V. Winter Conference of Economics PhD Students … of Abstracts.pdfV. Winter Conference of Economics...

V. Winter Conference of Economics

PhD Students and Researchers

22th of February, 2019

Szent István University

Gödöllő

Book of Abstracts

V. Winter Conference of Economics PhD Students

and Researchers

Book of Abstract

Edited by:

Bálint Horváth

András Borbély

Eszter Fodor-Borsos

Péter Földi

Amelita Kata Gódor

Zsombor Kápolnai

ISBN 978-963-269-815-1

Partners:

Szent István University, Gödöllő

A pályázat az Emberi Erőforrások Minisztériuma megbízásából az Emberi Erőforrás

Támogatáskezelő által meghirdetett Nemzeti Tehetség Program NTP-FKT-M-18-0003

kódszámú pályázati támogatásból valósult meg.

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Table of content

Role of digitization and circular economies in project management, literature review ........... 10

The role of emotional intelligence in increasing the labour productivity ................................ 11

GIS tools for regional sciences ................................................................................................. 12

Examination of spatial division methodologies in territorial researches ................................. 13

Practical environmental course for young schoolchildren - Future mushroom consumers (?) 14

Urban planning, territorial interests and their social consequences in Israel ........................... 15

The micro-economic effect of the development of multicultural human capital ..................... 16

Innovation and industrial development .................................................................................... 17

The living organism: agility on the horizon of the corporate’s competitiveness ..................... 18

Distribution in the competition for the SME sector ................................................................. 19

Change in the value of solar energy as a potential regional asset ............................................ 20

Insertion and integration of the refugee students in Turkey ..................................................... 21

The situation of the Syrian refugee students in the Turkish higher education system ............. 22

The capacity-changes and challenges of primary healthcare ................................................... 23

Innovation and enterprise ......................................................................................................... 24

Latin-America and Europe – Trade relations in the 21st century ............................................ 25

Opening to the South Strategy – New chapter in the relations between Brazil and Hungary.. 26

Corporate strategies for climate protection .............................................................................. 27

Evaluation of the quality of public transport services .............................................................. 28

The relationship between exports and prices in the euro area .................................................. 29

The role of national convention bureaux in choosing destinations .......................................... 30

Business model innovation for circular water management .................................................... 31

The knowledge of labour market among students participating in higher education .............. 32

The perception of community economy among the people of the European Union ................ 33

Strategic challenges in intra-platform and inter-platform relations ......................................... 34

5

Marketing of health care prevention: the perspective of service providers with special focus on

addictions ................................................................................................................................. 35

Demographic challenges in Central and Eastern European Countries - first demographic

dividend in a new approach ...................................................................................................... 36

The efficiency of the European carbon quota .......................................................................... 37

On the negative effects of outsourcing ..................................................................................... 38

The searching for Hungary’s most climate vulnerable region ................................................. 39

Investigation of county-level mitigation potential in Hungary, possibilities for development 40

Proposal for implementation of a financial service for low-income earners ........................... 41

The sustainability aspects of the supply chain of Hungarian pharmaceutical companies ....... 42

Importance of Circular Economy in Europe in the context of economic growth .................... 43

Use of marketing communication channels in the food market ............................................... 44

The transformation of higher education from a territorial and talent management aspect ...... 45

How will the Industry 4.0 affect one of the most important production factors, or to say here

comes the age of Work 4.0!...................................................................................................... 46

Modeling processes in the dairy cowshed sector using the Value Stream Mapping method .. 47

Introducing Kaizen's approach to the operation of an automotive component manufacturing

organization .............................................................................................................................. 48

The characteristics of territorial development and individual engagement on the geographical

periphery ................................................................................................................................... 49

Economic catching up in the European Union from 2004 to the present ................................ 50

Customer focus in the building materials industry ................................................................... 51

The relevance of relationship between oil prices and military expenditure in geoeconomics . 52

The role of workplace health promotion in the company’s internal CSR activities ................ 53

Conception and delimitation of industrial areas in Hungary .................................................... 54

Global macroeconomic and monetary policy developments after the crisis ............................ 55

The role of similarity, fear and the lack of information in the development of individuals’

attitudes towards robot colleagues ........................................................................................... 56

6

Analysis of the creditworthiness in the SMEs in the machinery industry ............................... 57

Parental health consciousness and examination of eating preferences in reflection of childhood

obesity ...................................................................................................................................... 58

Advertisement and movies: advertisements placed in the proximity of movies and their effect

on consumers ............................................................................................................................ 59

Sharing Economy – A theoretical approach ............................................................................. 60

Examination of the cooperation between banks and FinTech startups .................................... 61

