Van Sangyan: March, 2014

Van Sangyan: March, 2014Tropical Forest Research Institute
(Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education) PO RFRC, Mandla Road, Jabalpur – 482021
Visit us at: http://tfri.icfre.gov.in (or) http://tfri.icfre.org Write to us at: [email protected]
Issue : June 2014
From the Editor’s desk
India has 17000-18000 species of flowering plants of which 6000-7000 are estimated to have
medicinal usage in folk and documented systems of medicine, like Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and
Homoeopathy. Medicinal plants are not only a major resource base for the traditional medicine
& herbal industry but also provide livelihood and health security to a large segment of Indian
population. This issue of Van Sangyan includes the uses of some medicinal plants and herbs, and
other useful articles.
An article on insects of medicinal plants was discussed in the previous issue of Van Sangyan. The
same has been translated to Marathi in the current issue, in order to reach readers in
Maharashtra also.
I hope that you would find all information in this issue relevant and valuable.
Readers of Van Sangyan are welcome to write to us about their views and queries on various
issues in the field of forestry.
Looking forward to meet you all through forthcoming issues.
Dr. N. Roychoudhary
& MkW- jktho jk;
1
dhV jksxkf.od lw=Ñfe ¼,UVkseksiWFkkstsfud fuesVksM~l½&,d izHkkoh tSo dhVuk'kd
& lat; ikSuhdj] ealwj vgen ,ao MkW- fufru dqyd.khZ
3
czg~edey ¼Luks yksVl½
& MkW- jkts'k dqekj feJk] MkW- ulhj eksgEen ,oa Vzhlk gseYVu 6
vkS"k/kh jksikaoj ykx.kkjs fdM+ vk.kh R;koj tSfod fu;a=.k
& MkW- ih- ch- esJke 9
ika<jh vGh ¼OgkbZV xzCl½ ou jksiokfVdkpk ,d egRoiw.kZ dhVd
& lat; ikSuhdj o MkW- fufru dqyd.khZ 16
International Seed Testing Association (ISTA): Position, experience and
activities in respect to seed health
- Naseer Mohammad, Hari Om Saxena and Tresa Hamalton
19
Vªsi&Vªh fo/kh }kjk lky Nsnd dk izca/ku
& vkuUn dqekj nkl] jke Hktu flag] MkW- ,u- dqyd.khZ ,oa MkW- ,u- jk;pkS/kjh 24
isM+ksa ij clrs gS] gekjs izk.k
& eerk esJke 26
Know your Biodiversity ( Aristolochia indica & Copsychus saularis )
- Sanjay Singh and Dr. P.B. Meshram
32
MkW- jktho jk;
tM+h&cwfV;ksa ds mi;ksx dk izpyu jgk gSA ;g
mi;ksx vkt gha ls ugha oju~ vkfndky ls izpfyr gS]
ftuesa fjx osn tks fd 4000 ls 1600 bZlk iwoZ rd
esa] vFkZo osn esa] vykok pjd lafgrk esa vkS"k/kh; ikS/kksa
ds mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA vFkZo osn esa
vkS"k/kh; ikS/kksa ds xq.kksa mi;ksx dk mYys[k foLrkj ls
fd;k x;k gSA pjd lafgrk esa esa 341 ikS/kksa dk
vkS"k/kh; xq.k o mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS rFkk lqJqr
lafgrk esa Hkh bu ikS/kksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
bu vkS"kf/k; iztkfr;ksa ls mi;ksx /khjs&/khjs
Hkkjro"kZ ds vykok phu] vesfjdk] bZxyS.M] QzkWl]
;wjksi ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa Hkh izpyu /khjs&/khjs c<+
jgk gSA bu vkS"k/kh;ksa esa ls dkQh ek=k esa mi;ksx
fons'kksa esa gksus ls ogkW budh ekWx c<+ xbZ gS ,oe~
budk fu;kZr gkssus yxk gSA gekjs ns'k ds fofHkUu
jkT;ksa ls tgkW ;g cgqewY; ouLifr ikbZ tkrh gS bu
taxyksa ls tM+ ds :i esa] dUn] iRrh] ruk] Nky]
Qy&Qwy bu cgqewY; vkS"k/kh; ouLifr mi;ksx ekWx
c<+ xbZ gSA
dza- ikS/ks dk uke mi;ksx esa yk;k tkus okyk Hkkx
xq.k o mi;ksx fooj.k
1 vtqZu pw.kZ Nky mPp jDrpki] g`n; jksx] yhoj ds jksx] mipkj esa] [kwu dh deh] detksjh
2 vkWoyk pw.kZ Qy vkEyrk] dCt] vka[kksa dh jks'kuh] jDr fiRr] /kkrqo/kZd cngteh] izes; gjus
okyk jlk;u ds mipkj esa mi;ksx
3 f'kofyaxh pw.kZ cht Qy cyo/kZd 'kqdk.kqvksa esa o`f}] egkokjh ds rhljs fnu djsys ds lkFk ckW> L=h
dks cklh eqWg] nks pEep larku izkfIr ds fy, xeZikuh ;k xeZ nw/k ds lkFk
xqM+@'kDdj ;qDr nw/k 2&3 fnu xHkZ/kkj.k rd
4 fpjk;rk ¼pw.kZ½ Qy o iRrh ikoMj Tokj] eysfj;k cq[kkj] [kqtyh] peZ jksx] mipkj esa mi;ksx
5 fpjfpVk iapkx flj nnZ ds lkFk Toj o eysfj;k cq[kkj vkfn es mi;ksx
6 dkyes?k iapkx ihfy;k] eksrhf>jk] cq[kkj eysfj;k Toj ds mipkj esa mi;ksx
7 ou>qfj;k tM+ dk dk<+k pDdj] detksjh] ihfy;k xzLr ejht ds mipkj esa mi;ksx
8 dkyh ewlyh tM+ uiqaldrk] detksjh] 'kh?kziru ds mipkj esa mi;ksx
9 cp jkbZtkse isLV lnhZ] [kkWslh] vkW[kksa dh de jks'kuh
10 ekydkWxuh cht ls rsy :;sesfVd nnZ] ydok jksx] xkfB;kokr] tksM+ksa dk nnZ] ydok xzLr
11 jru tksr ¼rsy½ cht ls rsy xfB;kokr] tksM+ksa dk nnZ dej nnZ ds mipkj esa mi;ksx
12 fuxq.Mh rsy cht iRrh dk rsy tksM+ksa dk nnZ ydok jksx esa 2&3 eghus esa ykHk
rsy dk mi;ksx [kqtyh] nkn] [kkt vkfn esa
13 vkek gYnh
¼isLV½
iRrh o iapkx ckczkbZVhl] [kkWlh] lnhZ tq[kke ds mipkj esa mi;ksx
14 ,yksosjk ¼isLV½ iRrh dk isLV ¼tSy
dk iz;ksx½
lkSanZ; izlk/ku] psgjs ls nkx o >qfjZ;ka gVkuk
15 fxyks; pw.kZ tM+] iRrh] Qy ihfy;k jksx esa ykHk] xfB;k jksx] th.kZ Toj ds mipkj esa mi;ksx
16 HkqbZ vkWoyk pw.kZ Ikapkx o iRrh ihfy;k jksx esa ykHk] detksjh] 'kh/kziru cngteh o mipkj o mi;ksx
17 dlkS/kh iapkx ihfy;k jksx esa mi;ksxh 'kfDro/kZd
Van Sangyan: June, 2014
2
18 dsokp cht] tM+] iRrk dke 'kfDr o/kZd] detksjh ds mipkj esa mi;ksxh
19 czgEgh iapkx Lej.k 'kfDr of} vfunzk] fexhZ ds mipkj esa mi;ksxh
20 Xqk.kHkkj iRrk] tM isfpl e/kqesg] [kkWlh ds mipkj esa mi;ksxh
21 ihiy tM+] Nky dQ] fiRr] L=h;ks dk ck>iu nwj djus esa mi;ksxh
22 tkequ xqByh] Nky ,Dthek] [kwuh isfpl vkfn es mipkj gsrq
23 Hk`axjkt iapkx ckyksa dk >M+us ls cpkuk] /kus djuk]ckyksa esa dkyk jax jksxu ds fy;
mi;ksx
24 foyok Qy] xwnk coklhj] dCt] [kwuh isfpl vkfn esa mipkj esa mi;ksx
25 luk; ifRr;kW dCt mnj fodkj mipkj esa mi;ksx
26 lrkoj danewy oh;Z o`f}] L=h;ksa esa nw/k dh o`f}] jDr iznk; mipkj esa mi;ksxhA
27 lrkoj danewy Okh;Z o`f}] nqcykiu nwj] ekrk esa nw/k esa of}] izlo ds ckn ds jksxksa ls eqfDr
vkfn
28 vkikehx iapkx iFkjh] nek]lw[kh [kkWlh] fcPNw ds dkVus ls nnZ esa deh ds mipkj esa
mi;ksx
29 dfygkjh dan] cht pksV] t[e dV QVs LFky ds ?kko Hkjus ds mipkj esa mi;ksx
liZn'kk esa tgj de djus esa mi;ksx
30 equxk o`{k dk ruk o Nky
isLV
isLV dk iz;ksx lnhZ] tq[kke vLFkek vkfn jksx esa mi;ksxh
31 eqysBh dan ewy] tM+ ikuh esa rS;kj ,dsVsoV dk mi;ksx nek] lnhZ o tq[kke gsrq
32 taxyh gYnh jk;tkse iRrh;ksa dk mi;ksx >kyk t[ke] dVs QVs vaxksa ds mipkj xkWB dk mi;ksx
nw/k esa lnhZ nek vkfn esa iz;kssx
33 dajt Qy dk rsy ¼cht ls
rsy½
rsy dk mi;ksx lwtu] nnZ xfB;kckr~ peZ jksx] [kqtyh vkfn esa
34 lsey Qy fdMuh esa QksMk] efgykvksa esa 'ksor iznj ds mipkj esa iz;ksx
35 cSpkWnh pw.kZ iapkx dan jDrpki] chih] vkfn esa mi;ksx
36 ck;fcfM+x cht isV ds df=e dhM+s] nkarksa dk nnZ ds mipkj esa mi;ksxh
37 fp=d tM+ ysi dk iz;ksx flj nnZ] cnu nnZ] lwtu] vkfn jksx ds mipkj esa mi;ksxh
38 'ka[k iq"ih iapkx ;knn'k esa ykHk] cszu Vkfud ds :Ik esa mi;ksxh
39 luk; iRrh] Qy pw.kZ dk mi;ksx isV esa ejksM nLRk ikpu fdz;k esa lq/kkj ds fy;s mi;ksxh
40 gFktksM ifRr;kW isLV cukdj gM~Mh tksMus esa mi;ksx
