragyan Pradatta Sahoo and Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Effect of Geosynthetic Reinforcement on Strength Behaviourof Subgrade-Aggregate Composite System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Meenakshi Singh, Ashutosh Trivedi and Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Semi-active Control Strategy for Horizontal Dynamic Loadingon Wall Retaining Granular Fills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Nisha Kumari and Ashutosh Trivedi

vii

Utilization of Polymers in Improving Durability Characteristicsof Open-Graded Friction Course Layer: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Sakshi Sharma and Tripta Kumari Goyal

Laboratory Study on the Effect of Plastic Waste Additive on ShearStrength of Marginal Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89B. A. Mir

An Overview of Utilization of E-waste Plasticin Road Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Abhitesh Sachdeva and Umesh Sharma

Signal Coordination in Transportation Engineeringby Using Microsimulation Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111N. T. Imran and M. I. Nayyer

Rehabilitation of Breached Earth Dam Using GeoComposite—A CaseStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Randhir Kumar Choudhary

Improvement of Subgrade Characteristics with Inclusionof Geotextiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Madhu Sudan Negi and S. K. Singh

The Contribution of Bottom Ash Toward Filler Effect with Respectto Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Lomesh S. Mahajan and S. R. Bhagat

Comparative Study Between Weighted Overlay and Fuzzy LogicModels for Landslide Vulnerability Mapping—A Case Studyof Rampur Tehsil, Himachal Pradesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155C. Prakasam, R. Aravinth, Varinder S. Kanwar and B. Nagarajan

Effect of Cell Height and Infill Density on the Performanceof Geocell-Reinforced Beds of Brahmaputra River Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Chirajyoti Doley, Utpal Kumar Das and Sanjay Kumar Shukla

A Study on Subsurface Drainage of Mountain Roads in Bhutan . . . . . . 185Dorji Tshering, Leki Dorji and Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Comparison of Modules for Water Distribution SystemDesign—A Case Study of Ramapuram Chennai Tamil Nadu . . . . . . . . . 197C. Prakasam and R. Saravanan

Environmental Flow—A Mitigation Measure for Impactof Hydropower Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207C. Prakasam and R. Saravanan

viii Contents

RBI Grade 81 Commercial Chemical Stabilizer for SustainableHighway Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Gaurav Gupta, Hemant Sood and Pardeep Kumar Gupta

Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility of HMA Modifiedwith Waste Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Abhishek Kanoungo, Varinder S. Kanwar and Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Contents ix

About the Editors

Dr. Varinder S. Kanwar Vice Chancellor, ChitkaraUniversity, Himachal Pradesh, India, obtained hisMaster in structural engineering and his Ph.D in civilengineering from Thapar University, Patiala. He alsohas a Postgraduate Diploma in Rural Developmentfrom IGNOU, New Delhi. Dr. Kanwar carries morethan 22 years of research, training and administrativeexperience having previously worked at NIT Hamirpur,Government Polytechnic Hamirpur, Thapar University,Patiala and Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar. Heis an active member of various professional societies,including ASCE, Indian Concrete Institute, Institutionof Engineers (India) and Punjab Science Congress. Heis a Fellow of Institution of Engineers (India). Hismajor research areas include health monitoring ofstructures and alternate construction materials. He hasauthored 3 books on Water Supply Engineering, HealthMonitoring of Structures & Modern Temples ofResurgent India - Engineering Pilgrimage to Bhakra,Beas and Ranjit Sagar Dams; published 16 journalarticles and 20 research papers in conference proceed-ings and edited 10 conference proceedings. He is alsoactively involved in joint research activities carried outby Chitkara University, Glasgow CaledonianUniversity, ESTP Paris, Edith Cowan University andFederal University Australia. He was awarded by theInstitution of Engineers (India) with the E.P. NicolaidesPrize. He has also been awarded with ‘ExcellentContribution in Education Sector’ by CMAIAssociation of India in 2017. His present assignmentinvolves a close interaction with Department of Higher

xi

Education, Government of Himachal Pradesh,Himachal Pradesh Private Educational InstitutionsRegulatory Commission, University Grants Commis-sion, AIU and other regulatory agencies.