Responsible employment in the financial sector ...................................................................... 62

The role and opportunity of the V4 in the China-CEE cooperation ......................................... 63

Village development in Hungary ............................................................................................. 64

Examining gamification in tourism .......................................................................................... 65

Innovative entrepreneurship ecosystem in the framework of triple and quadruple helix: case of

Hungary .................................................................................................................................... 66

The relation between the Hungarian state treasury and the local governments ....................... 67

Characteristics of evolution of shopping communities in Hungary ......................................... 68

The influence of media, family and peers on the consumer decisions of preschool children – A

qualitative study ....................................................................................................................... 69

Student feedback on the English language International Business Economics programme of

Budapest Business School ........................................................................................................ 70

Commitment in football marketing .......................................................................................... 71

„The time is money” – Cost of delay and cost of resource limit overrun in multiproject

environment .............................................................................................................................. 72

Digital transformation in the approach of multinational consultancies ................................... 73

Where is the border – The road accessibility of the capitals of Hungary and neighbouring

countries ................................................................................................................................... 74

Analysing shopping frequency at physical stores in the digital age: A case study on Budapest

.................................................................................................................................................. 75

Competing for employees – The effect of employer branding on the workplace selection

preferences of employees ......................................................................................................... 76

7

Bankruptcy or “walk away”? ................................................................................................... 77

Examination of the indicators of Sustainable Development Strategy (EU SDS) and Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) ..................................................................................................... 78

Difficulties in measuring information and communication technology (ICT) risk in banks ... 79

Everything (everybody?) has its time? ..................................................................................... 80

Utilization of Hungarian subsidies in Vojvodina in the last three years .................................. 81

Shareholder value analysis of a Hungarian target company before and after the management

acquisition ................................................................................................................................ 82

Effects of personal competences on performance and social innovation in the public sector . 83

Process of production transfer project ...................................................................................... 84

Grouping service attributes ...................................................................................................... 85

Historical review of the audit and the main stages of its development in Hungary ................. 86

The economic growth perspectives of the increased debt ratios .............................................. 87

The effects of commodity price volatility on macroeconomic variables in developing country:

case of Tunisia .......................................................................................................................... 88

Security policy challenges in Turkey that may affect the country’s economic growth in the

future ........................................................................................................................................ 89

Online tourism marketing – Influencing customers’ willingness to book ............................... 90

The social, economic and infrastructural analysis of Pest county’s villages in the light of the

NUTS II separation .................................................................................................................. 91

The importance of artificial intelligence and robotization in social, economic and industrial

development ............................................................................................................................. 92

Athletes’ expectations regarding underwater sports goods and their adaptation into innovations

.................................................................................................................................................. 93

Investigating the impact of climatic factors on household electricity consumption in the

European Union ........................................................................................................................ 94

Survey of well-being and migration intention in Szeged ......................................................... 95

A Hungarian logistics service provider’s data transmission challenges .................................. 96

Economic transformation of Budapest in two decades after the political changes .................. 97

8

Self-confident: feeling or measurable key factor of efficiency? .............................................. 98

Changes of regional relations – Local answers, Kesztölc, case study ..................................... 99

Unethical sales practices and their effect on the corporate image among Slovakian Facebook

users ........................................................................................................................................ 100

Governmental influence at macro level on economic growth/the role of E-government,

envision beyond information revolution age .......................................................................... 101

Initial economic analysis before autosteering adaption in crop production ........................... 102

Robots as determinative factors of Industry 4.0 ..................................................................... 103

The relevance of fiscal opportunities in convergence processes ............................................ 104

The methodology of corporate capital stock and capital movements, or where does money

migrate within businesses? ..................................................................................................... 105

Position of river tourism as tourism product by – Example of the Danube ........................... 106

The interaction between territorial capital and family businesses ......................................... 107

The management of innovative investment ........................................................................... 108

Crowdfunding in practice ....................................................................................................... 109

Aspects of agricultural by-products for energy purposes utilization ..................................... 110

Examination of farm efficiency by scale categories and production targets .......................... 111

Environmental and social impacts of sharing economy enterprises ...................................... 112

The importance of personal skills and competencies in the tourism education system in Hungary

and Spain ................................................................................................................................ 113

The role of Robert Bosch Elektronika Ltd. in the training and selection of human resources to

maintain the corporate competitiveness ................................................................................. 114

Challenges for family businesses and for generational change with regard to demographic

indicators ................................................................................................................................ 115

The practice of organizational career management in Hungary............................................. 116

The impact of loyalty cards on the customer behaviour of Slovak drivers in buying fuel .... 117

