Vaping and Disease Risks: Uncovering the Connections... · E-liquids AND vapor contain toxic...
Transcript of Vaping and Disease Risks: Uncovering the Connections... · E-liquids AND vapor contain toxic...
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Cynthia Grondin, PhDComparative Toxicogenomics Database
North Carolina State University
Vapingand Disease Risks: Uncovering the Connections
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• Vaping Devices• What Chemicals are Involved?• Comparative Toxicogenomics Database• Disease Risks
• Vaping Devices• What Chemicals are Involved?• Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
• Vaping Devices• What Chemicals are Involved?• Vaping Devices
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e-liquid
mouthpiece
on/off switch
Lithium battery
atomizer
Vape mods
aerosol/vapor
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New and emerging devices
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Juuls – “Juuling”
ALL Juuls contain NICOTINE
1 pod = nicotine in 1 pack cigarettes 59mg/ml
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Anatomy of a Juul
mouthpiece
chimney
gold plated contact
coil, wick
indicator
e-liquid
battery
e-vapor
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Beyond the List of Ingredients
nicotinepropylene glycolglycerinbenzoic acidflavorings, oils
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Beyond the List of Ingredients
nicotinepropylene glycolglycerinbenzoic acidflavorings, oils
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Beyond the List of Ingredients
nicotinepropylene glycolglycerinbenzoic acidflavorings, oils
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Beyond the List of Ingredients
nicotinepropylene glycolglycerinbenzoic acidflavorings, oils
glycerol
propylene glycol
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Beyond the List of Ingredients
nicotinepropylene glycolglycerinbenzoic acidflavorings, oils
1-hexanol cyclotene limonene
2,3-pentanedione decan-4-olide linalool
2,5-dimethylpyrazine decanaldehyde linalyl acetate
2,6-lutidine Diacetyl maltol
2-acetylpyrrole diethyl succinate Menthol
3,4-dihydrocoumarin ethyl acetoacetate menthone
3-hexen-1-ol ethyl hexanoate methyl acetate
4-Butyrolactone ethyl lactate methyl cinnamate
5-methyl-2-furfural ethyl maltol methyl salicylate
acetoin Ethyl Salicylate methylheptenone
alpha-terpineol ethyl vanillin Nicotine
anisyl acetate Eucalyptol n-pentanol
benzaldehyde Eugenol Pulegone
benzyl acetate Furaldehyde pyridine
Benzyl Alcohol furaneol raspberry ketone
Camphor furfuryl alcohol tetramethylpyrazine
Cinnamaldehyde gamma-valerolactone vanillin
citronellol isoamyl acetate
Alien Blood Double Apple Hookah Oatmeal Cookie
Bad Apple Energy Drink Orange Mint
Bluewater Punch Grape Hookah Peach Schnapps
Carmel Popcorn Iced Berry Pina Colada
Cherry Lava Java Jolt Pomegranate
CooCoo Coconut Just Guava Snap!
Cotton Candy Kick! Tutti Frutti
Cupcake Menthol Vanilla Bean
Lots of chemicals,
but how do they affect us?
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Universal System for Analysis of Vaping (U-SAV) machine
Analyzing Vaping Chemicals
SOURCE: Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Oct; 14(10): 1225.
• e-liquids and vapor• urine, saliva, blood
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Vaping is NOT just inhaling flavored water vapor
Metals in e-cigarette liquids and vapors Particles filtered from e-cigarette vapor
Particles in room air vs. e-cigarette vapor
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Diseases
Chemicals
Genes
GO &
Phenotype
Comparative Toxicogenomics
Database (CTD)
Integrate data
Exposures
Pathways
ctdbase.org
• >41 million
toxicogenomic
relationships
• updated monthly
Cellular locationMolecular functionBiological processes
PhD-level scientists
read studies
Health Effects of Chemicals
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ctdbase.org
Chemicals Diseasesdirect
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ctdbase.org
Chemicals Diseases
Genes
inferred
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Nicotine Effects on HealthNicotine-DiseasesNicotine-Disease Categories
• Cardiovascular Disease• Respiratory Tract Diseases• Reproductive Disorders• Depression• Lung Cancer• Colon Cancer• Type 2 Diabetes• Pulmonary Fibrosis• Pancreatic Cancer• Heart Attack• Nerve Degeneration• Atherosclerosis• Stroke• Metastasis• Acute Kidney Injury• Hypertension• Panic Disorder
221 direct/1773 inferred disease relationships
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Nicotine (Protonated) vs Nicotine (Free base) vs Salts
Nic[H+] Nic
• acidic environment low pH• protonated• does not cross membranes
rapidly• less potent• deposits in respiratory tract
~50% efficiency• tobacco smoke • ~ 12mg/cigarette• absorb ~1mg/cigarette
• deprotonated/free base• more volatile• more potent• harsher throat hit• increased sensory effects• rapidly deposits in mouth,
respiratory tract• e-cigarettes• ~0-24 mg/ml
Nicotine Salts
• nicotine benzoate• nicotine levulinate• nicotine pyruvate• smoother throat hit• allows higher nicotine• rapid absorption• Juuls• ~60 mg/ml
flavors can affect pH of e-liquids and consequently, nicotine form
+
-
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Intro to CTD with Acrolein
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Effects of Acrolein in e-cigarette vapor
interacts with 522 unique genes
Acrolein
involved in 1,341 gene interactions
involved in 434 molecular pathways
associated with 170 phenotypes
directly related to 87 diseases
inferred relationship to 3,471 diseases
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Chemical-Disease Associations in CTD
Input chemicals in e-liquids/vapor
Search for disease associations
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Chemicals in Juul pods and vapor
• Nervous System • Cardiovascular • Respiratory Tract
• Cancer• Immune System• Mental Disorders
Top Disease Categories
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More Immediate Effects?
