Value of Medicines PPT FINAL(1)
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Transcript of Value of Medicines PPT FINAL(1)
Introduction“Drugs already developed have brought tremendous benefits: preventing hospitalizations, eliminating surgeries, or getting a patient out of an institution. And even more important are the benefits of these medicines in terms of saved lives, reduced suffering, and more productive and fulfilling lives.”1
—Scott Gottlieb, M.D., Deputy Commissioner for Medical and Scientific Affairs, Food and Drug Administration, March 2006
1 Introduction
Introduction
As the U.S. population grows and ages, health care needs are expanding. • Diseases that affect the elderly are increasingly prevalent. • Health care spending is quickly rising.
Prescription medicines improve health and health care finances by• saving lives• helping avert surgeries and trips to the ER• preventing disability• improving quality of life
The context: growing population, aging Baby Boomers, and growing prevalence of chronic disease.
Changing Demographics of the U.S. Population, 2000–2100
Data source: U.S. Census Bureau2
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Po
pu
latio
n (i
n T
ho
usa
nd
s)
65 Years and Older
85 Years and Older
4
Projected Alzheimer’s Disease Prevalence,* 2000–2100
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Nu
mb
er o
f C
ases
(in
Th
ou
san
ds)
Data sources: U.S. Census Bureau2; Hebert et al.3
*PhRMA projections calculated by applying current prevalence rates to population projections.
5
Ages 85 and OverAges 75–84
Ages 65–74
5.76
17.7
30.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1980 2000 2030
U.S
. Pre
va
len
ce
(in
Mill
ion
s)
Prevalence of Diabetes Is Projected to Nearly Double 2000–2030
Data sources: Wild et al.4; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention5
Chronic Diseases Projected to Become More Prevalent
6
$0
$200,000
$400,000
$600,000
$800,000
$1,000,000
$1,200,000
$1,400,000
$1,600,000
$1,800,000
$2,000,000
'65 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '04
Do
llars
(in
Mill
ion
s)
Note: Total health care expenditures for 2004 were $1.9 trillion.
* Now revised to Structures and Equipment** Now revised to Government Public Health Activities
Data source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Office of the Actuary6
Research and Construction*
Personal Medical Equipment and Nonprescription Drugs
Nursing Home and Home Health Care
Net Cost of Private Health Insurance, Administrative Costs, and Public Health Programs**
Hospital Care
Prescription Drugs
Doctors, Dentists, and Other Professional Services
Health Care Costs: 1965–2004
7
Extending Life
“They can mean an extra three months or five months or a year—another Christmas with the family, another season to plant agarden, another passage in the life of a child.” 7
—Donna St. George on new targeted cancer therapies, The Washington Post
2 Extending Life
• Since the new HIV/AIDS drugs of the mid-1990s, the U.S. death rate from AIDS dropped about 70%.9
• Since 1971, our arsenal of cancer medicines has tripled. These new drugs account for 50–60% of the increase in six-year cancer survival rates since 1975.10
• Advances in heart disease and stroke medicines save over 1 million U.S. lives each year.12
Extending Life
New medicines play a significant role in the life expectancy gains made in the United States and around the world.
Research indicates that new medicines generated 40% of the two-year gain in life expectancy achieved in 52 countries between 1986 and 2000.8
U.S. Life Expectancy Continues to Climb
70.1
71.8
74.3 74.5
77.6
78.879.7 79.9
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
1979–81 1989–91 2000 2002
Lif
e E
xpec
tan
cy (
in Y
ears
)Men Women
“[O]ver the last century, the value of gains in life expectancy seen in the U.S. is greater than the total value of all the measured growth in our economic output. New drugs are no small part of this medical miracle.”
