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Values

Some facts

Characteristic of an object

Attribute possessed by an individual and

thought desirable Values provide standard of competence and

morality

Are fewer in number than attitudes

Transcend specific object, situation or person Relatively permanent and resistant to change

Central to the core of a person

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Similarities of values and attitudes

1. Both influence cognitive process and

behaviour

2. Both are learned and are acquired from

the same source

3.They are enduring and resistant to change 4. They have reciprocal influences

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Differences of values and attitudes

1. Values represent judgement of what oughtto be, Attitude is a predisposition to act

2. Values represent single belief that guidesactions and judgements across objects andsituations, attitudes represent several beliefs

focused on a specific object or situation 3.values are derived from social and cultural

mores, attitudes are personal experiences.

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Definition Kluckhohn et al (1950) A value is a conception, explicit orimplicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of thedesirable which influences the selection from available modes, meansand ends of action.

Here they emphasize the affective (desirable), cognitive ( conception)and conative (selection) elements as essential to the concept of value

Rokeach (1973) Values represent basic conviction that a specific mode ofconduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable toan opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence.

Chakraborty (1987) Values are the manner in which an individual tendsto make judgment or choices both about goals and means at differentstages of ones life, in different facets of it, as are deemed to lead to the

happiness of oneself and society Values can be of various types like: Societal values, Cross cultural values,

Organizational values Personal values, and Work values.

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Societal values

The Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck Framework

1. Relationship to the environment

2. Time orientation 3. Nature of people

4. Activity orientation

5. Focus of responsibility 6. Concept of space

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The Chakraborty (1991)framework

Respect for individuals, cooperation and trust,

purification of mind, top quality products and

services, work as worship, containment of

greed, ethical moral boundaries, self discipline

and restraint, need to give, renunciation,

detachment

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Prakash (1982) Values in Indian society Karta,

Relationships,Proximity to power, security,

simple living and high thinking, survival

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Socio-cultural Values, Sinha & Sinha (1974)

Lack of commitment: Wide gap between what one promise andwhat one actually does.

Lack of team orientation: Preference to work alone rather than towork in a group.

Preference for personalized relationship: Maintaining a strongrelationship with own people and distancing from others.

Dependence proneness: Tendency to lean for advice, support,guidance and help and protection from supervisors in a situationwhich does not warrant such leanings.

Aram: Rest and relaxation without doing any hard work.

Showing-off: To show off oneself greater than actual in order toprove superiority over others.

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Cross Cultural values Schwartzs Value system

1a)Openness to change- self direction,stimulation

1b)Conservation- conformity,security,tradition

2a)Self enhancement-achievement, power

2b)Self transcendence- benevolence, universalism

Hofstedes Classification

1.Individualism and Collectivism

2. Power distance

3.Uncertainty avoidance

4. Achievement vs nurturing orientation

5.Long term vs short term orientation

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Organizational values

Organizational values are core values which are principlesthat guide a companys actions and practices

Woodcock and Dave (1989) (a)power, elitism and reward

(b) effectiveness, efficiency and economy (c ) fairness, teamwork, law and order (d) defence, competitiveness,opportunism Peters and Waterman(1982) (a)Superiorquality and service (b) being the best (c ) importance ofpeople as individuals, (d) importance of details inexecution, (e)importance of informality (f) importance ofprofit orientation and goal accomplishment

Allport and Vernon(1961) Theoretical,Economic,Aesthetic,Social, Political,Religious

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Organizational Values Suar and Khuntia (2005)

Organizational leadership

Organizations reputation

Employee welfare

Organizational leadership

Organizations reputation

Employee welfare

Budget stability

Organizational growth

Profit maximization

Product quality

Customer service

Quality in personnel

Cost consideration

Participative management

Obedience to organizational rules

Maintenance of physical work conditions

Protection of the surrounding environment

Reward for employees worthy contribution

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Tolerance for diversity

Service to the general public

Development of the community

Innovation

Honesty Sincerity

Transparency

Organizational values (Mukhopadhyay, 2006)

work as worship

social welfare

equality

openness

honesty

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Personal value system Rokeachs

Terminal values 1. A comfortable life 2. An exciting life 3. A sense ofaccomplishment 4. A world at peace 5. A world of beauty 6.Equality7.family Security 8.Freedom 9.Happiness 10.Inner harmony 11.maturelove 12. National security 13. Pleasure 14.Salvation.15.Self respect16.Social recognition.17.True friendship. 18.Wisdom.

Instrumental values 1.Ambitious 2.Broadminded3Capable.4.Cheerful.5.Clean 6.Forgiving 7.Honest 8.Imaginative9.Independent 10.Intellectual 11. Logical. 12. Loving 13.Obedient14.Polite 15.Responsible 16.Self controlled 17. Courageous 18. Helpful

Work Values Super (1968) 45 Items 15 Values

Altruism

Aesthetics

Creativity

Intellectual Stimulation

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Independence

Achievement

Prestige

Management

Economic Returns Security

Surroundings

Supervisory Relations

Associates Variety

Way of life

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