Dr. Sanjay Kumar Shukla is an internationallyrecognized expert in the field of Civil (Geotechnical)Engineering. He is the Founding Editor-in-Chief ofInternational Journal of Geosynthetics and GroundEngineering. He is also the Founding Research GroupLeader (Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engi-neering) at Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.He holds the distinguished professorship in CivilEngineering at four international universities, includingFiji National University, Suva, Fiji. He graduated inCivil Engineering from BIT Sindri, India, and earnedhis MTech in Civil Engineering (Engineering Geology)and PhD in Civil (Geotechnical) Engineering fromIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India. Hisprimary areas of research interest include geosyntheticsand fibres for sustainable developments, groundimprovement techniques, utilization of wastes in con-struction, earth pressure and slope stability, environ-mental, mining and pavement geotechnics, andsoil-structure interaction. He is an author/editor of 14books, and more than 240 research papers, includingover 150 peer-reviewed journal papers. Dr. Shukla’sgeneralized expression for seismic active thrust (2015)and generalized expression for seismic passive resis-tance (2013) are routinely used by practicing engineersworldwide for designing the retaining structures. Hehas been honored with several awards, including themost prestigious IGS Award 2018 by the InternationalGeosynthetics Society (IGS), USA, in recognition ofhis outstanding contribution to the development and useof geosynthetics during the 2014-2017 award period.He is a Fellow of Engineers Australia, Institution ofEngineers (India) and Indian Geotechnical Society, anda member of American Society of Civil Engineers,International Geosynthetics Society and several other

xii About the Editors

professional bodies. He is the Senior Editor of CogentEngineering (Civil and Environmental Engineering),and serves on the editorial boards of many internationaljournals, including ICE Ground Improvement, SoilMechanics and Foundation Engineering, and Journal ofMountain Science.

About the Editors xiii

Use of Waste Foundry Sand in PrecastConcrete Paver Blocks—A Studywith Belgaum Foundry Industry

H. K. Thejas and Nabil Hossiney

Abstract The current study was undertaken at CHRIST (Deemed to be University)in Bangalore to investigate the potential of using waste sand fromBelgaum foundriesas fine aggregate in the production of precast concrete paver blocks. Concrete paverblocksweremanufactured as per the recommendations of IS 15658:2006.M-35gradeof concrete with block thickness of 60 mm was considered as the design parameter.Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) and ground-Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)were replaced for manufactured sand and cement, respectively. WFS replacementrates were 15, 30, and 45% by weight of the manufactured sand, and that of GGBSwas 30%constant byweight of cement.Obligatory performance testswere conductedas per Indian standards, which included compressive strength, water absorption, andabrasion resistance. Accordingly, paver blocks with 45% WFS showed satisfactoryresults and can be considered into non-traffic to light-traffic category, which findsapplication in places like building and monument premises, paths and patios, land-scapes, public gardens, and parks. Cost comparison of conventional paver blockswith WFS paver blocks showed approximately 4.8% reduction in the cost of paverblocks containing 45% WFS.

Keywords Waste foundry sand · GGBS · Concrete · Pavers

1 Introduction

In India, Construction is the second largest industry next to agriculture. Constructionaccounts for more than 40% of national plan outlay and 5% of the gross domesticproducts [1]. Concrete is one of themost widely usedmaterials in construction indus-tries. Use of sand as fine aggregate has tremendously increased in the present days.Fine aggregate obtained from the natural sources like river bed and manufactured

H. K. Thejas (B) · N. HossineyFaculty of Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560 074, Indiae-mail: thejas.hk@christuniversity.in

N. Hossineye-mail: nabil.jalall@christuniversity.in

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020V. S. Kanwar and S. K. Shukla (eds.), Sustainable Civil Engineering Practices,Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 72,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3677-9_1

1

2 H. K. Thejas and N. Hossiney

sand from quarries are not considered to be sustainable, since quarrying operationsare disruptive to the natural ecosystem, wildlife habitats, hydrological resources,etc. Therefore, in this scenario, the use of waste materials in the construction sec-tor can lead to a sustainable practice. Annually, the average per capita consumptionof cement worldwide is about 260 kg and that of concrete 1000 kg, while in Indiait is about 95 and 375 kg, respectively. The cement and concrete consumptions areexpected to grow at an average rate of 2 to 3%world over, while in India it is expectedto grow at 5 to 6% during the next decade [2].