41 fprokj ydM+h fprkoj o dsodan dk ysi cukdj VwVh gM~Mh tksMus esa mi;ksx
42 ukxnkuk o
iapkx ysi cukdj [kqtyh ds LFkku ij iz;ksx
43 banzkou tM+ ysi LiZn'kk esa tM+ dk mi;ksx o ysi dkVs LFkku ij [kwu fudky dj yxkus ls
ihM+k o tgj ds fu"dklr esa ykHk
44 gjkZ ifRr;ksa dk jl [kkWlh ds mipkj esa ifRr;ksa ds jl dk mi;ksx
45 v'oxa/kk tM+ eksVkiu] 'kfDr o/kZd] oh;Zo/kZd xfB;kokr ds mipkj esa mi;ksxh
46 gj flxkj iRrh Nky nek jksx] tyu] xatkiu ds mipkj esa mi;ksxh
47 liZxa/kk tM+ mPPk jDrpki] ikxyiu fexhZ jksx ds mipkj esa mi;ksxh
48 cp tM+ 'osr nkx] vfrlkj] Lej.k 'kfDro/kZd jksx ds mipkj esa mi;ksxh
49 xwXxy xksan jDr'kks/kd] coklhj] dfeuk'kd
50 xqydkoyh vdZ vkW[k nnZ] vkW[k lwtu] tyu ds mipkj esa mi;ksx
51 xqM+ekj iRrh e/kqesg] is'kc tyu] liZfo"k ds mipkj esa mi;ksxh
52 iquoZok iapkx fcPNw n'kk] mnj jksx] ihfy;k ckr vkfn ds mipkj esa mi;ksxh
53 dsodan dan liZna'kk] Hkw[k c<+kus esa
izHkkoh tSo dhVuk'kd
ou dhV foKku izHkkx] m".k dfVca/kh; ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] tcyiqj
tc ls jklk;fud dhVuk'kdks dk
gkfudkjd izHkko i;kZoj.k] ekuo ,ao vU; ykHkdkjh
thotarqvks ij iM+us yxk rc ls fo'o ds oSKkfudksa us
vU; oSdfYid dhVuk'kdks eq[;rk tSo dhVuk'kdks
(Biopesticides) ij [kkst ,ao vuqla/kku djuk izkjaHk
fd;k] rkfd bldk nq"izHkko i;kZoj.k] ekuo ,ao vU;
ykHkdkjh thotarqvks uk iM+sA bl gsrq fofHkUu tSo
dhVuk'kdks ij 'kks/kdk;ksZ ds i'pkr dqN izHkko'kkyh
tSo dhVuk'kdks dks dhV fu;a=.k es mi;ksxh ik;k
x;k] tks blizdkj gS] tSo dhVuk'kdksa esa ikS/kksa ls
fudkys x;s okuLifrd jlk;u@dhVuk'kd
Parasitoids)] jksxdkjd (Pathogens)] lw{etho tSls
izkVkstksvk (Protozoa)] QaQwn (Fungi)] thok.kq
(Bacteria)] fo"kk.kq (Viruses)] ijHk{kh dhV vkSj vU;
tho (Predators) ,ao dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe (EPN-
Entomopathogenic Nematodes) gSA
dk mi;ksx fo'o LRkj ij ,d izHkkoh tSo dhVuk'kd
ds :Ik esa gkfudkjd dhVksa ds fo:/n~ cM+s iSekus ij
gks jgk gSA dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe ,d viq"Boa'kh;
(Invertebrates) tho gS tks izk.kh txr (Animal
Kingdom) ds Qk;ye fuesVksMk (Phylum:
Nematoda) ds vUrxZr oxhZdj.k fd;k x;k gSA vkt
lw=d`fe dh 20,000 iztkfr;ksa dh igpku dh x;h gSA
dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe oks d`fe gS tks dsoy dhVksa
dks gh ekjrh gSA dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe ds
jksxdkjd T;qosukbZyl~ (Infective juveniles)
gkfudkjd dhVksa ds 'kjhj esa izkd`frd :Ik ls [kqys
fNæzks tSls eqag] xqnk] jksefNæ ;k Ropk (Cuticle) ds
ek/;e ls dhV ds 'kjhj eas ?kkrd thok.kq dks NksMdj
dhV dks ekj nsrs gS vkSj dhV (Larvae) dksey ,ao
fiyfiyh dMkoj (Cadavers) esa iqujksRiknu djrs gS]
bUgs gh dhVksa esa jksx QSykusokys lw=d`fe ;k dhV
jksxkf.od lw=d`fe dgrs gsS A
dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe dh fo'ks"krk, bldks
nwljs tSo dhVuk'kd ls cgqr gh izHkko'kkyh tSo
dhVuk'kd cukrh gSA budh fo'ks"krk, bl izdkj gS]
dqN gh tYn le; esa ;s cgqr lkjs dhVksa ¼gksLV½ dks
rqjar ekjus dh {kerk gS budk cMs Lrj ij mRiknu
dj ldrs gSA if'peh ns'kksa es EPN ds mRiknks dks
iathdr djus dh vk';drk ugh gS cgqr lkjs
(Wide-host range) dhVksa ij vljnkj gSA dhVksa esa
fo"kkDrk (Pathogenecity) nj Åaph gSA jklk;fud
ladsr (Chemical clue) Îkjk dhVksa rd igqaprs gSA
lqfo/kktud rkSj ij bu foVªks (In Vitro) esa mRiknu
dj ldrs gS i`"Boa'kh; izk.kh] ikS/kksa] ykHknk;d
thotarq rFkk ekuotkfr ds fy, lqjf{kr gSA
jklk;fud dhVuk'kdks] tSo dhVuk'kh ¼tSls] QQwan]
thok.kq vkSj okuLifrd dhVuk'kd½ ds lkFk feykdj
mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA foLr`r fofo/krkokyh
vkuqoa'kkoyh (Wide Genetic Diversity) gSA budh
bu fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe dks
leUo;fdr dhV izca/ku esa (IPM-Integrated Pest
Management) esa lekos'k dj vktdy fo'o esa
d`f"k rFkk ouksa ds fofHkUu dhV iztkfr;ksa ds fu;a=.k
ds fy, mi;ksx esa yk;k tk jgk gSA
cgqr igys oSKkfud Xyslj us 1932 esa dhV
jksxkf.od lw=d`fe dks ,d tSo dhVuk'kd ds :Ik esa
igpku dh FkhA mUgksus bl dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe]
LVhujusek Xysljh (Steinernema glaseri) dks tkikuh
Hkaxks (Japanese Beetles) ij [kkst dh FkhA dhV
jksxkf.od lw=d`fe ds LVhbZusZfuekVhMh vkSj
gsVjksjgkfCMfVMh uked nks oa'k gSA tks Øe'k%
LVhufuZesfVsMh (Steinernematidae) vkSj gs Vjks
jsgkfCMfVMh (Heterorhabditidae) ifjokj ls laca/k
j[krh gS rFkk thuksjsCMl (Xenorhabdus) ;k
QksVksjsCMl (Photorahbdus) oa'k ds lgthoh thok.kq
(symbiotic-bacteria) ds lkFk lg;ksx j[krh gSA ;s
feêh es jgusokys] dhVksij iyusokys ijthoh gS] budk
mi;ksx dhV fua;=.k ds fy, tSo dhVuk'kd ds :i
esa fd;k tkrk gSA
esa igyh ckj fons'kksa ls vk;kr Mh- Mh-&136 dhV
jksxkf.od lw=d`fe dh iztkfr dk iz;ksx /kku] xUuk
vkS j lsc ds fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa ds dhVksa dks fua;f=r
djus ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA blds ckn esa fofHkUu
oSKkfudksa us dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe dks d`f"k ds
dhVksa tSls dVoeZ] jkxh dk xqykch cks jj] /kku dh
iRrh dk QksYMj] ruk Nsnd] iWMh xky eht] xUUkk
Nsnd] lQsn Hkax]yky ds'kksokyh bYyh bR;kfn dks
iz;ksx'kkyk vkSj izk;ksfxd {ks= esa fua;f=r djus ds
fy, mi;ksx esa yk;k x;k gSA dhV jksxkf.od
lw=d`fe dk vf/kd ls vf/kd dhVksa ds fo:/n~
mi;ksx djuk] muds thoupØ dk v/;;u djuk]
mudh xq.koRrk] tSo {kerk rFkk izk;ksfxd {ks= esa
dhVksa ds fo:/n ifj{k.k djuk bR;kfn {ks= esa izxfr
gqbZ gSA vHkh Hkkjr esa dhV jksxkf.od lw=df`e]
LVhujus ek dh dqN u;h iztkfr;kWa (New species)
tSls LVhujusek FkeksZfQfy;e] LVhujusek fleh]
LVhujus ek elwnh dh [kkst dh x;h gSA
1 dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe ls jksXktfur e`r
dhV
lw=d`fe ckgj fudyrs gq;s
3 dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe ckgj fudyrs gq;s 4 dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe
Hkkjr esa dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe dk mi;ksx
d`f"k ds fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa ds dhVksa dks fu;a=.k djus
ds fy, foLr`r vuqla/kku dk;Z gks jgk gSA ijarq vHkh
rd bu lw=d`fe dk iz;ksx ou rFkk o`{kkjksi.k Qly
(Plantation Crops) ds fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa ds dhVksa ds
fu;a=.k djus esa ugh gqvk gSA
Hkkjr esa igyh ckj m".k dfVcaf/k; ou
vuqla/kku laLFkku] tcyiqj }kjk dhV jksxkf.od
lw=d`fe dk mi;ksx okfudh ds dhVksa ds fo:/n~ fd;k
tk jgk gSA vHkh rd e/; Hkkjr (central India) ds
LFkkuh; okrkoj.k (native enviornment) ls lkr
LFkkuh; dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe dh iztkfr;ksa
(Indignous species/ populations) dh [kkst dh x;h
gSA dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe ,d iztkfr ftldk uke
LVhujuhek /kkjuk;h (TFRIEPN-15, Steinernema
dharanaii) j[kk x;k gSs foKku ds fy, u;h (New-
to-Science) iztkfr gSA vHkh rd m".k dfVca/kh; ou
vuqla/kku laLFkku esa dqN LFkkuh; iztkfr vkSj dqN