The role of environmental awareness in life of young generation based on representative

primary research ..................................................................................................................... 118

9

Examining the short supply chain from the point of view of local markets and fairs based on

the example of “Budaörsi Gazdapiac” and “Egri Magyarok Vására”.................................... 119

Promotion of sports, movement at work using PR tools ........................................................ 120

Work and sport? The role, place and outcome of regular exercise in everyday life .............. 121

Econometric assessment of traders market power in the Hungarian electricity market ........ 122

The labour market situation of Cegléd city and it’s segregated areas, analysis of it’s living

conditions ............................................................................................................................... 123

Analysis of the impact of learning effect on cost-volume-profit analysis ............................. 124

Climate change and agriculture .............................................................................................. 125

Examining consumer behaviour from the vendor's eye in the laboratory market .................. 126

The measurement of audit related factors during the analysis of accounting quality ............ 127

The qualitative validation of an accounting quality measuring model .................................. 128

Opportunities of “loop closure” to capture carbon dioxide .................................................... 129

Innovation activity and barriers: Innovation conditions and experiences from the perspective of

companies in Northern Hungary ............................................................................................ 130

Examination of place attachment among American students ................................................ 131

The evaluation of the settlements near Balaton, according to the current requirements of

attaining the rank of "town" ................................................................................................... 132

Crack on the economic integration’s wall: The competitiveness and future of the EU and the

V4 countries ........................................................................................................................... 133

Measuring model of the social innovation process ................................................................ 134

Innovation today – A complex innovation approach to social and technical innovations ..... 135

Soft indicators as factors influencing institutional responses in city branding ...................... 136

The role of settlement identity in visual campaign strategy ................................................... 137

How study abroad affect development of students ................................................................ 138

10

Role of digitization and circular economies in project management,

literature review

Mehrzad Abdi Khalife

PhD student

Anna Dunay

associate professor

Szent István University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

The development in society, the evolution in technology and consequently increasing

organization’s information dependency are significant factors to rise of data variety and data

volume. On the other hand, the project is still ineffective and inefficient businesses, and project

managers cannot provide reliable services. At the same time, the current trend of project

management shows the sustainability becomes new school in this field and it grabs the

researchers’ and practitioners’ attention. The sustainability and circular economies concepts

beneficial not only the project environmental aspects but also can improve the projects’

economy. While there is a lot of research in the usage of Big Data, Text analysis and Text

mining, and Natural language processing (NLP), but there is no direction of using technology

in project field. Moreover, the environmental awareness and circular thinking in the economy

have been grown among the researches and practitioners of project management field. For these

reasons, this paper reviews the literature of sustainability as well as technological advancement

and use of big data, text analysis and natural language processing in project management. The

narrative literature study and review has been used to analyze the current situation and address

the research gap and future development in the project management field.

Keywords: project management, artificial intelligence, big data, business model innovation,

circular economy, circular value proposition

JEL code: O22

11

The role of emotional intelligence in increasing the labour productivity

Kaiyrkul Abdyrakhmanova

PhD student


E-mail: [email protected]

Emotional intelligence, commonly known as the ability to manage emotions, is studied by many

researchers, especially the issue of influence of emotional intelligence on labor efficiency, as

education, qualification and experience of an employee are not as important for an organization

leader as a specific result and moreover the success of an organization depends on high personal

effectiveness of each employee. Therefore, the main criterion for evaluating the effectiveness

of work is the performance of personnel. The greatest interest is the problem of relationship of

emotional intelligence and effectiveness of professional activity. Therefore, there is a need for

further investigation of the phenomenon of emotional intelligence, namely identification of the

most effective criterion of emotional intelligence affecting productivity improvement. The

objective of this work is study of scientific articles and identification of the effect of emotional

intelligence on labour productivity in various fields of activity. The method of analysis of

scientific and methodical literature was used. The relationship between emotional intelligence

and employee performance has been determined as a result of the work. The ability of

employees to recognize emotions, understand their intentions, motivation and desires of

colleagues, as well as the ability to manage their emotions and the emotions of others in order

to solve practical problems equally contribute to increasing labour productivity.

Keywords: emotional intelligence, labor productivity, employee performance, management.