WFS is generated from ferrous and nonferrous metal-casting industry. The incor-poration of such material in concrete helps in reducing the disposal concerns. Partialsubstitution of sand with WFS in concrete will lower the rate of consumption ofnatural and manufactured sand. Also replacing cement partially by supplementarymaterials provides an avenue to reduce the burden on the cement industry. At present,40–45% of concrete supplied by ready mix plants use fly ash and GGBS for partialcement replacement [3].

Government of India is giving emphasis on infrastructure development with greenmobility concept. This importance is given to mobility of non-motorized vehiclesand pedestrians, which will reduce the vehicular dependence and increase the qualityof living in neighborhoods by reducing carbon emission. It will also increase thesafety of pedestrians. But the green mobility concept has increased the demand onmaterials like cement and crushed aggregate in urban and semi-urban regions of India.Therefore, there is a need to look for alternatives and use of sustainable materials.WFS has shown great potential in the construction industry as a valuable resource[4–9]. In this context, a study on concrete withWFS andGGBS is pursued to evaluatethe influence ofWFS onmechanical properties of concrete paver blocks. The presentstudy aims at manufacturing paver blocks for non-motorized and pedestrian facilityby partially substituting M-sand by WFS and cement by GGBS.

2 Experimental Programme

A standard concrete mix with no WFS and GGBS was designed according to IS10262-2009 [10]. Additional concrete mix with WFS and GGBS were also propor-tioned as shown in Table 1. Table 2 presents the concrete mix proportioning the

Table 1 Details of mixspecifications

Specifications Mix type

0% WFS, 0% GGBS P0

15% WFS, 30% GGBS P1

30% WFS, 30% GGBS P2

45% WFS, 30% GGBS P3

0% WFS, 30% GGBS P4

Use of Waste Foundry Sand in Precast Concrete Paver Blocks … 3

Table 2 Details of mix proportions

Mix type Consumption of design mix propotionsfor M35 concrete

Water(Kg/m3)

Cement(Kg/m3)

GGBS(Kg/m3)

Coarseaggregate(Kg/m3)

M-Sand(Kg/m3)

WFS(Kg/m3)

P0 195 430 0 1074 630 0

P1 195 300 130 1074 535.5 94.5

P2 195 300 130 1074 441 189

P3 195 300 130 1074 346.5 283.5

P4 195 300 130 1074 630 0

details. In the past, similar mix proportions were carried with satisfactory results onconcrete properties [11]. Therefore, based on results of the past study, concrete mix-tures were proportioned for paver blocks. The tests performed on the paver blockswere in accordance with IS 15658-2006 [12] obligatory requirements. These testsinclude compressive strength, water absorption, and abrasion resistance. The stan-dard requires the tests to be performed after 28 days of moisture curing. Therefore,all the specimens were moisture cured for 28 days before testing.

2.1 Materials

The cement used was OPC grade 53 conforming to standard IS 12269-2013 [13].Tests were conducted on the cement to determine its physical properties as per IS4031-1999 [14]. The initial setting time of the cement was 40 min and the specificgravity was 3.15. M-sand was obtained from local quarries which confirmed to zoneI according to IS 383-1970 [15], with water absorption of 1%, and specific gravity of2.65. Similarly, crushed stone with a maximum size of 12 mm obtained from localquarries was used as coarse aggregate. The specific gravity and water absorptionfor coarse aggregate were 2.65 and 0.5%, respectively. WFS was obtained froma reclamation facility in Belgaum, Karnataka. WFS specific gravity was found tobe 2.35. WFS and M-sand particle size distribution are shown in Fig. 1. From thefigure, it is clear thatWFS ismuch finer than theM-sandwithmajority of the particlesranging from 0.3 to 0.075 mm in size. Table 3 presents the chemical composition ofM-sand, WFS, and GGBS.