ckgjh iztkfr tks ¼jk"Vªh; d`f"k egRo ds dhV laLFkku
¼NBAII-National Bureau of Agriculturally
Important Insect½ caxyq: ls yk;h x;h Fkh mudk
iz;kssx okfudh ds dqN dhVksa tSls OgkbZV xzCl] nhed]
lkxkSu] ckWEcw ,ao lhjl ds dhVksa ds fo:?n~ fd;k
x;k gSA
lw=d`fe dkmi;ksx d`f"k] ckxokuh] ?kj] cxhpksa]
tuLokLFk ds fgrks] ouksa rFkk o`{kkjksi.k Qly ds
dhVksa dh fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa dks fu;af=r djus esa
lQyrkiwoZd fd;k x;k gSA varjjk"Vªh; cktkj esa
dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe ds O;kikfjd mRikn miyC/k
gSA buds mRikn dk mi;ksx foLr`r dhVksa dks
fua;f=r djus esa fd;k tk jgk gSA vc rd
LVhujuhek iztkfr ds pkj rFkk gsVjksjgkfCMfVfMl
iztkfr ds ,d mRikn ds 21 dhVksa dks fua;=.k djus
esa fofHkUu ns'kksa esa izHkkoh ik;k x;k gS] dhV jksxkf.od
lw=d`fe dh iztkfr ds 17 iathdr mRikn ;w-,-,l-]
;w-ds- fLoVtjySaM] teZuh vkS j dukMk esa miyC/k gSA
orZeku esa dhV jksxkf.od lw=d`fe dk
mi;ksx ns'k ds izeq[k fofHkUu 'kks/k laLFkku ftlesa
m".k dfVcaf/k; ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] tcyiqj Hkh
'kkfey gS] esa fd;k tk jgk gS rkfd Hkkjr esa okfudh]
d`f"krFkk vU; Qlyksa ds gkfudkjd iztkfr;ksa ds
dhVksa dk izdksi rFkk vkfFkZd gkfu de fd;k tk lds
vkSj i;kZoj.k] ekuo ,ao vU; thotarqvksa dks
jklk;fud dhVuk'kdks ds gkfu dkjd izHkko ls
cpk;k tk ldsA
MkW- jkts'k dqekj feJk] MkW- ulhj eksgEen ,oa Vzhlk gseYVu
/
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(Saussurea obvallata)

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Mk-W ih- ch- esJke
ifjp;
;kfu osGks osGh xzflr >kysys vlrs- R;keqGs jksis
detksj gksrkr fdok df/k&df/k okGrkr lq/nk- v'kk
izdkjph vkS"k/kh jksikaph O;olkf;d 'ksrh foQy gksrs
R;keqGs dP;k ekykph vkod vkfu lkBk R;koj R;kpk
izHkko iM+rks- Eguw.kp ykxuk&;k osxosxG;k fdVkapk
fuV vH;kl d:.k R;koj jksdFkke vko';d vkgs-
T;keqGs vkS"kf/k jksikaph j{kk vkf.k mRiknukr ok<
gksby] vkS"k/kh jksikoj fdVkaph lq:okr dsOgk gksrs rs
dGrp ukgh tsOgk fdVkaps T;kLr izeku ok<rs rsCgkp
dhV ykxysyh vkgs vls fun'kZukl ;srs- v'kkosGsl
jksikaP;k toG vlysY;k yksdkauh R;kpk f'kjdko
gks.;kph osG vk.kh R;k iklw.k gksukjs uqdlku ;kph
vksG[k d:u fnY;kl] gksuk&;k uqdlk.kh iklqu
laj{k.k feGsy- dhV lk/kkj.kr% loZp fBdkuh vlrs
i.k R;kph la[;k vk.kh jksikoj gksukjh lq:okr- R;kps
izek.k o"kkZfry fofHkUu osGsl] R;kP;k okrkoj.kkr
gksuk&;k cnykok eqGs R;kP;k Hkkstukr] tyok;q
ifjorZu fdz;kr fdVuk'kdkapk okij ;koj R;kps
izek.k fuHkZj vlrs- tsRgk fdVkaps vkdze.k lkekU;
is{kk T;kLr vlrs rsOgk R;koj fu;a=.kkps mik;
djkos- ;klkBh losZ{k.k d:u dhVkaP;k vkdze.kkph
n'kk vkf.k iw.kZekfgrh d:.k ?ksus vko';d vlrs-
rsOgkp vki.k R;koj pkaxY;k izdkjs fu;a=.k d:
'kdrks- izLrqr ys[kk izeq[k fdV o R;koj tSfod
fu;a=.kk}kjs mik; ;k fo"k;koj laf{kIr ekfgrh lknj
dsyhyh vkgs-
gs fdM tehfur 6&30 lseh [kksyhi;Zr
vlrs- ikolkG;kr rs tehuhP;k ojhy Hkkxkoj ;srs-
FkaMhP;k fnolkr tehuhr [kksykoj tkrs eksBs fdV
jksifue/;s fdaok vklikl vlysY;k >kaMkph ikus [kkr
vlrs- vk.kh twu efg.;kP;k 'ksoVP;k gI;kr iq"dG
izek.kkr mMr vlrs- ,d gI;kuarj lQsn xWazc ;k
vG;k fu?kqu jksikaP;k dksoG;k eqGkoj fdok >kMkP;k
lkyhoj vFkok dan [kkr vlrkr- vG;k eqGktoGhy
Hkkxkr iljr vlY;keqGs tehu iksyh djhr vlrs
R;keqGs ueh deh gksmu jksis fdok >kMs okG.;kl
lq:okr gksrs-
izHkkfor iztkrh %
ikekjkstk lhVksusyk bR;kfn-
vaMh ns.;kps izeku ,dne deh gksm 'kdrsA
2- izdk'k fiat&;kP;k enrhus jk=hP;k osGsl eksBs
fdV ,d= d:u u"V djkos-
3- fue] eksgk o djat ;kph <si 10 fdxzkk izfr
D;kjh ¼10 x1 ehVj½ ;k izek.kkr ehlGkoh-
¼2½ nhed ¼mnGh½
Izkdksi & o"kZHkj
T;kLr d:.k >kMkaP;k eqGkauk fdaok lkyhuk uqdlku
djrs- eqGkauk [kkyiklwu oji;Zar [kkr vlrs- gkrkuh
eqGkauk gGwp vks<Y;kl laiw.kZ eqG gkfr ;srs-
df/k&df/k R;koj vlysyh mnGh lq)k okgsj ;srs-
tsFks fned vlrs R;k fBdkf.k ekrhph iryh&iryh
ijrs lq)k ikgko;kl ehGrs-
iw.kZius u"V djkfor- mRre izfrps 'ks.k [kr iw.kZ
lMysY;k oehZdEiks"Vpk okij djkok-
xqG Vkdwu feJ.k r;kj d:u okijkos rs T;kLr
izHkkoh vk.kh mi;wDr Bjrs-
djkok-
;k iztkfrP;k vG;k dP;k jksi.;k jkf=ps
osGh tehuhiklwup [kkrkr vk.kh fnolk ikuk[kkyh
tehfuoj vlrkr~-
bR;kfn-
1- o;Ld dhMs %& izdk'kfiat&;kP;k enrhus
idM+wu u"V djkohr ¼10x 10 x 10 ehVj½
vkdkjkps [kM~Ms d:u vG;k u"V djkO;k fdaok
izHkkfor jksikoj lq[kysy xor Vkdwu nql&;k
fnolh laiw.kZ ,d= d:u tkGkfor-
2- tGkysy eksfoy rsy 10 yh-izfr gsDVj ;k
izek.kkr vFkok cktkjkrhy tSfod dhVuk'kd
¼cs'khyl ;wjhukstsusfll½ 500 fd-xzk-izfr gsDVj
ekrhr Qqjokos-
;k lewgkr vusd izdkjps chVy] Qwyik[kja]
iraxs vk.kh fVM~Ms ;srkr gs loZ jksikaph ikus [kkmu
R;kps uqdlku djrs-
¼5½ [kksM fdM ¼ruk Hksnd dhV½
;k dhVkaP;k vG;k [kksM] Qkan;k fdaok
QGkyk fNnz d:u jl ihrkr fdoka rhFksp v.Mh
nsrkr R;keqGs T;kLrp uqdlku gksrs- eq"dnkuk
[kkuk&;k vGhyk cksuoeZ Eg.krkr bjk;l chVsyk ;k
fdVkus TkoGikl 70 izfr'kr jksikaps uqdlku gksrs-
fu;a=.k %& [kksM Qkan;k] ikus fdaok QGs [kuk&;k
fdaVkoj [kkyhy izdkjs mik; dsY;kl fu;a=.k gksm
'kdrs-
1- dMw fyEckph ikus] QGs vFkok R;kpk dk<+k ;kps
feJ.k d:u Qokj.kh d:a 'kdrk] fdaok
cktkjkr ehGukjh fue;qDr vkS"k/kh tls&
fuexkMZ] uhEyhu] fuEehflMhu bR;kfn vpwd
vkS"k/kkps 15 fnolkr fNM+dko djkok-
2- C;olkf;d tSfod dhVuk'kd tls & ;wjhlkbZM
0-5 izfr'kr izek.kkps 30 X 10 ckW;ksy;]
ckW;ks,Li] ckW;ksful ;k U;wDyh;j ikWyhgSMªkl
ck;jlpk NhM+dko djkok-
ckacw fdaok ydM+h [kwaVh cuowu ¼40&50 izfr
gsDVj 5 QqV bap½ ykokoh] T;keqGs i{kk}kjs
vG;k [kkmu uqdlku deh gksbZy-
¼6½ jl pwlukjs dhM
;k lewgkfry dhMs >kMkapk ikukpk fdaok
Qkan;kpk jl fimu >kMkaph ok< [kwVfoU;kl enr
djrs-
dkyes?k] ckoph] eLdnkuk bR;kfn ;k fdVkapk izHkko
ojhy loZ izdkjpk jksikoj vk<Grs- dhV ikukyk
fpidwu jlkps 'kks"k.k djrs R;keqGs ikus vdMwu uarj
iw.kZ jksi ckGrs- gs fdV ,d fpduk inkFkZ mRlftZr
djrs- R;keqGs izdk'k la'ys"k.k gGw&gGw cUn iM+rs- o
R;koj dkG;kjaxkph cqj'kh ;srs-
MhlMjdl lhxqysVl gs fdV Qwykrhy]
QGkrhy jl ihrs- eq'dnk.;kr ;kpk izdksi t;kLr
fnlwu ;srs- toGikl 40 izfr'kr jksikauk uqdlku
djrs-
fFkzIl
cktwojhy rarwl [kqjpwu ulke/kwu jhlukjk jl
pwlrkr R;keqGs ikukar ,sBu R;kj gksmu jksikph ok<
FkkEcU;kl enr djrs-
v'oxa/kk
lkcwu ikoMj 10 yhVj ik.;kr felGwu
NhM+dko dsY;kl jksx fu;a=.kkr ;srks-
2- 500 xzke rEckdwph lqdysyh ikus 10 yhVj
ik.k;kr mdGwu R;kpk NhM+dko djkok-
3- 10 xzke ghax 10 yhVj dMwuhEckP;k ikukaP;k
?kksykr felGwu NhM+dko d: 'kdrks-
4- jk[k pk jksikaij NhM+dko dsY;kl ekgw ukokaP;k
jksxkoj fu;a=.k gksrs-
dsY;kl fdrhrjh izdkjps dhV] ftok.kw u"V
gksmu] myV jksikauk ukbZVªkstu vkf.k iksVS'k v'kk
rRokph iwrZrk gksrs-
brj tho tarw
okGrkr txkr toGikl 500 iztkfrpsa mafnj vkgsr
R;kr Hkkjrkr izeq[;kus 20 iztkfr iSdh] ?kjsyw mafnj]
ika<jk mafnj] ygku oUMhdqV manhj] xjchy] okGoaVh
xjchy] eksy] ?kwl] cklkcjhy fdaok >kkMkojh manhj
izeq[k vkgsr-
manahj iGwu tkrkr-
VkdY;kl manhj R;kauk lki lEktwu iGwu
tkrkr~-
2½ edM+h ¼ekbZV~l½ %& gs jksikaP;k ikukpk jl firkr-
izHkkfor ouLifr %& liZxa/kk] jrutksr] uhyfxjh]