— Mark B. McClellan, M.D., Ph.D., September 200313
Data source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics14
10
New Medicines Increase Longevity
0.120.23
0.30
0.570.45
0.76
0.56
1.07
0.62
1.37
0.70
1.65
0.79
1.96
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5N
um
be
r o
f Y
ea
rs I
nc
rea
se
d L
on
ge
vit
y
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Increase in Longevity Due toNew Drug Launches
Total Increase in Longevity
They Account for 40% of Increase in Life Expectancy
Data source: Lichtenberg8
11
U.S. AIDS Deaths Drop Dramatically with Introduction of New Medicines
16.2
5.3 4.9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1995 1999 2002
Dea
ths
Per
100
,000
Peo
ple
(HAART treatment approved)
Data source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics14
12
Medicines Prevent Cancer Recurrence
New Breast Cancer Drug Greatly Reduces Recurrence and Death (5 to 10 Years After Diagnosis in Postmenopausal Women)
Pe
rce
nt
of
Pa
tie
nts
Pro
jec
ted
Ov
er
4 Y
ea
rs
Pe
rce
nt
of
Pa
tie
nts
Breast Cancer Recurrence or Death Deaths Due to Breast Cancer
Death Rate Almost Halved
Note: Study halted early in order to provide the drug to all participants.
Data source: Goss et al.15
13
Increased Use of Medicines Reduces Risk of Death After Major Cardiovascular Events
-23%
-19%
-21%-20%
-25%
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
Heart Failure Coronary HeartDisease
Heart Attack Coronary ArteryBypass Graft
Disease Management Program Increased Use of Medicines
Data source: Lappé et al.16
Red
uct
ion
in
Ris
kO
ne
Yea
r A
fter
Pro
gra
m S
tart
14
Newer Drugs Reduce Risk of Death
Patients Taking Medicines Approved More Recently Are Less Likely to Die
4.4%
3.6%
3.0%
2.5%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
Pre-1970 1970s 1980s 1990s
Approval Date of Drugs Consumed
Data source: Lichtenberg17
15
Pro
ba
bil
ity
of
De
ath
Du
rin
g2
00
0–
20
02
Better Quality of Care for Elderly Patients Increases SurvivalIn This Study, Quality Care Often Included Appropriate Use of Medicines
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
0 200 400 600 800 1,000
Days
Nu
mb
er o
f S
ub
ject
s W
ho
Hav
e S
urv
ived
Low Quality Score (<Median)
High Quality Score
After 500 days, the patients were 36% less likely to die if they had care that rated 10% higher
Data source: Higashi et al.18
16
New Drug Increases Brain Cancer Survival RateTemozolomide Is the First New Drug in over 30 Years to Treat Glioblastoma, a Severe Form of Brain Cancer
12.1
14.6
0 5 10 15
Median Survival (in Months)
Radiation Alone
Temozolomideplus Radiation
Data source: Stupp et al.19
17
Preventing the Need for Care:Hospital, Emergency, andLong-Term Care “The share of drugs in future medical spending is likely to increasesharply. But even without full cures, drugs that greatly delay theonset and severity of major diseases will reduce expensive andunproductive time spent in hospitals, nursing homes, and under thecare of family members.” 20
—Gary S. Becker, Ph.D., University of Chicago Professor and 1992 Nobel Laureate
3 Preventing the NeedFor Care
• Between 1980 – 2000, the number of days Americans spent in the hospital fell 56%. Americans avoided 206 million hospital days in 2000.21
• A new Alzheimer’s drug slows the progression of cognitive decline and delays nursing home entry by 30 months.22
Preventing the Need for Care
Innovative new medicines make it possible to prevent or slow the progress of many diseases and avoid costly hospitalization and invasive surgery.