3 Results and Discussions

Figure 2 shows the compressive strength of paver blocks. The compressive strengthtest of (200 × 100 × 60) mm size paver blocks was conducted after 28 days of

4 H. K. Thejas and N. Hossiney

Fig. 1 Particle sizedistribution of WFS incomparison to M-sand

0102030405060708090

100

0.01 0.1 1 10

Perc

enta

ge fi

ner

by w

eigh

t

Particle size (mm)

WFS

M Sand

Table 3 Chemical composition of M-sand, WFS, and GGBS

Material Values in percentage (%)

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO TiO2 Na2O K2O

M-sand 30.73 16.32 0.56 38.47 6.41 – – –

WFS 60.21 5.96 6.37 2.22 1.43 0.15 0.19 0.25

GGBS 31.80 17.10 0.50 17.10 6.23 1 0.57 0.31

Fig. 2 Compressive strengthof paver blocks

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P0 P1 P2 P3 P4

Com

pres

sive

Stre

ngth

(MPa

)

Mix type

curing. A decrease of 17.4, 30, and 38.4% in compressive strength was observedin mix P1, P2, and P3 when compared to P0, respectively. There was a decreasein the strength as the percentage of WFS increased; this decrease in strength canbe due to the presence of binders like bentonite in WFS, which can have negativeeffects on the hydration kinetics of the cement. It is also seen that variations in thecompressive strength values of different mix proportions are negligible. The meanvalue of compressive strength of different mixes was seen as linearly decreasing. Allthe mixtures containing WFS satisfy the IS 15658-2006 requirement for minimum

Use of Waste Foundry Sand in Precast Concrete Paver Blocks … 5

Fig. 3 Water absorption ofpaver blocks

012345678

P0 P1 P2 P3 P4

Wat

er a

bsor

btio

n (%

)Mix Type

Fig. 4 Abrasion resistanceof paver blocks

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8

P0 P1 P2 P3 P4

Abr

asio

n re

sist

ance

(mm

)

Mix Type

compressive strength of 30 N/mm2 for application in non-traffic conditions. Figure 3shows the water absorption of paver blocks. After 28 days of curing, an increaseof 14.3, 31, and 42.6% in water absorption was observed in mix P1, P2, and P3when compared to reference mix P0, respectively. As WFS has more fine particles,this can lead to greater water absorption, when compared with conventional sand inconcrete paver blocks. This high water absorption values for P3 can also be attributeddue to WFS coming from the reclamation plant at Belgaum, which consists of veryfine dust particles and binders. The abrasion resistance of blocks specimens of (71× 71 × 60) mm size was conducted after 28 days of curing. Abrasion resistanceof concrete paver blocks containing WFS showed very minimal loss due to wear.As per IS 15658-2006 specifications, abrasion resistance measured in terms of lossof thickness should be less than 3 mm. From Fig. 4, it is seen that none of thepavers containing WFS showed thickness loss of more than 1 mm. Therefore, all thepaver blocks with WFS satisfy the requirements on abrasion resistance as per the IS15658-2006.

4 Cost Analysis

Table 4 presents the cost comparison for conventional concrete and WFS concretepaver blocks. The rates mentioned below are based on the Bangalore market price.

6 H. K. Thejas and N. Hossiney

Table 4 Cost comparison of conventional concrete and WFS concrete paver blocks

Materials Paving concrete without WFS (MixP4)

Paving concrete with 45%WFS (MixP3)

(kg/m3) Rate/kg(Rs.)

Amount(Rs.)

(kg/m3) Rate/kg(Rs.)

Amount(Rs.)

Cement 300 8.00 2400.00 300 8.00 2400.00

Coarseaggregate

1074 0.60 644.40 1074 0.60 644.40

Fineaggregate

630 0.75 472.25 347 0.75 260.25

WFS – – – 284 0.10 28.40

GGBS 130 2.5 325.00 130 2.5 325.00

Total 3841.65 3658.05

Overhead charges and contractor profit is not included as the charges remain the sameirrespective of thematerials. Even thoughWFS is free, aminimum transportation costof 10 paise/kg is added in the cost comparison. It can be noticed that the difference inamount is Rs. 184/m3. This indicates that there will be savings whenWFS is utilizedfor the production of concrete paver blocks. This will encourage the policy makersto utilize WFS in manufacturing paver blocks for pedestrian facilities.

5 Conclusions

The current study shows that WFS can be effectively used in the construction ofpaver blocks. Based on the experimental study, the following are a few conclusions.

1. The average compressive strength of 32 MPa was obtained for paver blockswhen 45% of M-sand was replaced by WFS by weight. For all the paver blockswith WFS, the abrasion loss and water absorption were within 3 mm and 6%,respectively, which satisfied the requirements as per IS 15658-2006.