djat] tkequ bR;kfn ouLifruka uqdlku djrs-
3½ uhesVksMl~ ¼xkaMwG½ %& gs dhM vf/kdrj jksikaP;k
tehuhrhy Hkkxkps uqdlku djrs-
fu;a=.k %&
felGwu Qokjuh dsY;kl fu;a=.k gksrs-
2- fue [kyh fdaok cdk;u ikoMj 25 fd-izfr-gs-
Vkdy;kl fueMksMl ;koj fu;a=.k gksrs- lo/kZu
jksikauk vkGh ikGhus ykoY;kl izHkko deh gksrks-
yseu xorkojhy fdV dzekad fdVkps oSKkfud ukao fdVk}kjs gksukjs uqdlku
1- Nhed
¼vksMksUVksVjel iztkfr½
[kkl d:u T;k {ks=kr vksfyr ulrs v'kk fBdkuh fned pk izHkko T;kLr
vlrks R;keqGs jksisa okGrkr~
2- lQsn fxMkj ¼gksyksVkfd;k iztkfr½
OgkbZV xzkc vGh jksikaph dksoGh eqG] eq[; eqG vFkok lky fdaok dan [kkr
vlrs
blVqZyl iztkfr½
vGh Qkan;k fdaok [kksMkP;k vkr Nhnz d:u f'kjdko djrs T;keqGs R;kr
iksdGh fuekZ.k gksmu Qkanh fdaok [kksM lEiw.kZ okGrs
4- 'kwV IykbZ ¼vksjhdksfy;k vksjkbth½
lqaMh QkanhP;k vkr lkyhy dqjrMqu izos'k djrs R;keqGs jksikaph ok< [kwaVrs
5- Ikak<jh ek'kh gs fdV yseuxzkl ;k jksikauk Qsczwokjh & esa efgU;ki;Zar jksikaP;k ikukaP;k vkrhy
Hkkxkr jkgwu R;kpk jl pwlrs R;keqGs jksikaph ok< [kqaVy;k tkrs
flVªksusyk ojhy fdM dzekad fdVkps oSKkfud ukao fdVk}kjs gksukjs uqdlku
1- Qkanhyk Hksnukjk fdM+k ;k fdVkaP;k vG;k QkanhP;k dksoG;k Hkkxkrwu Qkanhr izos'k djrs- R;keqGs
Qkanhyk iksdGh fuekZ.k gksmu ckGU;kl enr gksrs o ok< Fkakcfors- ;k jksikaP;k
'ksrkr jksXkP;k izdksikeqGs jksikaph iw.kZ ikus okGysyh fnlrs- ikukauk toGwu
ikfgY;kl cq?;ktoGhy Hkkx lMysy fnlrks- Eguwu R;kyk MsMgkVZ lq)k
EgVY;ktkrs ;k jksxkaP;k izdksi lk/kkj.k vizSy&twu eghU;kr vf/kd fn'kwu ;srks-
12
dfygkjh jksikaojhy fdV dzekad fdVkps oSKkfud ukao fdVk}kjs gksukjs uqdlku
1- ikus [kkukjs fdM
¼vksyhVsyk Xyksjhvkslk½
vGh Qkj osxkaus jksikaP;k ikukaps uqdlku djrs R;kP;k izdksikus ikuky
uqlrh tkGh f'kYyd jkgrs
Tkikuh Qqfn.;kojhy fdM dzekad fdVkps oSKkfud ukao fdVk}kjs gksukjs uqdlku
1- Ikus [kkukjs fdV
¼VkbZDyksf'k;k iztkfr½
vGh Qkj csxkus ikukaP;s uqdlku djrs R;kP;k izdksikus ikukr uqlrh
tkGh fnlrs
2- jks;snkj 'kq.Mh T;k jksikaoj ;k fdVkapk izdksi vlrs- R;kps ikus ika<jh tkGhnkj fnlrs-
R;keqGs jksaikaps uqdlku rj gksrsp i.k ok< lq}k [kqaVrs
3- lsehywuj 'kq.Mh gs fdV ikukay ljG dkiwu [kkrs] ikukar Nhnz lq)k r;kj djrs R;kpk
izdksi esUFkkP;k nql&;k QlyhP;k osGsl fnlwu ;srs-
4- ekgw ¼,sihl baMhdk½ ;kapk izdksi lk/kkj.k Qczqokjh&ekpZ ekfgU;kr fnlwu ;srs
5- Ikukayk xksy xqUMkjukjs
'ksrhyk gs Qkjp uqdlku djrs- lk/kkj.k vkxLr&lIrsaoj ;k efgU;kr
T;kLr izHkko vlrks-
jksi okGysy fnlrs lk/kkj.k T;kHkkxkr ik.;kph deh vlrs] fdaok dPps
'ks.k okijY;k tkrs v'kk fBdkuh jksxkapk izdksi T;kLr fnlrks-
7- eqGkaph ?kq.k ;k fdVkapk dkjok eqGkauk [kkr vlrs R;keqGs jksi okGysyh fnlrkr
vFkok R;kaph ok< Fkkaors
8- tkGhnkj fdV gs dhM jksikaph dksoGh ikukapk jl firs R;keqGs jksi
TkGY;klkj[kh fnlrkr~
9- dkGk dhMk gs fdM esUFkkP;k ikukay vk.kh dksoG;k Qkn;kauk uqdlku djrs
fulksr ¼vksijdqfyuk VjisUFke~½ ojhy fdM dzekad fdVkps oSKkfud ukao fdVk}kjs gksukjs uqdlku
1- Ikkus [kkukjs fdV ¼gsYlhLVskxzkek iztkfr½ vG;k jksikaph ikus [kkrkr~
eqLdnkU;kojhy fdM dzekad fdVkps oSKkfud ukao fdVk}kjs gksukjs uqdlku
1- jl pwlukjs fdM
gs fdM QGkapk jl pwlrs
2- gjk cx ¼ustsjk ohjhMwyk½ Tkkrd vk.kh o;Ld QGkapk] jl pwlrs
3- ikus [kkukjs fdM ¼,suksfel Qykok½ fgjO;k jaxkP;k vG;k ikukaps rqdMs&rqdMs d:u [kkrkr~
4- Ikku xqMkjukjs fdM gjk cx
¼lk;yksVk MsjksxsVk½
5- Qwy Qkan;kauk Nsnukjk fdM
¼bjh;kl foVsyk ½
uqdlku djrs
fcjgVk ojhy fdM dzekad fdVkps oSKkfud ukao fdVk}kjs gksukjs uqdlku
1- Ikkus [kkukjs fdV
dhM toG&toG 13 feeh ykac fioGlj fnlukjh ds'k;qDr vGh
iukauk iw.kZiusa [kkrs
fnlk;yk gyD;k dkG;k jaxkP;k vG;k dksoG;k Qkan;kuk Nhnzd:u
vkr iksdGh fuekZ.k djrs- R;keqGs Qkan;k okGrkr o jksikaph ok< [kwaVrs
3- vareqGkojhy ikus [kukjss fdM
¼Mk;dzskeh;k lkthVk½
4- Tkaxyh dkan;kojhy ikus
dkG;k jaxkP;k vG;k ikukauk [kkrkr ;kpk izdksi tqyS rs vkDVkscj
Ik;Zar gksrks-
5- FkzhIl FkzhIl VcSd
gYds fioGlj jaxkps 9 feeh Ik;ZUr yka fnlukjs fdM ikukaP;k ckgsjhy
Hkkxkyk [kqjpMwu dksf'kdkrwu fjlukjk jl ihrkr R;keqGs jksikaph ok<
[kwaVrs-
13
Ckkoph ojhy fdM dzekad fdVkps oSKkfud ukao fdVk}kjs gksukjs uqdlku
1- Ikkus [kkukjs fdM
¼iksify;ks Mseksfy;l½
¼LVkseksIVsjl eksjhlsyk½
2- liZ xa/kkojhy fdV
gYkD;k fioG;k jaxkP;k vG;k Qkan;k vk.kh
ikukapk jl firkr~
vkoG;kojhy fdM dzekad fdVkps oSKkfud ukao fdVk}kjs gksukjs uqdlku
1- Qkan;kauk QksaMk vFkok xkWy
cufoukjh fdV
NksVs&NksVs fNnz fuekZ.k djrs- R;krhy jl fimu lkyhojhy
fNnzkP;k fBdk.kh lqtu ;smu xkB vkY;klkj[kh fnlrs-
2- lky [kkukjs fdM
¼bUMkjosyk DokMhuksVsjk½
[kkrs-
vkrwu [kkr vlrs- gYkD;k fioG;k jaxkP;k dslkG vG;k
ikukayk iw.kZ [kkr vlrs- vkf.k cknkeh jaxkP;k vG;k jksikaph
dksoGh ikus [kkrkr-
;kkojhy fdM Qkan~;kpk jl pwlrs-
5- fned eqGsa vFkok lkyhyk uqdlku djrs-
6- QGakuk Nhnz djukjs fdM
¼djdwfy;ks Lis'kht½
fiÅu uqdlku djrs-
tSfod fu;a=.k
QaQwn] ftok.kq] fe=dhV] Qqyik[kja ;kaP;k
leUo;kfcuk jklk;fud Qlfyojhy uqdlkudkjd
gkp eksBk Qk;nk- ;kps fo'ks"k fu;a=.k {ks= LFkkfir
>kY;koj dk;Z djhr vlrs- gs deh [kpkZps vk.kh
lqjGhr vlrs- ;kP;k fu;a=.kkus Qlfyoj uqdlku
dkjd vo'ks"k jkg.;kph laHkkouk lekIr gksmu rs
fdM iw.kZ:ik.ks u"V gksrs- dhV fdaok chekjh fo:}
Qlyhr izfrjks/kd {kerspk fodkl gksrks- tSfod dhV
fcekjhoj osxosxG;k izfdz;k}kjs izcU/ku dsY;k tkrs-
1- lL; fdz;k,a%& xzh"e _rqr~ [kksyoj ukaxjuh
d:u /kw&;kojhy dpjk ,d= d:u [kr r;kj
djus Qly pdzkpk mi;ksx d:u LoLFk vk.kh
'kq} fc;kapk okij d:u izek.kkr~ [krkpk okij
d:u vksGhus fc;kaph isj.kh] izfrjks/kh ch;kaukpk
okaij Qlfypk tehfuLrjkoj dVkbZ d:u
mjysyk Hkkx tkG.ks] varoZrhZ Qlys fuoMus
dkj.k v'kk izdkjP;k Qlfyo:u gksuk&;k
fdVkayk nql&;k Qlfyoj tkos ykxsy-
2- ;ka=hd dk;Z%& izdk'k iziap Qjkseksu VSi]
i{kkuk vkdf'kZr djrs 'ksrkrhy fdVkaps v.Ms
vk.kh vG;k ,d= d:u u"V dj.ks- fdVkauh
xzflr vlysys jksisa u"V djus-
3- tSfod fu;a=.k %& tSfod fu;a=.kkr ijHk{kh o
ijthohuk okgs:u vk.kwu 'ksrkr lksMkosa vk.kh
R;kuk laj{k.k nsus uqdlkudkjd vk.kh fe=
fdVkaps vuqikrkr fu;a=.k Bso.ks] vk.kh jksi
fuehZr jlk;ukph vko';drk iMY;kl okij
dj.ks bR;kfn izfdz;k lfEefyr vkgsr-
Vªk;dksMjek osflyl ;qjStSfll fdok nwl&;k
mi;ksxh cSDVhfj;kpk vk.kh vWLijthyl QaQwn
;kaP;k mi;ksxkus izHkkoh dhV fu;a=.k gksrs-
ijHk{kh; fofHkUu izdkjP;k edaMh;k]
dksdlhuSfjM bR;kfn izeq[k vkgsr- T;k Lorkpk
f'kdkj Lor% djrs- ijthoh dhV uqdlkudkjd
fdVkaP;k va.kkr 'kefu fdaok 'ka[khr vkiys vaMs
iztkfr bR;kfn eq[; vkgsr-
fu;a=.kkr dMw fyEckps >kM izeq[k vkgs- gs 200
izdkjP;k fofHkUu fdVkaoj fu;a=.k djrs- ;kP;k
fc;kiklwu o ikukiklwu vtksMhjSDvhu ukokps jlk;u
izkIr gksrs- rs 'kfDr'kkyh izfrdkjd mRiUu vkgs-
;kP;k iz;ksxkus fdM ,dne ejr ulrs- iu jksikauk
uqdlku dj.;kph {kerk izHkkfor djrs- tls fdVkar
Qly [kk.;kph ukilanh fuekZ.k gksr- vaMs ns.;kph
'kfDr deh gksrs v'kk izdkjs fdVkaps ftoupdz vLr
O;Lr gksrs- fyEokps eq[; mRiknu btkxkMZ] csuxkMZ]
fuekZd bR;kn- nkusnkj :ikr 15 th ukokps mRiUu
izpfyr vkgs-
xkHkk pw:u] ,dk irY;k dkiMkr cka/kwu jk=Hkj
