Vaccinations
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Transcript of Vaccinations
SUSAN SCHOENIAN (Shāy-nē-ŭn)Sheep & Goat Specialist
Western Maryland Research & Education [email protected] – www.sheepandgoat.com
2011 Ewe and Doe Management
Webinar Series
SMALL RUMINANT PROGRAM
Jan 13 I. Late Gestation
Jan 20 II. Vaccinations
Feb 3 III. Parturition
Feb 10 IV. Neonatal Care
Feb 17 V. Lactation
Feb 24 VI. Weaning
2011 Ewe and Doe Management Webinar Series
Vaccinations
A biological substance given to stimulate the body’s production of antibodies and provide immunity against a disease.
Usually prepared from the agent that causes the disease or a synthetic substitute.
What is a vaccine?
AntigenProteins that
white blood cells recognize and produce antibodies against.
Stimulates the immune system to develop antibodies to the antigens.
Characteristics of antigens are stored in memory cells which rapidly produce antibodies if that type of antigen is recognized.
Vaccine = antigen(s) + adjuvant
Adjuvant
How do vaccines work?
Blood flow (with white blood cells) to
injection site
Tissue reaction at injection site
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
From Understanding Vaccination Programs (timing is everything) by Joe Rook, DVM http://old.cvm.msu.edu/extension/Rook/ROOKpdf/Vacsbmlt.PDF
PROPHYLACTIC
To prevent disease
Examples: clostridial diseases, (certain) abortions, rabies, bacteria pneumonia
To treat or control disease
Examples: antitoxins, soremouth, caseous lymphadenitis, footrot
Two reasons to use vaccines
THERAPEUTIC
Prepared from dead microorganisms.
Examples: clostridial diseases, abortion, footrot, caseous lymphadenitis, rabies
Uses live bacteria or viruses to stimulate immunity.
Example: soremouth
Uses weakened bacteria or viruses to stimulate immunity
Example: bacterial pneumonia
Produced from disease-causing organisms isolated from sick animals.
Examples: caseous lymphadenitis, soremouth, mastitis
Vaccine types
3) MODIFIED LIVE
2) LIVE
1) KILLED
4) AUTOGENOUS
1) TOXOID
Delayed immunityLong-term immunityMultiple shots
2 shots during initial course, at least 10 days apart
Annual or semi-annual boostersProphylactic (prevent)
Examples: clostridial disease, CL, abortion, rabies, bacterial pneumonia, footrot
Immediate immunityShort-term immunityOne shotTherapeutic or prophylactic
Example: clostridial diseases
Two kinds of vaccines
2) ANTITOXIN
1. Clostridial diseases
2. Soremouth
3. Abortion
4. Caseous lymphadenitis
5. Footrot
6. Bacterial pneumonia
7. Rabies
8. Autogenous
9. Other
10. Future
What can you vaccinate sheep and goats for?
Enterotoxemias1) Type A (bloody gut)2) Type B (dysentery)3) Type C (hemorrhagic enteritis,
bloody scours)4) Type D (pulpy kidney disease,
“classic” overeating)5) Type E (enteritis)
Cl. Tetani (tetanus)
Cl. Septicum (malignant edema)
Cl. Novyi (black disease)
Cl. Haemolyticum (red water)
Cl. chauvoei (blackleg
Cl. Botolinum (botulism)
Clostridial diseasesClostridia are anaerobic bacteria that occur widely in nature
Overeating diseaseType C affects lambs and
kids under one month of ageType D (classic overeating)
affects lambs and kids over one month of age
Affects sheep and goats at any age.
Higher risk at time of docking, castrating, and disbudding, especially if rubber rings are used.
Overeating disease and tetanus (CD-T) The only universally recommended vaccine for sheep and goats
Tetanus
Image source: National Animal Disease Information Service (NADIS) - UK
Vaccinate ewes and does with CT-D toxoid 4 to 6 weeks prior to lambing and kidding.
Why? Provide active immunity to ewes and
does. Elevate immunity in colostrum
Transfer immunity to offspring via colostrum.
But… Females that have never been
vaccinated will require two doses of vaccine (4 weeks apart) prior to parturition, e.g. 4 and 8 weeks prior to parturition.
Do not vaccinate within 14 days of parturition.
Immunity may not last as long in goats.
Recommended CD-T vaccination protocol for ewes and does
Don’t
forget to
vaccinate
bucks,
rams,
and
wethers.
Vaccinate lambs and kids with the CD-T toxoid when they are approximately 6-8 and 10-12 weeks of age.
Why? Passive immunity from colostrum
begins to decline after 4 weeks and is completely gone by the time the lambs and kids are 12 to 16 weeks of age.
Earlier vaccinations (< 4 weeks) may not be as effective. Immature immune systems of
lambs and kids. Interference of maternal
antibodies.
Recommended vaccination protocol for lambs and kids
From Understanding Vaccination Programs (timing is everything) by Joe Rook, DVM http://old.cvm.msu.edu/extension/Rook/ROOKpdf/Vacsbmlt.PDF
A pre-lambing/kidding vaccination is the only way to provide protection from type C overeating.
Give tetanus anti-toxin at the time of docking, castrating, and/or disbudding.
Vaccinate lambs and kids from unvaccinated dams when they are approximately 4 and 8 weeks of age.