Antihypertensive Medicines Have Prevented Deaths and HospitalizationsStudy Quantified Impact of High Blood Pressure Drugs on the U.S. Population 1999–2000
Life Expectancy — MEN 0.5 Years Lower
Life Expectancy — WOMEN 0.4 Years Lower
Blood Pressure 10%–13% Higher
Deaths 86,000 Additional
Hospitalizations 833,000 Additional
WITHOUT Antihypertensives We Would Have Seen:
Data source: Long et al.23
20
New Drugs Reduce Visits to Hospital and ER
Asthma Management Program Improves Outcomes for Children with Asthma
85%
35%
55%
30%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Pe
rce
nt
of
Pa
tie
nts
ER Visits Hospitalizations
Before Program
After Program
Data source: Munzenberger and Vinuya24
21
Medicines Allow Patients to Remain Independent LongerNew Alzheimer’s Medicine Delays Need for Costly Nursing Home Care
(<5 mg/day, <8 Weeks Treatment) (>5 mg/day, >36 Weeks Treatment)
Data source: Provenzano et al.22
22
Av
era
ge
Nu
mb
er
of
Mo
nth
s U
nti
lN
urs
ing
Ho
me
Pla
ce
me
nt
New Drug for Crohn’s Disease Reduces Need for Health Care Services
-11%
-18%
-66%
-16%
-43%
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%P
erc
en
tag
e D
ecre
ase w
ith
Use o
f D
rug
HospitalAdmissions
GastrointestinalSurgeries
ER Visits OutpatientVisits
Endoscopy
Surgeries and ER Visits Reduced
Data source: Rubenstein et al.25
23
AIDS Hospitalizations Dropped
With Introduction of New Medicines in 1996
(HAART began being widely used)
Prevalence rose due to decreased mortality
Hospital admissions fell by one-third
Data source: Hellinger26
24
Hepatitis A Incidence Falls to Historic Lows with Increased Use of Vaccine
Drop in Incidence
States Not Routinely Vaccinating Children
53%
States Routinely Vaccinating Children
88%
Overall 76%
In 1999, It Was Recommended That Children in 17 States with Higher Than Average Hepatitis A Incidence be Vaccinated Routinely
Data source: Wasley, Samandari, and Bell27
25
Improving Patients’ Health and Quality of Life“New drugs allow children with rheumatoid arthritis to walk andto go to school. New drugs shrink cancerous tumors and they controlthe advance of HIV. They prevent or halt heart disease, slow theprogression of multiple sclerosis, and cure infectious diseases.” 13
—Mark B. McClellan, M.D., Ph.D., Then-FDA Commissioner,September 2003
4 Improving QoL
Improving Quality of Life
New medicines make life better for patients.
• New cancer therapies improve treatment for patients: • Fewer side effects—they do not kill healthy cells• More convenient—generally pills rather than intravenous (IV) drugs
• A recent study of inner-city children with asthma enrolled in a disease management program (that included appropriate medications) experienced significant quality of life improvements.24
Disability Rates Declining for Seniors, 1982–1999
26.2%
24.4%
22.5%
19.7%
18%
21%
24%
27%
1982 1989 1994 1999
Pe
rce
nt
Dis
ab
led
(O
ve
r A
ge
65
)
This 25% drop is attributed in part to investment in new medical technologies, such as medicines
Data sources: Manton and Gu28; MEDTAP International, Inc.21
28
Quality of Life and Life Expectancy Improve with Increased Spending on PharmaceuticalsStudy Shows DALE* Increase with 10% Increase in Pharmaceutical Spending Across 21 Countries
62
51
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Increase in Days (Women) Increase in Days (Men)
Mean Increase for Adults over Age 60 in 21 OECD** Countries*Disability-Adjusted Life Expectancy**Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Data source: Miller and Frech29
29
Dis
ab
ilit
y-A
dju
ste
d L
ife
Ex
pe
cta
nc
y(D
AL
E)
(in
Da
ys
) In
cre
as
e w
ith
10
% I
nc
rea
se
In D
rug
Sp
en
din
g
New Drug for Multiple Sclerosis Produces Significantly Better Results for Patients
25%
8%
67%
40%
64%
43%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Pe
rce
nt
of
Pa
tie
nts
Worsening Disability Admitted to Hospital Relapse DuringStudy Period
PlaceboDrug
Data source: Hartung et al.30
30
Medicines Help Prevent Disability Due to Arthritis
23%
11%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Pe
rce
nt
Ha
vin
g A
dv
an
ce
d D
isa
bili
tyA
fte
r 5
4 W
ee
ks
of
Tre
atm
en
t
Older Drug Older Drug + Newer Drug
Data source: Wong et al.31
Rheumatoid Arthritis Drug Treatment Reduces Chance of Advanced Disability
31
New Medicine Improves Quality of Life (QoL) for Patients with Schizophrenia
1.7
4.9
15.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18M
ea
n Q
oL
Sc
ore
ov
er
24
We
ek
s(B
as
ed
on
Sta
nd
ard
Qo
L S
ca
le)
Placebo Older Drug Newer Drug
Schizophrenia Patients Treated with New Drug Report Significantly Better QoL Than Patients Receiving Older Drug
Data source: Hamilton et al.32
32
Medicines Reduce Complications of Diabetes
42%
55%52%
59%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%P
erc
en
t o
f P
ati
en
ts
Lipid Disorders Essential Hypertension
TreatedUntreated
Diabetes Patients Treated with Medicines Are Less Likely to Develop Other Health Problems
Data source: PharMetrics33
33
Controlling Health Care Costs“High-price new drugs may be the cheapest weapon we have in our ongoing struggle against rising overall medical expenses.”34
—J.D. Kleinke, Medical Economist and Author, Chairman, Health Strategies Network
5 Controlling Health Care Costs
Controlling Health Care Costs
• For every dollar spent on newer medicines in place of older medicines, total health care spending is reduced by $6.17.35
• Every additional dollar spent on health care in the United States over the past 20 years has produced health gains worth $2.40 to $3.00.21
• Heart failure patients who receive betablocker therapy had treatment costs $3,959 lower than those of patients who did not take these medicines.36
New medicines help patients lead longer, better lives and control overall health care spending.