JEL code: O15

12

GIS tools for regional sciences

György Áldorfai

PhD candidate, assistant lecturer

Szent István University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Regional

Economics and Rural Development


Geographic Information System (GIS) that brought about many changing in regard to how

experts view space has become a basic element of the toolset of spatial research. But this

required an opening from both certain scientific fields GIS itself, which resulted in the

development of not only the individual disciplines, but also GIS itself. Thanks to the use of

GIS, methods and processes previously not known have become possible to be applied in

different fields of science. GIS has been constantly evolving in order to meet the needs of an

increasingly broad variety of disciplines. This circular process continues to this day and points

to further development. Therefore, after acquiring basic GIS knowledge, it is necessary the

continuously expand knowledge on other fields as well. In the course of technological

development, the development of informatics, and GIS in particular, has opened up many new

opportunities for experts in the fields of social, economic and regional science. Not only has

there been a significant improvement in data management, but the methodology of data

management has undergone significant changes as well.

We can observe complex socio-economic processes taking place in space, and the spatial

position of a given factor (data or indicator) plays an important role in exploring these

processes, especially the thematic representations, maps created by using geographic

information systems.

Keywords: GIS, regional development, regional sciences, map

JEL code: R11

Supported by the ÚNKP-18-3 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of

Human Capacities.

13

Examination of spatial division methodologies in territorial researches

Lilla Áldorfai Czabadai

associate professor, PhD candidate

Szent István University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Regional



One of the basic questions in regional researches is what type of territorial level should we use

during the analyses of the examined issue or problem regardless from it is a national

development concept or it is a local, settlement level development strategy. The territorial

division and the typing of certain parts of the space has always played a big role in the national

regional evaluation. The different development plans determine diverse, coherent territorial

units which are belonging together along some similar character (more often these characters

are based on economic and social indicators). Besides the already existing categories regional

scientists regularly apply abstract spaces which are used for (and fit for) their own research

aims. However it could happen that the abstract space has form as a result of the research. In

my study I would like to collect all the valuable methodologies which were applied for Hungary

and which were used by regional experts in order to divide space into diverse units according

to different aspects. Within these methodologies we can find researches from several point of

view. Some of them are agriculture-oriented or based on disadvantageous status but a few of

them evaluate economic concentration or aimed to find functionality. My aim is to make

suggestion to a spatial division system which shows a realistic image about the economic and

social trends and status of Hungary in favour of developments.

Keywords: spatial division, methodology, territorial levels, development, district

JEL classification: R12, R14, R15

Supported by the ÚNKP-18-3 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry

of Human Capacities.

14

Practical environmental course for young schoolchildren - Future

mushroom consumers (?)

Bernadett Almádi

assistant lecturer

Attila Lajos

associate professor



In 2016, Bio-Fungi Production and Trading Ltd. launched the school's mushroom programme,

which aimed to give future mushroom consumers a comprehensive picture of mushroom as

food. Within this framework, schoolchildren had to take part from the first step, i.e. the

cultivation technology, up to the end of the consumer chain, that is, the consumption of

mushroom as food. In the process, the schoolchildren could learn about the nature, structure,

uses of mushroom and obtain information that might be useful to them when they become

adults, and will be able to pass it on to the next generation.

Our research focused on how the attitudes of schoolchildren who have participated in the

programme might change and on the whole, what attitudes are characteristic of this age group.

An important issue was whether they were able to place mushroom in the food consumer chain

on the basis of their existing information, and whether their attitude to mushroom consumption

changes after the one-week programme. In our research observation and questionnaires were

applied.

Keywords: healthy lifestyle, mushroom, children,

JEL code: M30

15

Urban planning, territorial interests and their social consequences in Israel

Mária Bábosik

head economic analyst, PhD student

Central Bank of Hungary, University of Pécs, Faculty of Life Sciences, Doctoral School of

Geopolitics


Urban planning has a unique role in Israel. It is due not only to its geographical characteristics,

history, and fast-growing population representing a mix of different ethnic groups, religions,

identities and ways of life but to the super sensitive Israeli – Palestinian relations. The aim of

the presentation is to give an overview of an ongoing research which focuses on how territorial

interests and geopolitics influence urban planning in Israel and what its social consequences

are. The null hypothesis of the research is, that urban planning in Israel is a key tool to achieve

territorial goals, it is strongly influenced by geopolitics and causes fundamental, irreversible

social changes. Methods to test this hypothesis are literature review, using media news, web-

pages, statistical analysis and summarizing the results of a short study tour in Israel. The

research focuses on the major political, economic, social and geographical aspects of urban

planning in Israel, analyses its legal framework and institutions, identifies the different models

of urban planning and the studies the social consequences of urban development. Results of the

research seem to justify the null hypothesis. It remains an open question though, if urban

planning in Israel can be considered as a tool of “hard” or “soft power”.