,d fyVj ik.;kr Bsokok] ldkGh diM+k nkcwu
iw.kZ jlkapk fupksM djkok rs ik.kh xkGwu /;kos]
R;kr ,d pqVdh lkcwu ikoMj felGkos jksikaoj
fNM+dko dsY;kl ikukauk fpDVwu jkgrs- ;kps
?kksy lQsn eD[kh vk.kh fNnz djukjs fdV
fu:ipkj gksrkr~- ¼rhu rs vkB efgus twus QG
T;kLr Qk;nsean vlrkr½-
ik.;kr pq:.k uarj xkGwu /;kos o R;kr ,d
pqVdh lkcwu ikoMj felGkos ;kpk mi;ksx ikus
[kkukjs fdV dSVjihyj vk.kh VhM;koj lq)k
djrk ;srks-
dk<U;kl ,d fyVj ik.;kr 30 feyh ¼6 Qqy
pEep½ fue rsy vdkZr felGwu ?kksy Rojhr
okijkos ukghrj rsy ik.;koj rjaxwu vuqi;ksxh
gksbZy-
dk<Y;kuarj QGkapk mjysyk Hkkx ¼[kyh½ ;kpk
lq)k mi;ksx fdVkauk u"V dj.;kdjhrk gksrks-
100 xzke [kfyiklwu ,d fyVj vdZ curks-
fuEckP;k [kyhy ikrG diM;kr cka/kwu ,d
fyVj ik.;kr jk=Hkj fHktowu Bsokos ldkGh
ik.;kr xkGwu /;kos ;kr pqVdhHk:.k lkcwu
ikoMj felGwu /;kos- ?kksykapk lq;kZLrkuarj
NhMdko dsY;kl T;kLr Qkk;nk gksrks-
¼2½ djat ps fdVuk'kd%& djat pk iz;ksx
vkS"k/kkP;k vFkok fdVuk'kkdkP;k :ikr dsY;k tkrks-
1- ikukapk vdZ %& ,d fdyks ikukr 5 yhVj ikuh
felGwu jk=Hkj Hkhtr Bsokos ldkYh ikukauk
ik.;kr pksGwu ik.kh xkGw.k /;kos] R;kr ,d
pEep lkcqu ikoMj felGwu ;kpk fNMdko
djkos- ,d ,dj 'ksrkr 20 fdyks ikukapk jl
NhiMkok ;keqGs jksikojhy ikus [kk.kk&;k
fdVkapk uk'k gksrks-
2- fc;kapk vdZ ¼jl½ %& 50 xzke fc;kuk dqVqu
,dk ikrG diM;kr cka/kwu ,d fyVj ik.;kr
jk=Hkj Bsokos- ldkGh cka/kysyh iksVyh pksGwu rs
ikf.k xkGwu /;kos R;kr ,d pEep lkcqu ikoMj
felGwu ,d ,dj 'ksrkr 10 fdyks f'kaiMkos-
3- djat rsy %& 30 feyh ¼3 cM+s pEep½ djat
rsy ,d fyVj ik.;kr felGwu R;kr ,d pEep
lkcqu ikoMj felGwu rqjar Qokjkos- ,d ,dj
'ksrkr 3 fyVj rsy Ik;kZIr gksby-
¼3½ QaQwnkiklwu r;kj dsysys fdVuk'kd%&
Y;wcsfj;k cslh;kauk ukokP;k QaQwnkiklwu ,d izHkkoh
tSfod fdVuk'kd r;kj dsY;k tkrs- gs fdVuk'kd
vkehZoeZ] ghjd i"Biraxk] lq.Mh voLFkk] lQsnek'kh]
ekMw rsyk] gjs Hkqjs gkWij] Ldsy fdV] feyhcx] /kwu
lajaxh dhMk] ruk Nsnd dVqvk laqMh bR;kfn izdkjP;k
fdV jksxkiklwu laj{k.k djrs- QaQwnkP;k izdksikus
lq.Mhoj lQsn QaQwn fnlwu ;srs- vk.kh ukgh'ksiu
gksrs- v'kk tSfod dhVukldkpk iz;ksx Qokj.kh d:u
vFkok tehauhr felGwu lq)k dsY;k tkrks- 750 fyVj
ik.;kr 2 fyVj fdVuk'kd felGwu Qokj.kh d:
okij;k tkrs-
iksyhgsMªksfll ok;jl iq'dG izdkjP;k fdVkauk xzflr
d:u ekjrs- tsOgk dhV ;k ok;jlps izk'ku djrs-
rsOgk 'kjhjkr gs ok;jl vkiyk vlj nk[kfoU;kl
lq:vkr djrs gs fdVkaP;k 'kjhjkyk xGowu Vkdrs-
gGw gGw fdV ejrs- ,u-ih-fo-us xzflr lq.M~;k vDlj
ikukoj mYVh yVdysyh fnlrs- Lor%pk jax lksMwu
eVeSyh vFkok HkqjdV fnlrs-
vkgs- gsfydksojik LVsu P;k izkajfHkd vo'Fksr tj ,u-
ih-oh- pk NhM+dko 250 feyh izfr gs- 700 rs 800
fyVj ik.;kr dsY;kl izHkkoh Bjrs- ;k f'kok; vtwu
,d ok;jl tks fd tSfod fu;a=.kkr Qkj mi;ksxh
vkgs- rks vkgs cgqyks ok;jl ;kpk vlj fdVkus jksi]
ikukaoj NhM+dko dsY;kl [kkU;kus gksrks-
cSDVhfj;k osflyl ;wjsftusfll ¼chVh½ iklwu
fdV fu;a=.k
vkgs T;kus l/;ijLFkhfrr iq"dG fdV jksxkoj
fu;a=.k Bywu egRrk lkFkZd dsyh- gs dfer deh 150
izdkjP;k fdV iztkrhP;k jksxkaoj fo'ks"k d:u
ySihMsIVksjl lq.Mh lkBh ekjd {kerk Bsors- gs
lq.Mh;kyk fu;a=.kkr BsoU;kl izHkkoh vkgs- chVh pk
Qokjk ikukaoj [kkyP;k cktwus dsY;k tkrs- dkj.k
[kkyP;k Hkkxkr NhM+dko dsY;kl ;kpk izHkko ck<rks-
;kpk ,d fd- izfr gsDV;jP;k ekikr NhM+dko dsY;k
tkrks- T;keqGs lq.Mh vk.kh jl fiuk&;k fdVkiklwu
Qlfyph lqj{kk gksr vlrs- lksorp fe=fdV lq)k
lqj{khr jkgrs-
xkSew=%& xkbZP;k eq=kr 33 izdkjps rRo vk<Gwu
;srs- R;kp rRokeqGs ouLifr oj ;s.kk&;k fdV QaQwn
vk.kh fo"kk.kq ;k jksxkoj fu;a=.k gksrs- xkbZpk ew=kr
vlysy xa/kd fdVuk'kdkps dk;Z djrs- rj ;krhy
ukbZVªkstu] QkLQksjl] iksVsf'k;e] yksgk] pwuk lksfM;e
bR;kfn rRo ouLifryk fujksxh vk.kh l'kDr cufors-
ew=kr vk<G.kkjs eSaXuht vk.kh dkscksZfud ,flM
fdVuk'kd vk.kh iqu:Riknu jks/kd dk;Z djrs-
;krhy rkacs lq)k izeq[k dhVuk'kdkps dk;Z djrs-
xksew=k iklwu fdVuk'kd r;kj dj.;kps iw"dG uq[rs
izpyukr vkgs- R;kiSfd izeq[k [kkyhy izdkjs vkgsr-
150 rs 200 feyh xksew= ik.;kr felGwu Lizs;j
iaikP;k enfrus jksikaoj isj.khP;k 15 fnolkuarj
izR;sdh 10 fnolkaP;k varjkus NhM+dko dsY;kl jksikr
jksxkaph fdaok fdVkaph izfrjks/kkRed {kerk fodlhr
gksrs-
inkFkkZps xkaMwGk}kjs lsou dsY;k tkrs- R;kuarj R;kps
thou pdz fdoka ikyu iks"k.k Eg.kwu jksikr fuLphr
ek=kr nzO;:ih vko';d rRo feGfoY;k tkrs- gs
nzo:ih rRo Eg.kts oehZok'k mRikn vkgs- oehdypj
lkscr fyEckph ikus vk.kh xksew= fuPNhr izekukar
felGwu fof'k"V izdkjP;k izfdz;sus r;kj dsysY;k
MC;kr uSlfxZd izdkjs xkGwu ck;ksfu'k ukckps nzO;
gGw gGw fu/kkZfjr fn'ksus mfpr osGh gek dsY;k
tkrs- vls ,d= dsysys nzO;:ih inkFkZ jksikaP;k
ok<hlkBh mi;qDr fnlwu vkys- ck;ksfu'k e/;s eq[;]
u=tu] QkWLQksjl] ikSVS'k] eSXuhf'k;e] cksjku bR;kfn
fnlwu ;srs- gs ,d lkS izfr'kr Ik;kZoj.kklkBh iks"kd
izkd`frd dkcksZfud fufeZr nzO; vkgs- izkd`frd fue
vk/kkfjr iks"kd tSfod fdVuk'kd jksikaP;k ok<hlkBh
lq)k mRre izdkjs mi;qDr vkgs- gs vkS"kf/k jksikr
ckxsr] ckxhP;kr] HkkthikY;kr fdaok brj Qlyhr
jksifur fdaok jksioukr mRd"V vkgs- 500 yh-izfr
gsDVs;jP;k vuqikrkuqlkj Qokjuh dsY;kl mi;wDr
Bjrs-
16
ika<jh vGh ¼OgkbZV xzCl½ ou jksiokfVdkpk ,d egRoiw.kZ
dhVd
ou dhV foKku izHkkx] m".k dfVca/kh; ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] tcyiqj
ika<jh vGh ¼OgkbZV xzCl-White Grubs½ gs
ou jksiokfVdk (Forest Nurseries)]oukarys fofo/k
izdkajpk uSlfxZd o`{kkauk (Natural Forests)] ou jksi.k
(Forest Plantations)] jksi.k o ’ksrh fid (Plantations
and Agricultural Crops)] vkf.k ckxk;rhyk
(Horticultural Crops) uqdlku dj.kkjk ,d miæoh
o egRoiw.kZ dhVd+ vkgs- OgkbZV xzCl dhV x.kkrhy
dksyksIVsjk (Order-Coleoptera) o LdkWjkfcfM,
vkgs- laiw.kZ txkr g;k oa’kkrhy 3000 iztkrh
vk<Grkr- ou jksiokfVdk e/kys ¼lkxkou] ckaEcw]
lky] vtqZu] f’k’kw] fpap o vU;½] oukarys fofo/k
izdkajpk o`{kkauk] jksi.k o ’ksrh fid ¼cknke] dktw]
ukfj;y] HkwbZewx]xgq] rkanqG] Ål] puk] lkas;kchu]
dkiql] lq;ZQqy] fofo/k Hkkthikyk o vU;½]
ckxk;rhyk ¼lQjpan] vkack] æk{ks]la=k o vU;½] YkkWu
vkf.k xor eSnkukauk Qkjp uqdlku djrkr- vkiY;k
ns’kkr ika<jh vGh lxG;k fidkapk 40 rs 80 VDd;k
Ik;Zr uqdlku djrkr- OgkbZV xzCl gs ekrhr jkg.kkjs
vkf.k o`{kkaps eqG [kk.kkjs vo;Ld LdkWjc chVy
(Scarab Beetles) vkgsr- eqG [kkr vlY;keqGs ;kauk
eqG [kk.kkjs xzCl (Root Grubs) i.k Eg.krkr- i.k
g;kyk es&tqu chVy (May-June Beetle) fdaok pkQj
chVy (Chafer-Beetle) Eg.kwu i.k vksG[kYk tkrs-
o;Ld chVy ¼Hkax½ jk=hpj vlrkr- vo;Ld o
o;Ld LdkWjc chVy nksUgh] fofo/k izdkjkaph >kMkauk]
ou fid] jksi.k o ’ksrh fid vkf.k ckxk;rhyk eksB;k
izek.kkr uqdlku djrkr o R;keqGs Qkj eksBh vkfFkZd
gkfu i.k gksrs- OgkbZV xzCl eqGs gks.kk&;k gkfu eqGs gk
jk"Vªh; isLV (National Pest) Eg.kqu lacks/kyk tkrks-
Hkkjrh; egkla?kkr (Indian Sub-continent)
ou o ’ksrh fidkaoj Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr vk<Gr
vlY;keqGs gk ,d Hkkjrkpk egRoiw.kZ o miæoh dhV
Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks- OgkbZV xzCl fofo/k izdkjpk
iztkrh] gksyksVªkbfd;k iztkrh (Holotrichia spp.)]