Using Newer Medicines Results in Savings of $111 per Treated Condition
$18
-$129
-$111
-$140
-$120
-$100
-$80
-$60
-$40
-$20
$0
$20
$40C
os
t P
er
Tre
ate
d C
on
dit
ion
Extra Cost of NewDrugs
Non-drug Medical CostsSavings
Overall Health CareSavings
Data source: Lichtenberg35
Net Savings of $111
36
Drugs Help Control Hospital and Ambulatory Costs
-$2,329
-$3,614
$430 $522
-$52
-$5,044
-$6,000
-$5,000
-$4,000
-$3,000
-$2,000
-$1,000
$0
$1,000
Ch
an
ge
in A
nn
ua
l Co
sts
pe
r P
ati
en
t
AmbulatorySavings
HospitalSavings
Drug Costs NursingHome Care
Costs
Other Savings
Total HealthCare Savings
Patients with Bipolar Disorder Who Consistently Took Mood Stabilizers Had Reduced Health Care Costs
Note: Data may not sum to total due to rounding.Data source: Li, McCombs, and Stimmel37
37
Greater Adherence to Medicines Decreases Total Health Care Spending
To
tal
Me
dic
al
Sp
en
din
gDiabetes: Drug Adherence and Total Medical Spending
To
tal
Me
dic
al
Sp
en
din
g
Estimated return on investment (ROI) for 20% increased adherence to diabetes medicines: $1 on medicines = $7.10 in savings
High Cholesterol: Drug Adherence and Total Medical Spending
Estimated ROI for 20% increased adherence to cholesterol medicines: $1 on medicines = $5.10 in savings
Adherence (%) Adherence (%)
38
Note: Adherence is the extent to which patients take medicines as prescribed, in terms of dose and duration.Data source: Sokol et al.38
Patients Taking Medicines for Heart Failure Incur Lower Health Care Costs
$52,999
$49,040
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
To
tal T
rea
tme
nt
Co
st
Patients Not Taking Beta-Blockers Patients Taking Beta-Blockers
Beta-Blockers Reduce Total Treatment Costs for Heart Failure by $3,959
Data source: Cowper et al.36
39
Medicines Produce Valuable Health Gains for Heart Attack Patients
$1.00
$38.44
$1.00
As high as $9.44
$1.00 $1.10
$0
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
$35
$40
$45
Va
lue
Beta-Blockers Statins in All HeartAttack Survivors
Overall Treatment ofHeart Attack
Medicines Only
Data source: MEDTAP International, Inc.21
40
Spending
Value of Health Gainsfor Every Dollar Spent
Increased Use of Medicines Reduces Overall Health Care CostsMental Health/Substance Abuse (MH/SA) Spending per Patient Fell as Drug Spending Increased, 1992–1999
Data source: Mark and Coffey39
$42.70
$55.20
$17.10
$24.10
$25.30
$45.60
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
Sp
en
din
g p
er
Co
ve
red
Lif
e p
er
Ye
ar
1992 1999
41
Psychotropic Drug SpendingInpatient MH/SA SpendingOther MH/SA Spending
Disease Management Program Increases Use of Diabetes Medicines and Reduces Total Health Spending
$6,096
$488
$666
$3,596
$889
$724
$3,492
$1,440
$894
$3,283
$1,572
$1,027
$2,815
$1,409
$1,170
$1,584
$1,702
$1,393
$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
$8,000M
ea
n C
os
t p
er
Pa
tie
nt
pe
r Y
ea
r(i
n 2
00
1 U
.S. D
olla
rs)
Baseline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
Follow-Up (12-Month Intervals Following Baseline)
Data source: Cranor, Bunting, and Christensen40
42
Other PrescriptionsDiabetes PrescriptionsInsurance Claims
Heart Failure Disease Management (DM) Program Reduces Hospitalizations and Overall Costs
Ho
sp
ita
liza
tio
ns
pe
r 1
,00
0 P
ati
en
ts
Hospitalizations Down 19% with DM Program
Do
lla
rs p
er
Me
mb
er/
pe
r M
on
th
Overall Spending Down 28% with DM Spending
Total Expendituresper Member/per Month
Drug Expenditures
Data source: Clarke and Nash41
43