Keywords: Urban planning, urban development, territorial interests, Israel, Israeli-Palestinian

relations

JEL code: O18

16

The micro-economic effect of the development of multicultural human

capital

Katinka Bajkai-Tóth

PhD Student



In the present study I examine what micro-economic effect the behaviour, communication,

work attitude and developing possibilities of the workers with different multicultures do have

on companies. It is crucial for a company to put much emphasis on the development of human

capital which has been of higher and higher value, especially among management with high

diversity. Effective and creative cooperation of leadership enables significant progress in work

processes, which affects productivity, research and development, innovations and the increase

of economic competitiveness of the organisation.

Human capital, as one of the production factors, the quality of human resource has become a

decisive factor worth dealing with and must be considered due to its profitability in the long

run. It is important to emphasize the importance of social capital and, in particular, the role of

one factor, people's trust in the process of economic development.

Keywords: human capital, social capital, multiculturalism, diversity, trust

JEL code: D24

17

Innovation and industrial development

Norbert Bajkó

PhD student

Szent István University, Doctoral School of Management and Business Administration


Industrial development has reached 4th generation phase. Centralised and integrated systems

are operating and as a result, efficiency extension, profit maximalisation and economic source

exploitation can be reached. Companies entered global markets where some corporate

companies make greater influence than national economies. The sudden technological

development also has a negative effect on numerous industries of economies, resulting in a

complete transformation in the present sense of the labour market. As part of this

transformation, plant units using industry 4.0 typically need less lower-qualified and more truly

high-qualified workforce. The European Union contributes to nearly one third of worldwide

research and development projects. Within the EU region certain countries’ innovation-induced

development amounts to nearly 80% of their growth. From national economy point of view, it

requires huge investments in supporting research and development not only in industry but also

in other areas of state systems. For instance, education, health, infrastructure e.t.c. Due to it,

results in reassessing state systems as the need for supportive state can also be defined as the

condition of competitiveness.

Keywords: Industry 4.0, innovation, efficiency, subsidy, consumption

JEL code: O30

18

The living organism: agility on the horizon of the corporate’s

competitiveness

Katalin Balog

Human Resource Consultant, Master student

Szent István University Management Faculty of Science


The corporate competitiveness is constantly being shaped by the explosive development of

technology, globalization and hyper-competition. The volatility and the complexity cannot be

managed by traditional corporate operations. Meanwhile, the disruptive innovations are

transforming industries, and the competitiveness of their agile mode of operation can be proven.

All this call for organizational and individual changes.

The purpose of my research is to clarify the personality trait of agility and to see the difference

between aspects of agility. My hypotheses examine the coexistence of different personality

types and agile functions. Personality traits were measured with the Big5 typology

questionnaire, focusing on agility-related conscience, openness and extraversion factors. I used

a Lazarus coping questionnaire to measure the handle of problems. Some of my hypotheses

have been proved: the elements of agile organisms are more important for extraverted

individuals, and openness also shows significant correlation. On the other hand, there is no

correlation between conscience, leadership style, solving strategies, asking for help, age and

agility.

I have concluded that agility cannot be measured by the methods known so far. As a first step,

I would carry out a survey at companies who works by agile methodologies: I would first

prepare an individual in-depth interview with the lead team to reveal which mutations in agility

they work. I assume that the agility is a capability shaping in the group, so I would run a focus

group research with subordinates. Based on the behaviour and opinions expressed by the group,

a new questionnaire measuring agility could be specified.

Keywords: competitiveness, agility, personality typology, coping strategy

JEL code: MAG145

19

Distribution in the competition for the SME sector

Antal Balogh

Master student



One of the key areas in the competition for customers is the distribution, which represents the

final phase of the product delivery to the consumers. By exploiting the opportunities offered by

the current economic situation, the SME sector is competing for consumers with large, often

international, companies. The topic of the study is to draw attention to the main key of success

and competition advantages.

The study is highlighting the importance of the supply chain, through the experience of a

Hungarian trading company with outstanding performance in the field. In addition, the study

presents the specific SME activities maximizing the service level, improving the customer and

owner values (the principle of dual value creation), which requires an efficient and reliable

achievement.

Another main point of the study is to show, that the development of the traffic of the companies

must go in the same time as the development of the processes, and one step ahead of the

competitors' strategy.

As a conclusion, the role of the supply chain, and especially the role of corporate logistics, is

defined as a priority area of the whole competition process in any industry.

Keywords: Distribution, supply chain, service level, SME, competitors

JEL code: D30

20

Change in the value of solar energy as a potential regional asset

Gergő Baranyai

PhD student

Szent István University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Insitute of Regional



An important factor in the economy is scarcity (material scarcity, economic scarcity, or energy

scarcity). The economy is driven by the management of scarce resources. The scarce resources

must be managed to meet the needs of society. One of the biggest problems is energy scarcity.

