Value of Poultry Manure Nutrients for Crop Production of Poultry Manure Nutrients for Crop...
Transcript of Value of Poultry Manure Nutrients for Crop Production of Poultry Manure Nutrients for Crop...
Value of Poultry Manure Nutrients for Crop Production
Antonio Mallarino and John SawyerDepartment of Agronomy
Nutrients for Crop Production
• Corn almost always needs N.• P and K are needed for low-testing
soils and to maintain optimum levels.• Manure can be used to supply N, P,
K, and other nutrients. It may also improve physical soil properties by supplying organic matter.
• But excessive or badly applied manure can impair water quality.
Issues for Manure Nutrients Use
• Nutrient concentration variability.• N-P-K ratios and crop needs.• Manure nutrient availability shortly
after application.• Expensive storage and handling,
difficulties for uniform application.• Soil-test variability in manured fields.• Producer's doubts about its value.• State/federal regulations for its use.
N & P Concentration of Solid Manures
0
20
40
60
80
Swinegrowfinish
Dairy &Beef
Layers Broilers Turkey
N
P205
Table Values in Pm 1811
A. Rieck-Heinz
Poultry Manure Nutrients
• No organic K, all soluble inorganic.• Variable proportion of inorganic and
organic N, P, and S. Organic forms must be mineralized to be absorbed.
• Mineralization rates vary with the handling and application methods, climate, and field conditions.
• Nutrient availability immediately after application is difficult to predict.
Ammonium - Organic N in Manures
0 20 40 60 80 100
Swine PitSwine Lagoon
Beef Feedlot
Liquid BeefComposted
Poultry
% Distribution
Ammonium Organic
Manure Nitrogen Availability
• Guidelines for 1st-year N availability compared with fertilizer (Pm 1811):- beef and dairy: 30 to 40%- poultry: 65%- swine: 100%
• N volatilization:- incorporation within 24 hrs 0.95- incorporation after 24 hrs 0.80- no incorporation at all 0.70
Phosphorus in Animal Manures
• 40 to 95% inorganic P, simple to complex compounds, highest values are for liquid swine manure.
• Phytase enzyme feeding may reduce total P by 25 to 35%.
• P water solubility varies a lot but isn’t a good index of availability.
• Iowa: 60% availability in low-testing soils and 100% for maintenance.
Poultry Manure Nutrients Utilization Project
Antonio MallarinoJohn SawyerDaniel KaiserDorivar Ruiz-DiazDavid WittryBrett AllenMazhar HaqDaniel Barker
18 producers' fields2004, 2005, and 200614 countiesLayers, turkeys, broilers
Poultry Manure Field Resehararch
Manure strips 01 2
Reps 1 2 3
2 20 0 11
3 manure rates applied to strips using farmer's or applicator's equipment.
4 N fertilizer rates and 4 P fertilizer rates to small plots. Uniform K rate and N or P rates as appropriate across P or N small plots.
Measured manure nutrients, early corn growth, grain, and soil-test values after harvest.
Manure Total N ConcentrationM
anur
e N
itrog
en (l
b N
/ to
n)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120PM 1811Tested Values
Layers TurkeyBroilers
Range
Manure Total P ConcentrationM
anur
e P
(lb P
2O5
/ ton
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120 PM 1811Tested Values
Layers TurkeyBroilers
Range
Poultry Manure Nutrient Variation
Poultry Manure Sample Analyses (As-Is Basis)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Average Site Analysis (lb N, P2O5, or K2O/ton)
Indi
vidu
al S
ampl
e D
iffer
ence
Fro
m S
ite
Ave
rage
(lb/
ton)
Total-NTotal-PTotal-K
All Site AverageN: 63 lb N/tonP: 63 lb P2O5/tonK: 41 lb K2O/ton(18 sites, 108 samples)
Corn Response to Poultry Manure 7 to 68 bu/acre Response. Average 41 bu/acre
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Cor
n Yi
eld
(bu/
acre
)
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
2004 20062005
No manure Low manureHigh manure
Yields and Manure or Fertilizer NAverages Across All Responsive Sites
N Fertilizer Rate (lb N/acre)0 50 100 150
Yie
ld R
espo
nse
(bu/
acre
)
0
20
40
60
80
No manure
Manure high
Manure low
Low : 111 lb N/acre (44-172)High: 225 lb N/acre (104-336)
Average Manure-N Rates
High Uniform P and K Rates Applied
Canopy Greenness with SPAD MeterAverages Across All Responsive Sites
N Fertilizer Rate (lb N/acre)0 50 100 150
Can
opy
Gre
enne
ss R
eadi
ng
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
No manure
Manure high
Manure low
Low : 111 lb N/acre (44-172)High: 225 lb N/acre (104-336)
Average Manure-N Rates
High Uniform P and K Rates Applied
Late Spring Soil Nitrate Test
Soil Nitrate-N (ppm)0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Cor
n Y
ield
Res
pons
e (b
u/ac
re)
0
20
40
60
80
100
No manure
High manure rateLow manure rate
A good test only to tell whenwhen no extra N is needed
Poultry Manure N and Timing
Holmes and Rueber, ISU
Cor
n G
rain
Yie
ld (b
u/ac
re)
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
Control
82 lb Manure N
Winter
135 lb NSpring Urea
Spring
164 lb Manure N
Winter
Spring
Egg Layers ManureNorthern Research Farm3-year Averages
Recent Research: Poultry Manure N
• The N availability compared with fertilizer N is on average 50 to 60%.
