Particle Size Determination and Raman Spectroscopic Evaluation of a Semi-solid Vaginal Dosage Form
Vaginal Cytology Evaluation
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Transcript of Vaginal Cytology Evaluation
Vaginal Cytology Evaluation
Clinical Pathology
Vaginal Cytology Indications
Examine exfoliated cells from the vagina Vaginal epithelium is ovarian hormonal
influenced- stages estrus for optimum breeding time. Knowledge of the onset of vaginal discharge Character of the discharge Degree of vulvar swelling Attitude of female towards male dog
Also useful in detecting inflammation and neoplasia of the genital tract.
Vaginal Cytology Technique
May or may not want to use a speculum (laryngoscope may work as well).
Carefully part labiaDirect swab craniodorsallySwab the vaginal wallAvoid the vestibule and clitorial fossa,
superficial cells may alter resultsRoll on glass slide, let dry and stain (Diff-
Quik)
http://www.vetmed.lsu.edu/eilts/Multimediafiles/Sound/Video/Canine%20Cytology.mpg
Vaginal Epithelial Cell Types
Basal Cells (may not be seen)
Parabasal Cells
Intermediate Cells
Superficial Cells
Parabasal Cells
Small round cells with round nuclei and small amount of cytoplasm
Uniform in size and shape
Intermediate Cells
May be small or largeRound nuclei, nucleus similar in size as
parabasal cellsEntire cell approximately twice the size of
parabasal cellsCytoplasm becomes angular, irregular and
folded as cell enlarges
Superficial Cells
Largest epithelial cellAs they age and degenerate, the nuclei
becomes small, pyknotic and fades.Cytoplasm may contain vacuoles with age
Superficial Cells Continued
Cornification is the degeneration processSuperficial cells are commonly called
cornified cellsOnce nucleus is lost become Anuclear
cells
Staging the Canine Estrus Cycle
Stages of Estrus Proestrus Estrus Diestrus Anestrus
Proestrus
Bitch has a swollen vulva, reddish vulvar discharge
Will not accept the male during this time Duration is 9 days (with possibility of 2-15) Parabasal cells and intermediate cells gradually
decrease in number as the cycle nears estrus Superficial cells appear by 2-3 day and increase
in number over time Erythrocytes are numerous and gradually
decline Neutrophils are also present and decline
Early Proestrus
Parabasal and intermediate cells predominate
As proestrus progresses, parabasal cells disappear as superficial cells increase.
Late Proestrus
White Blood cells decrease in number
Large intermediate and superficial cells predominate
No parabasal cells or small intermediate cells
Red blood cells or present or absent
Bacteria is often present
Estrus
Lasts an average of 9 daysFemale accepts maleVulvar discharge is less bloodyVulva is softerSometimes bloody discharge may
continue through estrus
Estrus
Superficial cells predominate (90%)May become cornifiedNO WBC’S EXCEPT AT LAST 1-2 DAYS
OF ESTRUS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Variable RBC’sLarge numbers of bacteria
Estrus-Hormonal Events
Serum progesterone increases above anestrus range
Progesterone rise begins when LH peaksOvulation occurs 2 days after LH peakEggs take an additional 2-3 days to
matureFertile period is 4-7 days after LH peakNow do blood tests to check for LH peak
Diestrus
Abrupt decrease in superficial cells Increase in parabasal cells and intermediate
cells Many WBC’s, then decrease in late diestrus Variable RBC’s Occurs average 8 days after LH peak Lasts about 2 months Progesterone peaks 15-30 days post estrus,
then declines
Anestrus
The transition period between cycles4-12 monthsParabasa and intermediate cells
predominateFew WBC’s and bacteria
Feline Vaginal Cytology
More difficult to collect Ovulation may be induced due to stimulation of
cervix during collection Similar to a dog, but develop at a faster rate.
Average estrus is 8 days, interval between estrus period is 9 days if ovulation does not occur.
Usually no vaginal or scant vaginal discharge may be seen
Usually no RBC’s are present during proestrus
Management of Breeding
Do comparison cytology during late proestrus and estrus
Breed every other day beginning on day 9Use other hormonal test kits to help stage
cycle Progesterone ELISA Assay LH Assay