This puts pressure on the countries. Decentralized energy production can be a solution to reduce

pressure. Decentralized energy production methods (such as solar panel park) reduce energy

dependency and increase self-sufficiency. Solar energy is an increasingly valuable energy

source in Hungary. Due to its physiographical potential, Hungary is in a particularly favourable

situation in terms of solar energy utilization. More and more domestic settlements recognize

this advantage and use solar energy for their own or their community's, benefit. What features

are needed to accomplish the utilization of solar energy? What are the conditions to utilize solar

energy on certain regional levels? In my study, I search for an answer to these questions and try

to highlight the main factors.

Keywords: territorial capital, decentralized energy production, regional economics, renewable

energy, solar energy

JEL code: Q2, R58, A13, Q56

21

Insertion and integration of the refugee students in Turkey

Ahmet Bariscil

PhD Candidate

Szent István University, Management and Business Administration


The positive discrimination applied for the entrance requirement and the scholarships given to

the Syrian refugee students provokes criticism. Certain Turks think that their own government

favours foreigners over them, the taxpayer citizens of the country. Sometimes It makes a

problem in Turkey. Statistically speaking, in Turkey, the insertion and integration of Syrian

refugees into the system of higher education is not very advanced. Many students even displace

because they want to pursue their studies in a peaceful environment. There is an important

geographical split with regard to the refugee students in Turkey. According to the available

data, in all other major areas where there are Syrian refugees, a much higher percentage of the

youth between 18 and 24 attend university programs. Among the internally displaced in Syria,

some 17% of the young Syrians go to university. This proportion corresponds to the level prior

to the civil war. Many students even displace because they want to pursue their studies in a

peaceful environment. This paper represent the insertion and integration of refugee students.

This paper will represent about refugee student insertion and integration in detail in Turkey.

Keywords: Syrian, insertion, integration, refugee, students

JEL code: I24

22

The situation of the Syrian refugee students in the Turkish higher

education system

Ahmet Bariscil

PhD Candidate

Szent István University, Management and Business Administration


The number of refugees residing in Turkey after the start of the civil war in Syria in 2011 is

getting higher and higher and the ongoing fierce battles are still preventing them from of

returning home. As more and more Syrians realize that they are forced to settle down in a

foreign country, they also acknowledge that for their future life and career in Turkey, they need

a proper higher education. At the same time, the Turkish government is facing a great challenge

while trying to teach the Turkish language to non-Turkic refugees and integrating them into a

changing national higher education system. The improvement of educational institutions to

accommodate the input of students with refugee background based on advancement in securing

quality in higher education in Turkey. The development of science and technology in Turkey,

as well as that of the management of individual and institutional career options, are to be

considered decisive while the topic of Syrian refugee students in Turkey.

Keywords: Turkey, Syrian, education, history

JEL code: I24

23

The capacity-changes and challenges of primary healthcare

Csaba Bálint

assistant lecturer

Szent István University, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences


The system of primary health care known today, consisting of general practitioner, family

paediatrician, dental, occupational and school health care services is the result of the

transformation process following the change of regime in Hungary. At the first level of meeting

the health care system, the general practitioner care which can be characterized by small

independent practices, head quota financing and the free choice of doctor, has kept the

characteristics of the old panel doctor system in many respects and are now only able to meet

increasing expectations and keep up with new needs and technologies in a limited way. The

ever-increasing number of vacant general practitioner districts due to the growing shortage of

professionals because of aging and emigration poses the burden of substitution to GPs in

existing practices, and, the access to healthcare is thus limited for more than half a million

people. In many cases, the practice of local governments that are required by law to organize

primary care is in contradiction with professional considerations, and the effectiveness of

internship programs and state tenders, which provide temporary filling of general practitioner

districts, may also deteriorate. In the long run, the primary care system cannot avoid

comprehensive professional and organizational changes and the development of territorially

optimized solutions by combining tried and tested models.

Keywords: health, primary healthcare, inequality, general practitioner, child care officer

JEL code: H75, I14, I15

24

Innovation and enterprise

Andrea Bene

PhD



Inventing something new is just another option. But making it viable is another challenge. That

is where innovation comes in. Then a new idea or approach will be used to create or add value.

The role of enterprises in innovation is paramount importance. The modernization, improving,

developing of existing products, processes or services is an extremely complex process, which

is a big challenge for enterprises. Effective coordination of this complex process is essential.

Thus, management has a key role in implementing successful innovation. The analysis of

management skills has become timely. In 2017 an exploratory research was conducted on a

sample of SMEs within the food industry to explore the determining factors of their innovation

activity. Taking into account the results of the research, this study aims to highlight the

educational attainment and language skills of the enterprise management in terms of the

innovation activity of food sector.