Strengthening the Economy“Over the last half century, improvements in health have been as valuable as all other sources of economic growth combined.”42
—Kevin Murphy, Ph.D., and Robert Topel, Ph.D., University of Chicago economists
6 Strengthening the Economy
Strengthening the Economy
• 50% of migraine patients receiving a drug injection returned to work within two hours, compared to only 9% of workers who received a placebo.43
• Allergy patients receiving non-sedating antihistamines are more productive than those receiving sedating antihistamines.44
• Better use of available depression care would allow employers to recover up to 8.8 million absentee days per year.45
Continued discovery of new medicines helps strengthen the U.S. economy because workers can go back to their jobs sooner and are more productive when they are at work.
Medicines Improve Productivity and Save Employers Money
$43.78
-$435.00
-$500
-$400
-$300
-$200
-$100
$0
$100
Monthly Drug Costs per EmployeeTreated
Monthly Employee Savings perEmployee Treated
New Migraine Medicine Produces Productivity Savings That Far Outweigh Drug Costs
Data source: Legg et al.46
Monthly Costs
Monthly Savings
10 : 1 Benefits : Costs
46
Better Treatment for Depression Saves Employers Money
Per
cen
t o
f M
axim
um
Pro
du
ctiv
ity
in P
ast
Tw
o W
eeks
Productivity of Consistently Employed Subjects
Ho
urs
Wo
rk L
ost
in
Pas
t M
on
th
Productivity increases worth $1,982 to employers per depressed employee each year
Absenteeism of Consistently Employed Subjects
Absenteeism reductions save employers $619 per depressed employee each year
Data source: Rost, Smith, and Dickinson47
MonthsMonthsUsual CareEnhanced Care
47
New Medicines for Arthritis Improve Functioning and Productivity
35%
20%
-2%
22%
15%
3%
18%
14%
0.5%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Pe
rce
nt
of
Pa
tie
nts
Improvement inReported Disability
Improvement inReported Physical
Functioning
Improvement in WorkProductivity
Patients Receiving Newer Drug
Patients Receiving Older Drug
Patients Receiving Placebo
Data source: Strand et al.48
48
More Effective Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease Could Save Billions
$112$112
$184 $184$155
$216$156
$261
$183
$332
$235
$443
$314
$593
$416
$778
$553
$980
$653
$1,167
$0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
Pro
jec
ted
Sp
en
din
g (
in B
illi
on
s)
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Projection with Treatment Investment
Current Projection (without TreatmentInvestment)
Combined Medicare and Medicaid Savings from Effective Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Data source: The Lewin Group49
49
Then & Now50
“Drugs, both prescribed and over-the-counter, are an increasingly important component of health care. New drugs, and new uses for older drugs, are improving health outcomes and quality of life, curing some conditions, preventing or delaying disease, and hastening recovery.”51
—National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2004, with Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans
7 Then and Now
Then and Now
It’s easy to forget, but not very long ago the treatments we might today take for granted hadn’t yet been developed. Perhaps there weren’t any medicines at all for the disease, or those that did exist weren’t very effective or had serious side effects. The contrast between treatments of yesteryear and today highlights how far we have come, as well as the importance of continued innovation.