ikW;yksxWUFkl iztkrh (Phyllognathus spp.)] ,iksxksfu;k
iztkrh (Apogonia spp.)] czkgfeuk iztkrh (Brahmina
spp.)] Y;qdksQksfyl iztkrh (Leucopholis spp.)]
vuksefy;k iztkrh (Anomala spp.)] feyksyksU/kk iztkrh
(Melolontha spp.)] lk;tksfudk iztkrh]
Hkkjrkr vk<Grkr- ;kiSdh gksyksVªkbfd;k gh ,d
OgkbZV xzCl ph egRokph iztkrh letyh tkrs-
Hkkjrkpk fofHkUu jkT;kr tls e/;izns’k] xqtjkr]
egkjk"V~] NRrhlx<] jktLFkku] iatkc] dukZVd] tEew
dk’ehj] mRrj izns’k] rkfeGukMqq ] dsjy] vklke]
fgekpy izns’k o vka/kzizns’k e/;s OgkbZV xzClpk fofo/k
izdkjph gksyksVªkbfd;k pk tkrh vk<Grkr- g;k iSdh
gksyksVªkbfd;k lsjsVk (H.serrata)] gksyksVªkbfd;k
bulqY;kfjl (H.insularis)] gksyksVªkbfd;k ykWfxisful
fQLlk (H.fissa)] gksyksVªkbfd;k izkCysesfVdk
izdkjkaph ou jksiokfVdkapk jksikauk o ’ksrh fid o
brj fidakuk uqdlku djrkauk vk<Grkr-
e/;Hkkjrkpk e/;izns’k] egkjk"V~ o
NRrhlx< ;k jkaT;kpk ou foHkkx (Forest
Departments) o ou fodkl egkeaMGkP;k (Forest
Development Corporation) ou jksiokfVdk e/;s
fofo/k OgkbZV xzCl iztkrhpka Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr
izknqZHkko vk<Grks- ;k jkT;kr gtkjksa csM e/ks
lkxokups (Tectona grandis) Qkj eksBs ou fid
(Forestry Crops) ou jksi.k (Forest Plantations)
dj.;klkBh izR;sd o"khZ ?ksrys tkrs- OgkbZV xzCl csM
e/;s jksiY;k xsysY;k jksikauk eqGkaiklqu [kkÅu
lkxokups Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr uqdlku djrkr-
OgkbZV xzClph vGh csM e/;s ykoys xsysys lkxoupk
jksikapk [kkywu eqGkauk [kkÅu detksj djrkr- vGh
vkiY;k etcwr tcM;kauh eqGkauk [kkyqu dkiwu
Vkdrs R;keqGs jksi lq[kwu xGwu tkrkr o ’ksoVh
ejrkr- gh vGh csMkapk jksikauk Qkjp eksB;k izek.kkr
uqdlku djrs- g;k vGh eqGs ou jksiokfVdsyk Qkj
eksBh foRrgkfu lgu djkoh ykxrss o lkX;kps tM+h ps
mRiUUk Qkjp deh gksr vlY;keqGs ou jksi.kkalkBh
Bsoys xsysys /;s; ¼VkxsZV½ iw.kZ gksr ukgh-
vkrkap egkjk"Vªkapk ukxiqj ftYg;kar
jksiokfVdk e/;s rhu izdkjpk OgkbZV xzClP;k
gksyksVªkbfd;k jfLVdk (H.rustica)] gksyksVªkbfd;k
(Schizonycha ruficollis) ;k tkrhuha ifgY;knkap
lkxoupk eqGkauk uqdlku djrkauk vk<Gyh- txkr
ifgY;kankp ;k tkrhps OgkbZV xzClpk izkæqHkkZo
lkxoupk jksikaoj vk<Gyk- g;k vGh us iw.kZpk iw.kZ
lkxkps csMkojhy jksis m/noLr d:u Vkdys gksrs-
OgkbZV xzCl vkiys thou pdz tfeuhrp
iw.kZ djrs g;k fdVdkuka jkg.;kl o ok<.;kl jsrkG
tfeu Qkj ;ksX; vlrs- o;Ld chVy ekulqupk
vxksnj fdaok ekulqupk uarj es fdaok tqu efgU;kar
,dne vkaæZrk ok<Y;keqGs tfeuhrqu ckgsj ;srkr
vkf.k toGikl fofo/k izdkjph o{k tls cksj] [kSj]
uhe] iGl] ckHkwG] tkaHkwG o lgtups ikus [kkrkr-
toGiklpka fofo/k izdkjph o`{kkaoj fdaok T;k o{kkaph
ikus [kkrkr R;k o{kkaoj o;Ld uj o eknh feyu
djrkr- eknh feyukapk uarj rhu fnolkauh lkcqnkU;k
lkj[kh ik<ajh 20 rs 30 vaMh tfeuhr ?kkyrs uarj
7&10 fnolkauh vaM;krwu ygku ygku ik<a&;k
vG;k ckgsj ;srkr o jksaikP;k eqGkauk [kkrkr- gh vGh
baxzthpk ^lh* vkdkjk lkj[kh fnlrs- OgkbZV xzClpk
vGhyk o;Ld gks.;kl lqekjs 82 rs 113 fnaolkapk
dkyko/kh ykxrs- ik<ajh vGh vkiY;k lHkksorh ,d
xksykdkj psEcj cufors o oj fdaok vkMoh ljdr
tkr fofo/k izdkjkapk eqGkauk [kkrs- OgkbZV xzClph
vGh tqyS rs e/; vkWDVkscj i;Zr eqGkauk [kkr lfdz;
vlrs- uksOgsacj ;srk ;srk vGh dks’kk e/;s ifjofrZr
gksrs- vGh dks’kk e/;s ifjofrZr gks.;k vxksnj 40 rs
70 ls-eh- fdaok ;k is{kk tkLr tfeuhpk vkr tkowu
;ksX; vksykok feGkysyh tfeuhr jkgrkr- dks’kkpka
,dw.k ljkljh dkyko/kh 14&15 fnolkapk vlrks-
dks’kk e/kwu ckgsj iMysys o;Ld chVy ¼Hkax½ ika<js
jaxkps vlrkr o uarj gGqgGq R;kapk jax /kwlj gksrs o
rlsp u gkypky djrk tfeuhr iMwu jkgrkr-
es&tqu efgU;kr tsOgk ifgyk ikÅl iMrks o
okrkoj.kkr ,dne vkaæZrk ok<rs rsOgk gs o;Ld Hkax
tfeuhrqu ckgsj iMrkr o toGiklpk tk >kMkps
iku [kkrkr R;k >kMkoj clrkr o uj eknh feyu
d:u iqUgk ,dnk vkiys thou pdz lq: djrkr-
OgkbZV xzCl thou pdz iw.kZ gks.;kl ljkljh ,dw.k
122 fnol ykxrkr o o"kZ Hkjkr QDr ,dp fi<h
r;kj gksrs-
o brj 'ksr fidkapk eqGkauk [kkr vlY;keqwGs jksikaps
eqG detksj gksÅu xGrkr] iks"kd rRo u feGkyseqGs
vo’kks"k.k gksrs vkf.k eqGkaph ok< [kqaVrs o ’ksoVh eqG
detksj gksÅu ejrkr vkf.k fidkap Qkj eksB;k
fdVkps fu;a=.k dj.ks vfr vko';d vkgs-
OgkbZV xzClyk fu;af=r dj.;kl brj
dhVd is{kk Qkjp dfB.k dhV vkgs- ,dy i/nrh
fu;af=r us gk dhV vkVksD;kr ;sr ukgh- ,dkfRed
dhV fu;a=.k i/nrh (Integrated Pest Management)
us ;k dhVkyk fu;af=r d: ’kdrk ;srs- T;k e/;s
jklk;fud dhVduk’kd vkf.k dkgh dod] ijthoh]
thok.kw] fo"kk.kw o deh gs izeq[k vkgsr-
vk/kh csMkoj ika<jh vGhpk izknqHkZko
fnlY;koj csMk e/;s dhVduk'kdkpka okij dj.;kr
;sr gksrk o gkp ,d Ik;kZ; gksrk i.k uarj la'kks/kukus
vls dMwu vkys dh] o;Ld Hkaxkyk jklk;fud
dhVduk’kdk }kjs vkVksD;kr vk.krk ;srs-
eksuksdksVkWQkl (0.05%) fdaok MkbeksFkks,V (0.1%) ph
Qokj.kh Hkax T;k o`{kkps iku [kkrkr R;k o{kkoj
Qokjys dh jk=h Hkax ikus [kkrkr o [kkyh iMwu
ejrkr- ou jksiokfVdk fdaok 'ksrkph tehu [kqi [kky
Ik;Zr ukaxj.kh o c[kj.kh d:u [kkyph ekrh oj
;sbZy R;kp cjkscj OgkbZV xzClyk i.k oj ;srkr vGh
[kk.kkjs i{kh ;kyk [kkrkr fdaok vGhyk ekrhpk
¼jkWdsy½ rsykr VkdY;koj rs ejrkr o vGhph la[;k
vkVksD;kr jkgrs- ou jksiokfVdkps csM r;kj djrs
osGh 10 VDds QksjsV (10% Phorate) vkf.k fefFky
ikWjkfFk;ku (Methyl Parathion) @ 250g/ bed (12m x
1.25 m) g;k dhVduk’kdkaps feJ.k felGwu ?kkos
R;keqGs OgkbZV xzClykpk izknqHkkZo gks.;kph ’kD;rk
deh vlrs fdaok vGhpk izknqHkkZo gksr ukgh-
1 oujksiokfVdk e/kys csM 3 xGwu iMysys lkX;kps jksi
2 ika<jh vGh us [kkYYksys lkX;kps jksi 4 lh vkdkjkph ika<jh vGh
Position, experience and activities in respect to seed health
Naseer Mohammad, Hari Om Saxena and Tresa Hamalton
Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur
The International Seed Testing
held in Cambridge, United Kingdom, with the
aim to develop and publish standard
procedures in the field of seed testing.