2. Cost analysis showed that by incorporation of 45% WFS in paver blocks, therewas approximately 4.8% reduction in the production cost. Therefore, the use ofWFS in paver blocks can provide economic benefits to the industry.

3. WFS paver blocks were categorized in non-traffic to light-traffic category asper IS 15658-2006. It finds application in places like building premises, monu-ment premises, landscapes, public gardens/parks, paths and patios, embankmentslopes, sand stabilization area, pedestrian plazas, shopping complexes, ramps, carparks, office driveways, housing colonies, rural roads with low volume traffic,farmhouses, beach sites, and tourist resorts.

Use of Waste Foundry Sand in Precast Concrete Paver Blocks … 7

Acknowledgements We are thankful to Belgaum Foundry Cluster for providing material andtechnical support throughout the project. Appreciation is also extended to CHRIST (Deemed to beUniversity) for providing financial support for this research study.

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15. IS 383-1970 (1970) Coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources of concrete. Bureau ofIndian Standards, New-Delhi, India

An Experimental Study on Utilisationof Red Mud and Iron Ore Tailingsin Production of Stabilised Blocks

M. Beulah, K. Sarath Chandra, Mothi Krishna Mohan, I. Clifford Deanand G. Gayathri

Abstract Construction of bricks using waste materials is one among the many waysto address the problems encountered in infrastructure. In the present study, variousindustrial and mining wastes have been used to manufacture stable bricks. Thesewastes include red mud (RM) fromHindalco, and iron ore tailings (IOT) from BMMIspat,Bellary.BothRMand IOTwere combined in different proportionswith ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) andwaste lime. In first series, IOTwas replacedin the range of 45% to 60%with increments of 5%, and RMwas replaced in the rangeof 15% to 30% with increments of 5%. In the second series, RM was replaced inthe range of 45% to 60% with increments of 5%, and IOT was replaced in the rangeof 15% to 30% with increments of 5%. Tests were performed as per the Indian andASTM standards on both the rawmaterial and the developed composites. These testsinclude liquid, plastic limit, particle size, XRF, XRD, and SEM on raw materials,while tests performed on composites were compressive strength, water absorption,efflorescence, porosity, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density. Results of thestudy indicate that addition of IOT up to 55% is acceptable as brick material.

Keywords Red mud · Ground-granulated blast slag (GGBS) · Iron ore tailings(IOT) · Lime · Stabilization

1 Introduction

Bricks are one of the desired walling materials in India. Due to rapid growth in popu-lation and urbanisation, the demand on building materials like bricks has risen dras-tically. In a published report “Environmental and energy sustainability: An approach

M. Beulah (B) · K. Sarath Chandra · M. K. Mohan · I. Clifford DeanDepartment of Civil Engineering, Christ (Deemed to be university), Bangalore, Karnataka560074, Indiae-mail: m.beulah@christuniversity.in

G. GayathriDepartment of Civil Engineering, ACS College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka 560074,India

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020V. S. Kanwar and S. K. Shukla (eds.), Sustainable Civil Engineering Practices,Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 72,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3677-9_2

9

10 M. Beulah et al.

for India” by McKinsey &Company, Inc. it was reported by 2030, the constructionsector in India would grow at the rate of 6.6%, and 40% of the population will beresiding in the urban areas [1]. Another challenge faced is rapid depletion of natu-ral resources. Therefore, to protect the natural resources, use of various industrialwastes to develop a sustainable buildingmaterial towards green technology would bedesirable [2]. Past literatures have already proven the viability of using materials likefly ash and GGBS along with mining waste as sustainable infrastructure materials[3]. Various kinds of mine waste can be used as a sustainable brick-making material[4–6]. Method of geopolymerisation to manufacture IOT bricks with compressivestrength of up to 50 MPa has been reported [7]. The researchers have also shownthe potential of IOT as aggregates in concrete [8–10]. Studies have also shown theviability of using IOT as fine aggregates in the production of ultra high performanceconcrete (UHPC) with enhanced strength and frost resistance [9, 11, 12].