Nicotine is HIGHLY addictive
Increases likelihood of smoking cigarettes
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Vaping Effects on Teeth
e-cig vapor S. mutans
Kim et al. PLoS One 2018 Sept 7
More Immediate Effects?
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Mental Health
Adolescent e-cigarettes users show increased Depression, Panic Disorder and inability to experience pleasure vs. non-users
Leventhal AM et al. J Psychiatr Res. 2016 FebGrant JE et al. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2019 Feb
Vaping associated with illicit drug use, mental health problems and impulsivity in university students
More Immediate Effects?
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Effects on Sexual Health:
Nicotine can significantly decrease physiological sexual arousal in healthy nonsmoking men and women (18-22 years)
More Immediate Effects?
J Sex Med. 2008 Jan;5(1):110-21J Sex Med. 2008 May; 5(5):1184-1197
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SOURCE: Chen et al., J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2017 Dec 29
Chemicals in second-hand and third-hand vape are also toxic
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Vaping Affects Users Differently
• type of device
• e-liquid
• vaping patterns
• coil resistance, age, composition
• user age, weight, metabolism, health, genetics
• environmental factors
• type of device
• e-liquid
• vaping patterns
• coil resistance, age, composition
• user age, weight, metabolism, health, genetics
• type of device
• e-liquid
• vaping patterns
• coil resistance, age, composition
• type of device
• e-liquid
• vaping patterns
• type of device
• e-liquid
• type of device
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Combustible cigarettes vs. E-cigarettes
Both increase risks of adverse health outcomes
Both expose users to toxic chemicals (smoke and e-vapor)
Nic[H+] (tobacco) vs. free base Nic (e-cig) exposure
Exposure to toxic substances from combustible tobacco cigarettes may be greater than from e-cigarettes
Exposure to metals (e.g., lead, nickel, chromium) may be greater in e-cigarette vapor than tobacco cigarettes
Both are addictive
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ctdbase.org connects chemical-gene-disease data
E-liquids AND vapor contain toxic chemicals
Vaping chemicals can cause DNA damage
Vaping impacts genes, pathways, immune system
Vaping increases risks of adverse health outcomes
Take Home Points
ctdbase.org connects chemical-gene-disease data
E-liquids AND vapor contain toxic chemicals
Vaping chemicals can cause DNA damage
Vaping impacts genes, pathways, immune system
ctdbase.org connects chemical-gene-disease data
E-liquids AND vapor contain toxic chemicals
Vaping chemicals can cause DNA damage
ctdbase.org connects chemical-gene-disease data
E-liquids AND vapor contain toxic chemicals
ctdbase.org connects chemical-gene-disease data
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AcknowledgementsCarolyn J Mattingly, PhD
Allan Peter Davis, PhD
Thomas C Wiegers, MS, MBA
Jolene A Wiegers, MS
Robin Johnson, PhD
Daniela Sciaky, PhD
Roy McMorran
Contact Info:
Cynthia Grondin
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Additional Citations
Belluz, Julia.”Juul, the vape device teens are getting hooked on, explained” Voxmedia, 6 Jun. 2018. Web. 12
Jun. 2018.
Curated [chemical-gene interactions|chemical-disease|gene-disease] data were retrieved from the
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), MDI Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, and NC
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. World Wide Web (URL: http://ctdbase.org/). [June, 2018].
“Juul| The Smoking Alternative, unlike any e-cigarette or vape”. Juul. Web. 6 Jun 2018.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
2018. Public health consequences of e-cigarettes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:
https://doi.org/10.17226/24952.
“What is Juul?” Truth Initiative, 5 Feb. 2018. Web. 6 Jun. 2018.
Olmedo P, Goessler W, Tanda S, Grau-Perez M, Jarmul S, Aherrera A, Chen R, Hilpert M, Cohen JE,
Navas-Acien A, Rule AM. “Metal Concentrations in e-Cigarette Liquid and Aerosol Samples: The Contribution of Metallic Coils”. Environ Health Perspect. 2018 Feb 21;126(2):027010.
Williams M, Villarreal A, Bozhilov K, Lin S, Talbot P. “Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol” PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e57987