Variable-Exercise sc spm.pdf
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
Scientific Skills :Variables
Constant(same/fixed)
MANIPULATED( different)
RESPONDING (result of experimen)
Can be identified from: (a) Table (b) Graph (c) Statement
(d) Diagram
From table
Example: (i) Manipulated Responding
variable variable
Substance Boiling Point /0CDistilled water 100Distilled water + common salt ......................
(ii) Manipulated variable
Height of students (cm) 146-150 151-155 156-160 161-165 166-170Number of students
Responding variable
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ManipulatedResponding
ManipulatedResponding }
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
From graph
From statement:
(1) To study the effect of manipulated variable on responding variable To study the effect of thickness of convex lens on focal length
Example :
(a) Diagram (a) and (b) shows an experiment to compare the reactivity rate of metal L and metal M in dilute hydrochloric acid
Important points from statementSame Different Result
Dilute hydrochloric acid Metal L and metal M Reactivity rate
Constant variable Manipulated variable Responding variable
Volume of hydrochloric acid
Concentration of hydrochloric acid
Type of metal Reactivity rate of metal
From Diagram
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Distilled waterFresh milk
SterilizeCotton wool Fresh
milik
SterilizeCotton wool
Incubating Incubating Incubating IncubatingTemperature temperature temperature temperature
370C 00C 1000C 600C
Fresh milk
(Responding )Temperature
(Manipulated )Time
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
Constant variable Manipulated variable Responding VariableVolume of fresh milk (incubating) temperature Condition of fresh milk
Growth of bacteria
Constant variable Manipulated variable Responding variable
Volume of nutrient broth Type of bacteria Volume of bacteria culture
Incubating temperature Cloudiness of mixture
Steps in writing variables:
Parameter of materials
. of nutrient broth
. of yeast
of metal
Example: Must write parameter for each variable Apparatus is not considered as constant variables
SOLID LIQUID GASMass of metalThickness of wireLength of rodType of nailPresence of saltWeight of substanceSize of spongeDepth of dent
Volume of culture solutionVolume of hydrochloric acidConcentration of hydrochloric acid
Volume of hydrogen
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
SCIENTIFIC SKILLS EXERCISE: VARIABLESLATIHAN KEMAHIRAN SAINTIFIK : PEMBOLEHUBAH
1 Table 3 shows the result of the reaction between 3.0 g of zinc metal with 100cm3 dilute hydrochloric acid.
Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan bagi tindakbalas antara 3.0 g logam zink dengan100cm3 asid hidroklorik cair.
Time /minitMasa/minit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume of gas/ cm3Isipadu gas / cm3
0 27 46 57 64 67 67
TABLE 3JADUAL 3
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ManipulatedResponding
2 Table 5 shows the result of an experiment to study the effect of temperatureon bacterial growth.Jadual 5 menunjukkan keputusan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan suhu ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria
Temperature/0CSuhu/0C
Size of bacteria colony after 24 hoursSaiz koloni bakteria selepas 24 jam
0 215 525 1035 1560 3
TABLE 5 JADUAL 5
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ManipulatedResponding
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
3 Diagram 7 shows the result of an experiment to study the effect of different concentration of an antibiotic on bacterial growth.Rajah 7 menunjukkan keputusan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan antibiotik yang berbeza ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ManipulatedResponding
4 Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the relationship between the thickness of convex lens with the focal length of the convex lens.Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji hubungan antara ketebalan kanta cembung dengan jarak fokus kanta cembung.
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ConstantManipulatedResponding
5
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ManipulatedResponding
6 Diagram shows an experiment to study the effect of pH on the growth of bacteria.
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Kawasan jernih
Cakera antibiotik berkepekatan tinggi
Bakteria
Cakera antibiotik berkepekatan rendah
Kawasan jernih
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
Rajah menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan pH ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria
After two days, the
appearance of the mixture in each test tube is observed.Table 3 shows the result of this experiment.Selepas dua hari, keadaan campuran di dalam setiap tabung uji diperhatikan.Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen tersebut.