The solid waste originated in the aluminium industry by the Bayer’s process is redmud or bauxite residue with a pH of 10.5–12.5 which poses serious environmentalproblems like contamination of underground water due to its leaching property.Many studies proved red mud as an alternative construction material for compositeelements like bricks, tiles, roofs and subgrade [13, 14]. The red mud mixture withclay performs as attractive alternative low-cost building material; because of itsexcellent high mechanical resistance and low absorption properties [15]. Red mudhas a potential to produce light weight foamed bricks (LWFB).The LWFB envisagedusing in urban construction activities as partitions in the multi-storeyed buildingswhich reduces the total weight of the wall, foundation cost and building cost [16].Past studies have been carried on the combination of red mud, fly ash and lime forfired and unfired bricks and proved to be ideal brick material [17, 18]. The RM withgeopolymerisation method has already proven to be ideal for bricks [19, 20]. TheRM can also be an ideal material for pavement blocks, high grade-base material,embankment and filling material [21–24].In fact, many researchers have reportedpromising result of RM as a pozzolanic material [25–27]. These studies show analternative to minimise the environmental impact caused by aluminium industry andmining industry. So far, most of the studies were carried with specific mining wasteand there is limited information on the blend of various mining wastes. Therefore,the present study helps to fill the gap in this particular research area.

2 Experimental Investigations

2.1 Materials

In the present study, IOT and RM were used along with GGBS and lime to makestandard bricks. Figure 1 shows that themeanparticle size of redmud is 36.94micronsand 50% particle size is 10.29micron with a surface area of 0.83 m2/gm, whereasfor IOT, the mean particle size is 22.84 micron, with a surface area of17.88micron

An Experimental Study on Utilisation of Red Mud and Iron Ore … 11

Fig. 1 Particle sizedistribution of IOT and RM

-101234567

0.01

0.03

5

0.10

5

0.36

3

1.09

6

3.80

2

11.4

82

39.8

11

138.

038

478.

63

1445

.44

5011

.872

Volu

me

in %

µm

RMSize (µm) IOTSize (µm)

and 50% particle size with a surface area of 0.59 m2/gm. Chemical and the physicalproperties of materials are presented in Tables 1 and 2. As it is seen, the majorcomponents in IOT were Fe2O3 (66.5%), SiO2 (9.02%) and Al2O3 (9.56%). In RM,the main components are Fe2O3 (44.04%), SiO2 (9.02%) and Al2O3 (19.48%) andin GGBS, the components are Fe2O3 (1.99%), SiO2 (34.16%), Al2O3 (17.54%) andCaO (37.10%).

Table 2 explicits the physical properties of IOT and red mud and for accuracy,average value obtained from the tests conducted in triplicatewas considered. Finenessmodulus, specific gravity and consistency limits were determined in accordance withtheASTMC33,D854,D4318 standards, respectively. The optimummoisture contentand maximum dry density of RM and IOT were determined by conducting standardcompaction test in accordance with the standards ASTM D698. Presence of ironshows the increase in maximum dry density in IOT compared to the RM.

2.2 Experiment and Test Methods

Table 3 presents the details of the mix proportions. In the present study, stabilisedblocks were manufactured by using manual-operated block-making machine called“Mardini”whichwas developed byASTRA/Department ofCivil Engineering, IndianInstitute of Science, Bangalore. The standard mould size which was used for makingof bricks is 230 × 110 × 100 mm.

The lime solution was maintained constant based on the recommendations in theliterature [28], and the concentration of lime solution was designed by the numberof trials to optimise the ratio of the lime and water. The brick samples were tested asper the IS and ASTM standards as mentioned in Table 4.

The characterisation of raw materials like mineralogical composition (XRD) andtextural behaviour (SEM) was performed. XRD is an analysis technique which ishighly used for the determination of crystalline particles that are present in the sample.This test is also used for providing information on unit cell dimensions.

12 M. Beulah et al.

Table1

Chemicalcompo

sitio

nof

IOT&

Red

mud

Material

SiO2

Al 2O3

Fe2O3

TiO

2CaO

MgO

Na 2O

K2O

LOI

IOT(%

)9.02

9.56

66.50

1.00

1.96

2.12

0.93

0.25

8.59

RM

(%)

9.02

19.48

44.40

6.14

1.96

2.73

4.4.9

0.30

11.42

GGBS(%

)34.16

17.54

1.99

1.00

37.10

7.17

0.57

0.31

0.10