• N volatilization:- Incorp. within 24 hrs 0.95 - 0.99- Delayed or no incorp. 0.70 - 0.80
• Long-term manure application increases soil organic matter and may increase N mineralization rates and N supply for crops.
Soil P Buildup After HarvestAverage Buildup: Low Rate = 14 ppm High Rate = 30 ppm
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Soil
P B
uild
up (p
pm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2004 20062005
Low manure rate High manure rate
Low : 136 lb P2
O5
/acre (90-198)
High: 258 lb P2
O5
/acre (168-346)
Low: 2.0 ton/acre (1.5-2.3)
High: 3.8 ton/acre (2.4-4.6)
Poultry Manure as a P SourceAverage Across Fields with Yield Response to Fertilizer or Manure P
P Fertilizer Rate (lb P2O5/acre)0 50 100 150
Cor
n Yi
eld
Res
pons
e (b
u/ac
re)
0
5
10
15
20
25
No Manure
Low Manure
High Manure
Low : 136 lb P2O5/acre (90-198)High: 258 lb P2O5/acre (168-346)
Manure and Manure-P Rates
Low: 2.0 ton/acre (1.5-2.3)High: 3.8 ton/acre (2.4-4.6)
Uniform N and K Fertilizer Applied
a
aa
aa
a
b
c
bb
Poultry Manure P and Early GrowthAverages Across All Fields
P Fertilizer Rate (lb P2O5/acre)0 50 100 150
Cor
n Ea
rly G
row
th (g
/pla
nt)
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
4.4
No Manure
Low Manure
High Manure
Summary: Poultry Manure P
• The P availability is higher than we thought: is 90 to 100%.
• Uncertainty on poultry manure P availability isn't as important as for N because much P is applied even by applying ½ of the N needed by corn.
• Major issues with poultry manure P are soil P buildup and uniformity of application for wet manures.
Manure N-P Ratios and Crop Needs
• N-based manure application often results in soil P build-up over time.
• Corn-soybean rotation:- Dairy & beef: small or no P buildup- Swine: small or no P buildup, may
be short of P when phytase is used.- Poultry: large P buildup, larger for
egg layers, less with phytase.• Corn after corn: very large buildup.
Egg layers manure assuming 35 lb of N and80 lb of P205 / ton:
Needs N-Based AppliedCrop N P205 Manure P205
180 bu Corn 150 lb 68 lb 4.3 ton 344 lb
60 bu Beans 0 lb 48 lb none 0 lb
Total: 116 lb 344 lb
Total P by applying just 1/2 of N need (75 lb) 172 lb
N-Based Egg Layers ManureCorn-Soybean Rotation P Need and Applied P
Large P build up, enough for 3 years
Egg layers manure assuming 35 lb of N and50 lb of K20 / ton:
Needs N-Based AppliedCrop N K20 Manure K20
180 bu Corn 150 lb 54 lb 4.3 ton 215 lb
60 bu Beans 0 lb 90 lb none 0 lb
Total: 144 lb 215 lb
Total K by applying just 1/2 of N need (75 lb) 107 lb
N-Based Egg Layers ManureCorn & Soybean K Needs and Applied K
Insufficient K (75%) for the rotation
Maximizing Manure N Use Efficiency
• Use manure analysis but be aware of high variability.
• Mineralize the most of organic N:- fall application allows more time but puts
inorganic nitrate-N at greater risk of loss
• Minimize ammonium volatilization:- immediate incorporation into the soil
• In-season tests for additional N:- late-spring soil nitrate and emerging tools
such as aerial photos and sensors.
Maximizing Manure P & K Use
• Use manure and soil analyses but be aware of high variability.
• Full N-based poultry manure rates apply excess P and K (for 2 or 3 crops), look at P Index over time.
• Phytase feeding reduces manure P. Good to balance nutrient content and allows for higher manure application rates and more use of manure N.
Nutrient Availability in Practice
• Manures are heterogeneous materials often difficult to handle.- high nutrient variability, difficult
application of uniform rates, high soil-test variability in manured soils
• These factors introduce much more uncertainty than for fertilizers and may reduce the usually assumed efficiency of manure nutrients.