Currently its membership consists of
about 176 member laboratories, 48 personal
members and 22 associate members, from 74
countries around the world. ISTA is
inextricably linked with the history of seed
testing. With member laboratories in over 70
countries worldwide, ISTA membership is
truly a global network. ISTA is independent
and acts free from economic interest and
political influence; it is unbiased, objective
and fair. Furthermore, the hitherto
unsurpassed expertise of ISTA is based on the
non-profit, cooperation of the international
community of approximately 400
scientists and analysts.
ISTA is committed to developing,
adopting and publishing standard procedures
for sampling and testing seeds, and promoting
uniform application of these procedures for
evaluation of seeds moving in international
trade.
MISSION
and testing, accrediting laboratories,
promoting research and providing
international seed analysis certificates,
seed science and technology to facilitate seed
trading nationally and internationally.
OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSOCIATION
to develop, adopt and publish standard
procedures for sampling and testing seeds,
and to promote uniform application of these
procedures for evaluation of seeds moving in
international trade.
are actively to promote research in all areas
of seed science and technology, including
sampling, testing, storing, processing, and
conferences and training courses aimed at
furthering these objectives, and to establish
and maintain liaison with other organizations
having common or related interests in seed.
WHAT DOES ISTA DO?
achievements and services provided are
briefly the following:
Testing, guaranteeing worldwide
including Accreditation Standard,
Seed Lot Certificates by officially
independent ISTA accredited and
publishing and information in all areas of
seed science and technology and
cooperation with related organizations
others.
1. Provides the basis for ensuring the trade
of quality seed by developing standard
seed testing methods.
cooperation between seed scientists
opportunity for publishing and
4. Guarantees worldwide harmonized,
Accreditation, Proficiency Test and
development programmes for furthering
analysts around the world.
industry.
about 210 personal members and 162
member laboratories, of which 95
laboratories are ISTA accredited. The
membership is a collaboration of seed
scientists and seed analysts from universities,
research centers and governmental, private
and company seed testing laboratories
around the world. ISTA values and promotes
political influence.
Member Laboratories, Personal Members,
Associate and Corporate Members.
involved in seed testing, science and
technology who supports the Association and
its objectives and is admitted by the
Association.
engaged in the science and practice of seed
testing or in the technical control of such
activities.
Personal Member, but who supports the
Association and its objectives, and is admitted
by the Association.
and acts as donor, providing sponsorship to
the Association.
has a goal of uniformity in seed testing. Seed
testing methods should be reliable and
reproducible among member laboratories.
Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA Rules). Before
being accepted into the ISTA Rules, most test
methods have gone through collaborative
study among laboratories to ensure that the
test procedure gives reliable and reproducible
results in accordance with the given
specifications of the test method. However, in
the past, ISTA has not always had a consistent
system for the introduction of seed test
methods into the ISTA Rules, the process
varying depending on which of ISTA's
Technical Committees put forward the Rules
Proposal. This problem was first addressed by
the ISTA Seed Health Committee, who in 2000
produced their 'Handbook of Method
Validation for the Detection of Seed-Borne
Pathogens'. In 2002, the ISTA Executive
Committee decided that method validation
should apply to all seed quality testing, not
just tests for seed health.
ISTA ACCREDITATION
Guide 2:1996).
verify if a seed testing laboratory is technically
competent to carry out seed testing
procedures in accordance with the 'ISTA
International Rules for Seed Testing'.
Accredited laboratories must show that they
run a quality assurance system fulfilling the
requirements of the ISTA Accreditation
Standard. The laboratories accredited by ISTA
are authorized to issue ISTA Seed Lot and
Sample Certificates.
Seed Lot Certificates, the issuing laboratory
assures that the sampling and testing has
been carried out in accordance with the ISTA
Rules. Methods of the ISTA Rules have been
validated, internationally harmonized and
Accredited laboratories are
they continuously abide by the ISTA
accreditation requirements. According to the
testing capabilities, accredited laboratories
suspension of the accreditation.
…for the seed seller?
their seed tested have to be sure that the
results produced are reliable and reflect the
true quality of the seed to be sold. These
results are influenced by many factors, such
as competence of analysts, use of appropriate
equipment, use of validated methods,
accurate recording and reporting, etc.
… for the seed buyer?
seed of high quality. This is to be proofed
through testing the seed lots' quality in a seed
testing laboratory. Test reports, e.g. ISTA
Certificates issued by accredited laboratories
provide the seed buyer with confidence that
the results on the test report correspond to
the quality of the seed lot. To realise the
quality of the purchased seed is lower than
expected is costly and sometimes even too
late to do something about it.
… for the laboratory?
formal recognition that it is technically
competent to test seed using the ISTA
methods and producing reliable results.
Through the independent technical evaluation
of a laboratory's performance, the laboratory
receives assurance that its work is performed
correctly and appropriately. During the on-
site assessment, various aspects of the
laboratory's work is looked at, improvement
potential and non-conformities are identified.
As accreditation is becoming more and more
accepted by authorities, customers and
stakeholder to be an efficient tool to evaluate
a laboratory's testing performance,
scope of accreditation will be published on
the ISTA web site for access to customers.
Accredited laboratories are authorised to
issue ISTA Certificates needed by seed
producers to ship seed into various countries.
MANAGEMENT OF THE ASSOCIATION
Executive Committee, comprising of a
President, 1st and 2nd Vice President, and 8
members-at-large. All Executive Committee
Secretariat, based in Switzerland. This is lead
by the Secretary General and 8 staff
members.
seed testing. The Technical Committees are
made up of approximately 200 energetic
members, many of which are active in more
than one committee. Each committee is
headed by a chair and vice chair. ISTA
Technical Committees include Bulking and
Sampling, Flower Seed Testing, Forest Tree
and Shrub Seed, Germination, Moisture,
Nomenclature, Seed Health, Purity, Rules,
Statistics, Seed Storage, Tetrazolium, Variety,
Vigour and the GMO Task Force.
REFERENCE: http://www.seedtest.org
Vªsi&Vªh fo/kh }kjk lky Nsnd dk izca/ku
vkuUn dqekj nkl] jke Hktu flag] MkW- ,u- dqyd.khZ ,oa MkW- ,u- jk;pkS/kjh
ou dhV izHkkx] m".kdfVca/kh; ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] tcyiqj
lky Nsnd dk izca/ku
dk y{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij fxurh djuk] lky Nsnd
dhV dh rhozrk] {kfr ,oa fLFkfr dk vuqeku tkuus ds
fy, mi;qDr gksrk gsA ;g fxurh tuojh & Qjojh
esa muds y{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA xzflr
lHkh d{kksa esa izR;sd izHkkfor o`{k dks ekxZnf'kZdk ds
vuqlkj Js.khokj fpfUgr djuk] th-ch-,p- uksV djuk
rFkk LFky dh th-ih-,l- jhfMax Hkh uksV fd;k tkuk
vko';d gSA pwafd lky cksjj dh mifLFkfr ik;h x;h
gS vr% Js.kh&1 ls Js.kh&3 rd ds izHkkfor o`{kksa dks
lky ou {ks= ls gVk dj 4&5 fd0eh0 nwj
LFkkukUrfjr dj nsuk pkfg,A rFkk cps gq, vU;
Js.kh;ksa ds o`{kksa ds izca/ku gsrq Vsªi&Vªh vkijs’ku fd;k
tkuk vR;Ur vko’;d gSA
Vsªi&Vªh vkijs’ku
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1- izHkkfor LFky ij yxHkx 1 Vªsi&Vªh izfr gsDVs;j
dh nj ls izFke ckfj'k ds ckn ls gh Vªsi&Vªh
dh dk;Zokgh fd;k tkuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA
2- Vªsi yxkus ds fy, o"kkZ _rq ds izkjEHk ds lkFk
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fd la[;k vf/kd gks dk p;u fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
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Vs<+s es<+s lky o{k tks vkfFkZd nf"B ls de
mi;ksxh gks ,sls o`{kksa dk p;u djuk pkfg,A
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'kk[kk dh Nky <hyh iM+ tkuk pkfg,A
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j[kk tkuk pkfg, rFkk mls lky o{k ds iRrksa
ls vPNh rjg ls <d fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
7- vxys fnu lqcg lw;ksZn; ds igys Vªsi 'kk[kk dk
fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
8- chVy lky dh xa/k ls vkdf"kZr gksdj jl ihus
gsrq 'kk[kkvksa esa cSBrs gSa bu chVyksa dks lko/kkuh
iwoZd idM+dj u"V dj nsuk pkfg,A
9- idM+s x;s chVyksa dks bUlsfDVlkbM ds ?kksy]
feV~Vh ds rsy esa Mwcksdj vFkok lko/kkuh ls
muds flj dks rksM+dj ekj nsuk pkfg,A rFkk
muds 'kjhj dks tehu esa 2&3 QhV vUnj nck
nsuk pkfg,A