Antitoxins can be given in the event of a disease outbreak.
What if the dam wasn’t vaccinated(or the lamb or kid didn’t consume any (or enough) colostrum)?
What about the 7 or 8-way clostridial vaccines? (e.g. Covexin-8)
Use if your flock or herd is at high risk for clostridial diseases contained in the multi-strain vaccines.
Probably not necessary on most farms.
Same protocol as CD-T5 ml injection
2. Soremouth
3. Abortiona) Chlamydia spp. (Enzootic)b) Campylobacter spp. (Vibrio)
4. Caseous lymphadenitis (CL)
5. Footrot
6. Bacterial pneumonia
7. Rabies
8. Other
9. Future
What else can you vaccinate sheep and goats for?
Vaccinate only if the disease (virus) is already present on your farm or your animals are at high risk. You show, exhibit, or consign You buy and sell You loan and borrow
Topical application. Administer to scarified, hairless, protected
area.
Safe for pregnant females Don’t vaccinate near flank Some colostral immunity conferred
Vaccinate kid or lamb crop Vaccinate at least 6 weeks before show
LIVE VACCINE! Be careful. Wear disposable gloves. Is contagious to people.
Soremouth (contagious ecthyma, orf)
Vaccinate only if there is a history of footrot on the farm.
Vaccines do not cover all strains of footrot.
Won’t completely eliminate footrot
Reduces the incidence and severity of footrot.
Vaccinate prior to exposure periods (wet periods)
Abscesses are common at injection sites.
Footrot
Vaccinate only if flock or herd has a confirmed history of CL.
Reduces incidence and severity of disease.
Can be given in combination with clostridial vaccines.
Not approved or recommended for use in goats due to side effects. Must develop autogenous
vaccine.
Caseous lymphadenitis (CL)
When to vaccinate After abortion outbreak or
diagnosis of causative agent. If risk of abortion is high
Purchased ewes Open flock Maiden ewes
Given before breeding; repeat vaccination.
No vaccine (in U.S.) for toxoplasmosis; no approved vaccine for salmonella.
AbortionChlamydia spp. and Campylobacter spp.
Consider vaccination if flock or herd experiences high losses due to pneumonia and the cause of pneumonia is bacterial (not environmental).
1) Pasteurella (pneumonia)
2) Nasalgen®Parainfluenza 3 (PI3)
Questionable efficacy
Bacterial pneumonia
If required or risk is high
Public access to animalsFairs, shows, and festivalsAgro-tourism
Petting farmPublic grazing
Risk managementLivestock have contact with
wildlifePeople have a lot of
contact with livestockHigh value animals or pets
Rabies
Epididymitis Not recommended
Not effective Interferes with testing
Bluetongue Not all serotypes Not commonly given
Anthrax Not commonly given
Foot-and-mouth disease Not given in FMD-free countries U.S. has vaccine bank
Johne’s disease Not available in U.S.
Autogenous Examples: CL, soremouth, mastitis
Other vaccines
RoundwormsDeveloped in UKTrials currently underway
in AustraliaLargest grant every to be
award for animal health in the EU
Meningeal wormAt one point, was being
investigated (for camelids)
Future vaccines
DO’S Always follow directions on label.
Most vaccines are subcutaneous injections.
Use clean needles and syringes Clean needle for each animal Change every 15 to 20 animals
when using an automatic vaccination tool.
Use ½ or ¾ inch 18 to 20 gauge needles.
Use a different needle for drawing vaccine out of bottle.
Vaccination do’s and don’t’s
Store vaccines properly.
Heat and freezing can make vaccines ineffective.
Do not allow vaccines to reach room temperature.
Observe proper withdrawal times (21 days for CD-T).
Keep epinephrine on hand in case of adverse reactions to vaccines.
Discard unused vaccine.
Record vaccine use.
Vaccination do’s and don’t’s
DO’S
DON’T’S Don’t vaccinate wet or dirty animals.
Don’t vaccinate unfit, unhealthy animals.
Don’t vaccinate pregnant females within 14 days of parturition.
Don’t vaccinate very young animals.
Don’t give vaccinations in the leg or loin areas.
Never mix vaccines.
Vaccination Do’s and Don’t’s
Axilla
Neck
Over ribs
Ten reasons for vaccine failureEven when vaccines are used properly, they are not 100 percent effective.
1. Gave wrong vaccine
2. Incorrect dose
3. Incorrect route of administration
4. Inappropriate timing
5. Vaccinating at the wrong age.
Ten reasons for vaccine failureEven when vaccines are used properly, they are not 100 percent effective.
6. Failure to complete vaccination program before field challenge occurs.
7. Improper storage of vaccine
8. Using leftover vaccine.
9. Contamination of syringes and multi-dose guns.
10. Vaccinating unfit, unhealthy animals.
WHY VACCINATE?Manage disease riskPrevent and control
diseaseDisease risk is high“Insurance” against
disease outbreakCost < Loss (long-term)
Increase value of livestock
Disease risk is lowCost > Loss (long-term) You’re not going to do it
right.
WHY NOT VACCINATE?
Vaccination cost = vaccine + labor + localized tissue damage.
Thank you for your attention. Questions?
SMALL RUMINANT PROGRAM
SUSAN SCHOENIANwww.sheepandgoat.com