Keywords: innovation, enterprise, food industry

JEL code: O31, L25, L66

25

Latin-America and Europe – Trade relations in the 21st century

Katalin Bihari

PhD student

University of Pécs, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences


The present paper gives an overview of the economic and trade relations between Latin-

America and the European Union in the first two decades of the 21st century. I intend focus

primarily on the foreign trade relations and the flow of investments between the two regions.

I will also examine the cooperation between the European Union and MERCOSUR (Common

Market of the South), with special emphasis on the comprehensive free trade negotiations

started in 1996. It is important to note that MERCOSUR is the most significant regional

integration among the partners of the EU, and their cooperation can be regarded as the first

classic example of interregionalism.

The Latin-American and Caribbean region has gone through a notable economic and social

development, partly due to globalisation and partly due to market liberalisation that had been

implemented in order to criteria required in order to access to the World Trade Organisation

(WTO). The WTO accession also contributed to the strengthening of the integration of the

region in global economy.

Parallel with the development of the region, the European Union has also recognised the

considerable potentials inherent in the relations underlying with the Latin-American and

Caribbean countries, partly as an investment target and partly as a 500-member consumer

market.

In addition to the outlining the economic interests of the parties, I intend to analyise the role of

foreign policy and geopolitics in the shaping of the EU-Latin-America relations.

Keywords: trade relations, free trade agreement, MERCOSUR, Latin-America and the

Caribbean, European Union

JEL code: F13

26

Opening to the South Strategy – New chapter in the relations between

Brazil and Hungary

Katalin Bihari

PhD student

University of Pécs, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences


The paper gives an overview of the economic and trade relations between Brazil and Hungary,

with special emphasis on the trends after the Opening to the South Strategy of the Government

of Hungary was launched in 2015. With the election of the new Brazilian president, Jair

Bolsonaro, a new chapter can be expected in the bilateral relations due to the similar political

ideology of the two governments.

The grave economic and political crisis in Brazil experienced between 2013 and 2016 had a

fairly negative impact on the bilateral relations with several partners, including Hungary.

However, the new Brazilian government that took office in January 2019 is apparently seeking

new allies and partners, therefore, the relations with Hungary are being re-evaluated. For

Hungary, Brazil is the 2nd biggest export market in the Latin-American region after Mexico

Obviously, the large distance and between the two countries poses a barrier to the increase of

trade.

In addition to economic cooperation, the study highlights other areas that can contribute to the

strengthening of the relations between Hungary and Brazil, such as culture, scientific

cooperation and education as well.

Keywords: Brazil, Hungary, trade, economic cooperation, Opening to the South

JEL code: F13

27

Corporate strategies for climate protection

Kinga Biró

Research fellow

Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Economic and Social

Sciences, Department of Environmental Economics


The corporate sector is one of the most important contributors to the global emissions of CO2

and other greenhouse gases. According to a European Union survey, 41% of EU citizens believe

that corporations are at least partially responsible for working out solutions to tackle climate

change, which is close to the 48% attributed to national governments (European Commission,

2014). Apart from their stakeholders’ requirements, however, corporations are also motivated

to pursue an active role in climate mitigation and adaptation. The last few decades saw a marked

increase in corporate measures aiming at the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

Research aims to review and compare domestic literature on climate change in domestic

companies and to evaluate the latest corporate carbon strategies. The research makes an effort

to link publicly available corporate carbon targets to actual company performance.

The findings of the research can be used to improve corporate environmental management

practices including the evaluation of environmental performance and the fine tuning of

corporate sustainability strategies. Finally, my results can support policy interventions in the

corporate sector to mitigate climate change.

Keywords: climate change, corporate sustainability, carbon dioxide strategies, GRI, mitigation

JEL code: Q56

SUPPORTED BY THE ÚNKP-17-3-II NEW NATIONAL EXCELLENCE PROGRAM OF THE

MINISTRY OF HUMAN CAPACITIES.

28

Evaluation of the quality of public transport services

Péter Dániel Borbás

Head of unit

Budapest Transport Privately Held Corporation (BKV Zrt.)


In recent decades, the concentration of the population towards urban areas has accelerated. In

order to address the mobility demands of an increasing number of urban population, the

development of passenger transport, including public transport, can be an obvious solution.