Test tubeTabung uji
pH valuenilai pH
Cloudiness of mixtureKekeruhan campuran
P Acid (pH less than 7)Asid (kurang daripada 7)
Slightly cloudyKeruh sedikit
Q Alkali (pH more than 7)Alkali (pH lebih daripada 7)
Slightly cloudyKeruh sedikit
R Neutral (pH 7) Very cloudySangat keruh
Table 3 Jadual 3
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ConstantManipulatedResponding
7 Diagram 1.1 shows an experiment to study the pressure produced by metal blocks, P and Q of the same mass.
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Lekuk P Lekuk Q
Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji tekanan yang dihasilkan oleh bongkah logam P dan Q yang mempunyai jisim yang sama.
Figure 1.2 shows the effect on the plasticine when metal blocks P and Qwere dropped.Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan kesan ke atas plastisin apabila bongkah logam P danQ dijatuhkan.
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ConstantManipulatedResponding
8 Diagram 2(a) and 2(b) show an experiment to compare the reactivity of metalL and metal M with dilute hydrochloric acid.Rajah 2(a) dan 2(b) menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk membandingkan kereaktifan logam L dan logam M dengan asid hidroklorik cair
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Bongkah logam P Bongkah logam Q
Plastisin
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
(a) Write down one observation for the above experiment.
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ConstantManipulatedResponding
9 Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.1 shows an experiment to study the reactivity of metals with dilute hydrochloric acidRajah 5.1 dan Rajah 5.1menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kereaktifan logam dengan asid hidroklorik cair
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Asid hidroklorik cair
Asid hidroklorik cair
5 g logam L
5 g logam M
Buret X
Dilute hydrochloric acid Dilute hydrochloric acid
Zinc platePlat zink
Magnesium platePlat magnesium
BubbleGelembung gas
BubbleGelembung gas
Asid hidroklorik cair Asid hidroklorik cair
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
Dia
Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.2 Rajah 5.1 Rajah 5.2
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ConstantManipulatedResponding
10 Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2 show an experiment to study the electrical conductivity of lead (II) bromide.Rajah 6.1 dan Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkajiKekonduksian elektrik plumbum (II) bromida.
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ConstantManipulatedResponding
11 Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2 show an experiment to study the collision between trolleys of different masses with a plasticine block.Rajah 8..1 dan Rajah 8..2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkajiPerlanggaran antara troli yang berlainan jisim dengan bongkah plastisin
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Elektrod karbon
Elektrod karbon
Elektrod karbon
Pepejal Plumbum (II) bromida
LeburanPlumbum (II) bromidaElektrod karbon
Panaskan
Diagram 6.1Rajah 6.1
Diagram 6.2Rajah 6.2
Diagram 8.1Rajah 8.1
Diagram 8.2Rajah 8.2
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
(b)(i) What can you observe about the plasticine block after the collisin?Apakah yang dapat anda perhatikan pada bongkah plastisin selepasperlanggaran?
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ConstantManipulatedResponding
12 Diagrams 9.1(a) and 9.1(b) show an experiment to study the hardness of copper block and bronze block when the weights are dropped onto a steel ball. Rajah 9.1(a) dan 9.1(b) menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kekerasan blok kuprum dan blok gangsa apabila pemberat dijatuhkan ke atas bola keluli.
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WeightPemberat( 5 kg )
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
DIAGRAM 9.1(a)
Diagram 9.1(a) Diagram 9.1 (b)
The effects on the copper block and bronze block are shown in Diagram 9.2(a) and 9.2(b).Kesan pada blok kuprum dan blok gangsa ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 9.2(a) dan 9.2(b).
Copper block Bronze block Blok kuprum Blok Gangsa
DIAGRAM 9.2 (a) DIAGRAM 9.2 (b)
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ConstantManipulatedResponding
13 Diagram 2(i) and Diagram 2(ii) shows the image formed by a convex lens when the object is placed at different distance.
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DentLekukan
Steel ballBola keluli
Copper blockBlok kuprum
X 0.6 cm
Bronze blockBlok gangsa
Diagram 2(i)Rajah 2(i)
Diagram 2(ii)Rajah 2(ii)
object
image
object
image
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ConstantManipulatedResponding
14 Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show an experiment to study the characteristics of an image formed by a pin hole camera.Rajah 5.1 dan Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji ciri imej yangdibentuk oleh satu kamera lubang jarum.