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uho iM+h vkSj ,d dksf'kdk okys vehck tho iSnk gks
x;s rks dqN uUgh dksf'kdkvksa us lkxj ty ls ckgj
fudy dj vius fy, lwjt dh jks'kuh ls Hkkstu
cukuk 'kq+: fd;kA os dksf'kdk gh fodkl dh lhf<;kW
p<dj isM+& ikS/ksak ds :Ik esa iuihA mUgksus gok] ikuh
vkSj lwjt dh jks'kuh ls Hkkstu cukuk 'kq: fd;kA
isM+&ikS/kksa vkt Hkh blh rjg vius fy, Hkkstu cuk
jgs gSA Hkkstu cukrs le; os ifRr;ksa ls izk.kok;q
vkWDlhtu ckgj fudkyrs gSSA blh vkWDlhtu esa ge
vkSj nqljs lHkh tho/kkjh lkal ysrs gSA ;s gekjh lkalksa
ds dkj[kkus gSaA
;gh crk;k x;k gS fd 50 o"kZ esa ,d isM
15]70]000 :Ik;s ewY; dk ykHk nsrk gSA dqN o"kZ igys
dydrk fo'ofo|ky; ds MkW Vh ,e nkl us isMksa ds
HkkSfrd ykHk dk fglkc yxk;k vkSj dgk fd isM+
vius 50 o"kZ ds thou dky es de ls de 15]70]000
:Ik;s ewY; dh lsok;as iznku djrk gSA blesa ydMh
vkSj Qy] Qwyksa dh dher 'kfey ugh dh x;hA 50
o"kZ esa ,d isM+ djhc 25 yk[k :Ik;s ewY; dh
vkWDlhtu 25 yk[k :Ik;s ewY; dh Hkwfe dh
moZjk'kfDr vkSj 5 yk[k :Ik;s ewY; ds cjkcj iznq"k.k
dk fu;a=.k djrk gSA blds vykok o"kkZ djkus] ueh
jksdus] Ik'kq&if{k;ksa dks vkJ; nsus vkSj [kk| izksVhu ds
fuekZ.k esa Hkh ;ksxnku djrk gSA vuqeku yxk;k x;k
gS fd ,d isM+ ,d o"kZ esa vkSlru ,d Vu vkWDlhtu
iSnk djrk gS vkSj nks cPpkas ds fy, Ik;kZIr izksVhu
cukrk gSA
vuqla/kku laLFkku us Hkh vkfFkZd nf"V ls isM+ksa dk
eqY;kadu fd;k gS m".k dfVca/kh; {ks+=ksa ds ,d
gsDV;j ou ls Ik;kZoj.k dh nf"V ls 1]41]00]000
:Ik;s ewY; dk ykHk feyrk gSA bl 15]70]000 :Ik;s
ewY; fglkc ls vxj fdlh cak/k ls 40000 gsDV;j ou
Hkwfe Mwcrh gS rks Ik;kZoj.k dh nf"V ls 56]000 djksM
:Ik;s dk uqdlku gksxkA bl eqY;kadu es Hkh djhc
25 yk[k :Ik;s ewY; dh ueh cuk;s j[krk gS vkSj
Hkwfe laj{k.k vkSj 20]000 :Ik;s ewY; dh Ik'kq izksVhu
dk laj{k.k djrk gS vkSj Hkwfe ds ty pdz dks
lq/kkjrk gS vkSj djhc 5 yk[k :Ik;s ewY; ds cjkcj
iznq"k.k dk fu;=.k djrk gSA Ikf{k;ks vkSj thoksa dks
yxHkx 25 yk[k :Ik;s ewY; dk vkJ; nsrk gSA
laLFkku dh jiV ds vuqlkj Ikf{k;kas vkSj vU; thoksa
dks vkJ; nsus]ok;q iznq"k.k jksdus vkSj Hkwfe iznq"k.k
jksdus vkSj Hkwfe dVko ls cpko ds vuqeku esa
?kV&c< gks ldrh gS D;ksfd budk lgh vanktk
yxkuk vklku ugh gSA
pkjksa vksj dVrs gq, isM+ksa dks ns[kdj vkt
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[kstM+yh xzke ds fcLuksbZA vkt ls 261 o"kZ igys
1]750 es tc vkSjaxtsc dk 'kklu Fkk rc tks/kiqj ds
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fcLuksb;ksa ds [kstM+yh xkWo ls [kstMh+ ds gjs o`{k
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xkao esa igqWps rks iq:"k vkSj vkSjrs gjs o`{kksa ls fyiV
x,A jktk ds vknfe;ksa us isM+ksa ds lkFk&lkFk 69
vkSjras vkSj 294 iq:"kksa dh xnZu dkV MkyhA egkjktk
dks [kcj feyh rks nkSMk vk;k vkSj isM+ksa dks dkVus ls
vius vknfe;ksa dks jksdkA mlus fcLuksbZ;ksa ds xkWoksa esa
gjs isM+kas dks dkVus vkSj oU; izkf.k;ksa ds vk[ksV ij
jksd yxk nha fcLuksbZ;ksa dk isM+kas vkSj oU; izkf.k;ksa ls
vkt Hkh ogh J+}kiw.kZ lEcU/k gSA
uhe dk ,d isasM+ gj ?kj ds ikl yxk;k
tkrk jgk gSA vkt Hkh xkWoksa esa ?kjksa esa uhe dk isM
t:j yxk;k tkrk gSA uo o"kZ dk Lokxr bldh
dM+oh ifRRk;kW vkSj ehBh feJh ls fd;k tkrk gSA uhe
dM+ok gS ysfdu bldh c;kj cgqr 'khry gksrh gSA
blesa vusd vkS"k/kh; xq.k gSA uhe iqjk gdhe gSA
blls dbZ vkS"k/kh;kW cukkbZ tkrh gSA bldh chtksa esa
ekjxkslk rsy gksrk gS tks peZ jksxksa dh vpqd vkS"k/kh;
gSA ifRRk;ksa ds /kq,a ls ePNj vkSj dhMs&edksMs+ Hkxk,
tkrs gSA ifRRk;ksa dk dk<k [kkt&[kqtyh dh nok gSA
cjxn ,d fo'kky o`{k gSA bldh gokbZ tM+s
fudydj tehu dks Nq ysrh gSA vkSj /khjs&/khjs /kjrh
ds Hkhrj tkdj cjxn ds fo'kky o`{k dks lgkjk nsrh
gSA bl tVk&/kkjh o`{k dks f'ko dk :Ik ekuk x;k
gSA cjxn dk o.kZu osnks esa Hkh fd;k x;k gSftlls
irk pyrk gS fd ;g izkphu o{k gSA cjxn ds vusd
cM+s&Ckw<s o`{k vkt Hkh lhuk rkus [kM+s gSSA dydrk ds
ouLifr m|ku esa 300 o"kZ iqjkuk oV o`{k gSaA HkpksaM+
ls 20 fdykehVj nqj ueZnk fdukjs Hkh izkphu o{k
dchj oV gSA bldk ,d vkSj izkphu o`{k vfM+;kj
enzkl esa gSA
laokjus okys euksgkjh o{k gSA lsey] oalr vkxeu dk
lans'k nsrk gSaA ;g vius eakly uakjxh&yky Qwyksa dh
NVk fc[ksj nsrk gSa <+kd ;k iyk'k Hkh uakjxh&yky
Qwyksa ls <+d tkrs gSA xehZ c<+rh gS vkSj xqyeksgj ds
yky Qwy fudy vkrs gSA izpaM xeh iM+rh gS vkSj
veyrk'k ihys >kM+&Qkuwlksa ds yky Qwy fudy
vkrs gSA o"kkZ _rq dh 'kq:okr gksrh gS vkSj >wyqgk
>qys dne ds ihys xksy Qwyksa ls <+d tkrs gSA danc
ds ou dHkh d`".k dh yhykLFkyh Fkh A
lnkcgkj v'kksd Hkh ifo= ekuk x;k gSA
blds fcuk dksbZ m|ku iw.kZ ugh tkrk ;g csgn lqanj
o`{k gSA blds Qwy igys uakjxh jax ds gksrs gS] fQj
yky gks tkrs gSA
lky 3]5 Vu iznqf"kr ok;q dks lks[kdj 2Vu
vkWDlhtu gesa nsrs gSA vkS|ksfxd fo"k vuqla/kku dsUnz]
y[kuÅ ds MkW ,e ds csx ds vuqlkj vxj dkj[kkuksa
vkSj feyksa ds vklikl uhe] ihiy vkSj xqyj yxk;s
tk, rks lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM dh fo"kSyh ek=k dks
de fd;k tk ldrk gS blls dkj[kkuksa vkSj feyksa
dh vklikl dh gok 'kq+++} gksxhA dks;yk] isVªksy vkfn
ds tyus ls ;g xSl dkWQh ek=k esa fudyrh gS tks
LokF; ds fy, [krjukd gS mUgksus vius iz;ksx uhe]
lsey]cjxn]xwyj]ihiy]vke]ve:n vkSj beyh ij
fd,A
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pkjksa vksj eksVj&dkjksa ykmMLihdjksa vkSj rjg& rjg
dk 'kksj yxkrkj c<+rk gh tk jgk gS oSKkfudksa dk
dguk gS fd vxj ;gh gkyr jgh rks ge eas ls
;wfuoflZVh ds oSKkfud ekxjsV fofy;El] dho
,Vucjksa vkSj czsMQksM ;wfuoflZVh ds tsusV cqDl us
irk yxk;k gS fd isM+ ges 'kksj ls cpk ldrs
gSAblds ?kjksa ,ao vklikl isMksa dh dsoy ,d drkj
ds ctk; isMksa vkSj >kfM+;ksa dh dbZ drkjs yxkuh
pkfg,A pkSM+h ifRr;ksa okys o`{k 'kksj dks vf/kd jksdrs
gS bl rjg isM 'kksj ds [krjs ls cpk,axs vkSj lkal
ysus ds fy, 'kq) gok Hkh nsxsA
isM+&ikS/kksa us /kjrh ij 40 djksM+ o"kZ igys
dne j[ks tcfd vkneh dqy ,d yk[k o"kZ igys
vkneh cukA bu ,d yk[k o"kkZsa esa gh mlusa bl xzg
ds okrkoj.k dks bruk fcxkM+ fn;k gS fd Loa; fouka'k
ds dxkj ij tk [kM+k gqvk gSA gesa fxaxks vkSj cjxn
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rjg ubZ ih<+h lfn;ksa rd iuirh jgsA blds fy,
gesa isM+ksa ls I;kj djuk gksxk vkSj iz—fr ls NsM+NkM+
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Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur
Aristolochia indica
known as Indian-birthwort in English, Hukka
bel in Hindi, Sampsun in Marathi, Isvaramuli in
Tamil and Esvaraveru in Telugu. The family
Aristolochiaceae is a group of flowering plants
that has attractive leaves and flowers. The
offbeat colors and patterns of leaves and
flowers make them one of the most desired
plants for plant collectors and gardeners.
The genus Aristolochia is
long tube, often curved, enclosing stamens
and gynoecium completely. It produces a
pungent odour to attract flies/butterflies
which pollinate them. Aristolochia indica has
simple alternate, short petioled leaves; the
leaf blade is ovate or somewhat wedge
shaped. The young leaves are light purplish.
The fruit is a capsule, roundish or oblong and
hexagonal, 2-4 cm long and slightly less broad,
with shallow grooves and six valves,
containing triangular seeds. The young roots
are light brown and rarely smooth, while the
older ones are comparitively rough due to the
development of cork, lenticels and the
presence of scars of rootlets.
The plant is reputed for its medicinal
importance since ancient times. It is used in
Ayurvedic formulations to treat cough,
leprosy, ulcers, indigestion, fever,
prohibits the use of any formulation of the
species during pregnancy, as it may cause
abortion.
almost all provinces of India, Srilanka and
Nepal. The common swallow tail butterfly lays
eggs on the vines of Aristolochia and the
caterpillar feeds on the leaves. Most of the
swallow tail caterpillars in the tribe Troidini
feed on Aristolochiales foliage. It is also
considered critical for survival of common
birdwing and southern birdwing butterflies.
Due to habitat fragmentation and biotic
pressure the population of the species is
declining, this may also affect the population
of the associated butterflies. Conservation
efforts are required to restore the populations
of this species.
They are common in urban gardens and
forest. One cannot miss their songs; the bird
is a delight to ears as well as eyes. The male
has black upperparts, head and throat and
characteristic white shoulder patch. Under
part and the sides of the tail are white.
Juveniles have slaty brown upper part and
head.
branches or foraging in leaf litter on the
ground with cocked tails. They are most active
late at dusk. Males sing loudly from the top of
trees or other high perches during breeding
season, which last from March to July. The
display involves puffing up the feathers, rising
of bill, fanning of tail during courtship. They
use elements of other birds call in their songs.
The diet of Magpie robins includes mainly
insects and other small invertebrates. They
are reputed as insectivorous, but
occassionally they consume flower nectar,
geckos, leeches, centipedes and even fish.
The species is considered least
concerned globally. They have few avian
predators. However, several pathogens and
parasites have been reported from the
species. Magpie robins were preferred as
cage birds for their singing abilites in the past.
In some parts of Southeast Asia they continue
to be part of pet trade. The species is also the
National bird of Bangladesh.
lc i<s+sa lc c<+sa] budks “h gSa Kku
lgkjk feysxk blh lksp dks] ou laKku ds rRok/kku

Van Sangyan: March, 2014

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Transcript of Van Sangyan: March, 2014