Leukemia
If you had been diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in 1999, chances were that you would not be alive today. Just 3 out of 10 patients survived for even five years. In the meantime, you had two daunting treatment options: a high-risk bone marrow transplant or daily injections of interferon, the side effects of which have been compared to “having a bad case of the flu every day of your life.”
You can take a daily pill that has a good chance of driving your cancer into remission—normalizing your blood count with few, if any, side effects. The new medicine targets CML on a molecular level, so it affects only the enzyme responsible for the disease. The tremendous effectiveness and precision of the approach is heralded as the “wave of the future.”
Then Now
HIV/AIDS
If you were diagnosed with AIDS in 1990, you might expect to live for only 26 months. During that time, you would be likely to contract a number of opportunistic infections that would make your remaining days unpleasant and painful. The only treatment available had to be taken every four hours—around the clock—and had serious side effects.
Thanks to the approval in 1995 of protease inhibitors—and further advancements in new medicines and combination therapies in the decade since—the AIDS death rate in the U.S. has fallen by 70 percent. If diagnosed today, a range of treatment options (including different combinations of drugs) might be able to keep you symptom-free for years to come.
Then Now
52
Schizophrenia
Between the 1950s and the 1980s, the antipsychotic medications available to treat schizophrenia—a devastating mental illness affecting approximately 1 percent of the population—were a double-edged sword. On the one hand, they helped control symptoms like hallucinations and paranoid thoughts. But they also had unpleasant side effects, like muscle stiffness, tremors, and abnormal movements that grew worse over time.
Thanks to new medicines introduced in the 1990s, people living with schizophrenia can now manage their condition more effectively than ever, and with fewer side effects. These medicines—dubbed “atypical antipsychotics” to distinguish them from earlier, “typical” drugs—also help people whose schizophrenia had not previously responded to treatment, making it possible for them to leave institutionalized care, return to work, and lead more normal lives.
Then Now
High Cholesterol
Although high cholesterol was recognized as a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the 1970s, there were no good ways to reduce it. The best drug available was a grainy powder called cholestyramine. Patients mixed it with juice, but it tasted like sand—one patient said it was like drinking Miami Beach. Taking it was so unpleasant that it was prescribed for only the most severe cases.
Millions of people now control their cholesterol, and reduce their risk of heart disease, by swallowing a small pill just once a day. A new class of medicines, statins, was introduced in 1987 and offers a safe and effective way to lower cholesterol. One NIH official, Dr. Claude Lenfant, even said that if all patients took statins according to guidelines, heart disease would no longer be the No. 1 killer.
Then Now
53
Alzheimer’s Disease
If you or a loved one started exhibiting symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease 12 years ago, there were no medicines for you to take. All you could do was hope—that your decline into dementia would be slow, that your memory and independence would last as long as possible, that someone would come up with an effective treatment.
There are three different classes of medication available to help treat the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and even slow its progression. If you were diagnosed today, you could take an active role in treating your illness, retaining mental functions and independence for longer. More innovations are needed, but the rapid progress of the past two decades has made a difference in the lives of families nationwide.
Then Now
Ulcers
Thirty-five years ago, treating an ulcer meant painful surgery that brought with it the risk of life-threatening infection and more ulcers in the future. Along with surgery, doctors often recommended weeks of bed rest, a mild fatty diet including boiled milk, and increased tobacco use, in an effort to stop the suspected culprits: a stressful lifestyle and spicy food. But none of these remedies made much difference to ulcer sufferers.
In the late 1970s, new medicines were developed to heal the lining in the stomach or duodenum, making it possible for the first time to treat ulcers effectively without surgery. With the discovery that the bacterium H. pylori causes the vast majority of ulcers in 1982, doctors are now able to treat ulcers both quickly and permanently by targeting the real root of the problem—bacteria.
Then Now
54
Organ Transplant
In the 1950s and early 1960s, patients needing an organ transplant were in a tragic bind. Transplants were surgically possible, but the body’s immune response rapidly rejected organs donated by unrelated individuals. People either died or led greatly diminished lives.
Thanks to anti-rejection medicines that were developed in the 1960s and 1980s, tens of thousands of Americans have received transplants of a wide variety of organs and are able to prolong their lives, regain their health, and maintain their independence.
Then Now
55
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