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
Diagram 5.1 Rajah 5.1
Diagram 5.2 Rajah 5.2
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ManipulatedResponding
AnswersJawapan:1
VariablePembolehubah
AnswerJawapan
ManipulatedDimanipulasikan
TimeMasa
RespondingBergerakbalas
Volume of gasIsipadu gas
2Variable
PembolehubahAnswer
Jawapan
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
ManipulatedDimanipulasikan
Temperaturesuhu
RespondingBergerakbalas
Size of bacteria colony after 24 hoursSaiz koloni bakteria selepas 24 jam
3Variable
PembolehubahAnswer
JawapanManipulated
DimanipulasikanConcentration of antibiotic
Kepekatan antibiotikResponding
BergerakbalasGrowth of bacteria
Pertumbuhan bakteria
4Variable
PembolehubahAnswer
JawapanConstant
DimalarkanSize of convex lensSaiz kanta cembung
ManipulatedDimanipulasikan
Thickness of convex lensKetebalan kanta cembung
RespondingBergerakbalas
Focal length of convex lengthJarak fokus kanta cembung
5Variable
PembolehubahAnswer
JawapanManipulated
DimanipulasikanConcentration of antibiotic
Kepekatan antibiotikResponding
BergerakbalasSize of clear area
Saiz kawasan jernih
6Variable
PembolehubahAnswer
JawapanConstant
DimalarkanVolume of nutrient broth// Volume of bacteria culture
Isipadu kultur bakteria// Isipadu kultur bakteriaManipulated
DimanipulasikanpH of mixturepH campuran
RespondingBergerakbalas
Cloudiness of mixtureKekeruhan campuran
7Variable
PembolehubahAnswer
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
ConstantDimalarkan
Mass of metal blockKetinggian bongkah logam
ManipulatedDimanipulasikan
Type of metal blockJenis bongkah logam
RespondingBergerakbalas
Depth of dentKedalaman lekuk
8Variable
PembolehubahAnswer
JawapanConstant
DimalarkanMass of metal// Concentration of hydrochloric acid
Jisim logam// Kepekatan asid hidroklorikManipulated
DimanipulasikanType of metalJenis logam
RespondingBergerakbalas
Volume of gas// reactivity of metalIsipadu gas // kereaktifan logam
9Variable
PembolehubahAnswer
JawapanConstant
DimalarkanSize of metal plate
Saiz plat logamManipulated
DimanipulasikanType of metalJenis logam
RespondingBergerakbalas
Reactivity of metal// Number of bubbleKereaktifan logam// Bilangan gelembung gas
10Variable
PembolehubahAnswer
JawapanConstant
DimalarkanMass of lead(II) bromide
Jisim plumbum(II) bromidaManipulated
DimanipulasikanPhysical state of lead (II) bromide
Keadaan fizikal plumbum (II) bromidaResponding
BergerakbalasAmmeter reading // electrical conductivity of lead (II) bromideBacaan ammeter// kekonduksian elektrik plumbum (II) bromida
11Variable
PembolehubahAnswer
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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________
ConstantDimalarkan
Size of plasticineSaiz plastisin
ManipulatedDimanipulasikan
Mass of trolleyJisim troli
RespondingBergerakbalas
Depth of dentKedalaman lekuk
12Variable
PembolehubahAnswer
JawapanConstant
DimalarkanMass of weight// size of steel ballJisim pemberat// saiz bola keluli
ManipulatedDimanipulasikan
Type of blockJenis blok
RespondingBergerakbalas
Depth of dentKedalaman lekuk
13Variable
PembolehubahAnswer
JawapanConstant
DimalarkanSize of convex lensSaiz kanta cembung
ManipulatedDimanipulasikan
Distance of objectJarak objek
RespondingBergerakbalas
Size of imageSaiz imej
14Variable
PembolehubahAnswer
JawapanManipulated
DimanipulasikanDistance of object
Jarak objekResponding
BergerakbalasSize of image
Saiz imej
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