Value and Value System in Education – EDUC 212

Andres O. Magallanes Jr., Ph.D.

What are values?

In social science research, “the term ‘values’ has been used variously to refer to interests, pleasures, likes, preferences, duties, moral obligations, desires, wants, goals, needs, aversions and attractions, and many other kinds of selective orientations” (Williams, 1979, p. 16).

• Rokeach (1973) “A value is an enduring belief that a specific

mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence” (p. 5).

Schwartz (1994)A value is “a belief pertaining to desirable end states or modes of conduct that transcends specific situations; guides selection or evaluation of behavior, people, and events; and is ordered by the importance relative to other values to form a system of value priorities” (p. 20).

Kluckhohn (1951)A value is “a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual, or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means, and ends of action” (p. 395)

Guth & Tagiuri (1965)“A value can be viewed as a conception, explicit or implicit, of what an individual or a group regards as desirable, and in terms of which he or they select, from among alternative available modes, the means and ends of action” (pp. 124-125).

Hutcheon (1972)“…values are not the same as ideals, norms, desired objects, or espoused beliefs about the 'good', but are, instead, operating criteria for action…” (p. 184).

Braithwaite & Blamey (1998)“Values…are principles for action encompassing abstract goals in life and modes of conduct that an individual or a collective considers preferable across contexts and situations” (p. 364)

Friedman, Kahn, & Borning (2006)“A value refers to what a person or group of people consider important in life” (p.349).

• Max Scheler as cited by Dy

Values are objects of our intentional feeling.

Values are essentially qualities and should not mistaken as goods.

Values generate an ought-to-be and an ought- to-do.

Values are experienced… in the dialogic relationship of the human being as a

person. Values call for a free response from the

person. Values are not created but discovered by

the person in involvement with the world

The person is the unity of diverse acts:

• The act of reflectionThe act of making oneself the object of one’s thinking.

• The act of ideation or abstractionAn act of deriving an essence from

existence.• The act of loving

Hierarchy of values

• Sensory Values – the values of pleasant and unpleasant, technical values, and luxury values.

• The values of Civilization – the vital values of noble and vulgar,

• Spiritual Values - the values of justice/ injustice; truth/ falsehood; beauty / ugliness

• The values of the holy/unholy

Reflections

What is man?

• A being of the world• A being in the world• A Paradox

• Social Norms• Social Interactions

• Economic Wellness• Rationality• Spirituality

• Time • Heredity• Environment

Unique Individual Body

Mind Spirit

Purpose Mission

Social

Values flow on how we see the nature of man

Elements The call (Ought-to-be; Ought-to-do)

Unique Individual Makatao ; Respectful to the Individuality of persons – Respect of person’s uniqueness

Body, Mind and Spirit Matulungin – helpful to the physiological needs of people; Makatarungan, Makatotohanan – provision of right information; Makadios –respect of the faith of other persons

Purpose, Mission Maunawain, May intigridad, May Paninindigan, Mapagmahal, Maypananaw

Social Makabayan, makatao,