More intensive quantitative and stricter qualitative expectations emerge towards the public

transport (PT) services and PT service providers. In the following study, I deal with the

evaluation of public transport services, based on the service contracts of Budapest Municipality

and their public service provider, Budapest Transport Company. Besides conventional quality

features, answers and solutions to societal and environmental problems also emerge as

expectations in connection with the public service for transport system in urban regions. In

keeping with the challenges of the present time, it will be necessary to review the quality criteria

system in the future, as this can also serve as a basis for development concepts beyond the

evaluation of service standards.

Keywords: public transport, public service contract, seat kilometre, transport safety, passenger

satisfaction

JEL code: L91, R41

29

The relationship between exports and prices in the euro area

Eszter Boros

PhD student

Corvinus University of Budapest, Doctoral School of General and Quantitative Economics

Email: [email protected]

In common currency areas, one of the most important channels of short-term economic

adjustment is the price level. The key problem of monetary unions relates to situations in which

there is no one single set of monetary conditions optimal for all members. In this case, price

changes may help boost economies for which the actual monetary conditions are too tight and

“cool” overheated economies for which the contrary is true. This is because prices in theory

affect net exports in the short run. The expected outcome, i.e. a more symmetric overall situation

is supposed to be more easily managed by the central bank of the area. However, price

flexibility cannot be taken for granted in the short run. Slow price changes can be a barrier to

smooth adjustment within a monetary union. This paper examines the extent to which prices

have changed in the euro area since the 2008-2010 crisis. Furthermore, it aims to uncover the

impact of the observable price changes on intra-area export performance. A decomposition

approach is adopted to measure “true” export performance, then the relationship in question is

investigated through panel estimation.

Keywords: common currency areas, short-term economic adjustment, exports, export

competitiveness, price level, internal devaluation

JEL code: E31, E52, F15, F45

30

The role of national convention bureaux in choosing destinations

Kitti Boros

PhD student

Corvinus University of Budapest, Institute of Marketing and Media, Department of Tourism

E-mail:[email protected]

One of the most developing products of tourism is the business tourism which, in the Hungarian

academic literature, is also called MICE (Meetings – business travels, negotiations, meetings;

Incentives; Conferences; Exhibitions and Events). As a result, they are synonyms in the study.

The enlargement of business tourism has stimulated high competition among the destinations

on MICE tourism market. In this situation, the physical characteristics of the capitals and

countries are not the only factors, but to understand the motives of organisers of the events are

also important when choosing the venues. Although convention bureaux can do a lot in order

to strengthen the position of the destination, the general features such as geographical, cultural

and infrastructural facts are expectations with the destinations. MICE industry is highly

sensitive to the above-mentioned conditions, which can operate well by cooperating. In the

topic of MICE tourism, with the help of secondary research, the aim of the study is to examine

how the convention bureaux can harmonise work of the service providers and by being

competition-neutral how they can support and influence the destination choice processes of the

organisers. In the study the role tasks and professional respect of the bureaux are going to be

presented. The research will be finished with description of the tendencies which can help

forecasting the trends for the bureaux.

Keywords: business tourism, national convention bureaux, site selection criteria, tourism

organizations, destinations marketing

JEL code: L83

mailto:[email protected]

31

Business model innovation for circular water management

Márton Czikkely

assistant lecturer

Bálint Horváth

assistant lecturer

Szent István University, Climate Change Economics Research Centre

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

It is important to note that there is no representative volume of literature available for the water

management sector, which is intended to provide a detailed presentation of the applied business

models. Nonetheless, some communications (mostly on behalf of the EU) have stressed that

business models can be adapted to the water management sector. Thus, there is an emerging

need regarding business models for urban water management systems, including municipal

wastewater treatment. These systems can be interpreted at three levels from a business

perspective: strategic, economic and operational. Wastewater treatment plants should also be

careful to coordinate regulatory requirements (quality and economic regulatory environment),

retail preferences and willingness to pay, as well as risk management.

In our work we focused on the circular transformation of conventional business models. With

the ReSOLVE method, we have defined the circular development points along which traditional

business structures can be successfully transformed. Considering the sustainable zero waste

aspects, and the adapted Canvas model can be used to facilitate the more efficient use of

municipal water treatment technology solutions.

Keywords: business model innovation, water management, circular transisition, sustainability,

ecological solutions

JEL code: A13, M21

32

The knowledge of labour market among students participating in higher

education

Imola Cseh Papp

associate professor

Ildikó Csapó

PhD student

Szent István University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Social

Sciences


The relationship of the educational system and labour markets is one of the keys to economic

and social development, where employment and training facilitate one another’s growth and

renewal in close cooperation, taking labour market demands into account. The timeliness of the

topic is justified by the fact that today one of the key issues is the relationship among changes

of labour market and corporate processes, employment, education and labour shortages, which

is affected by both globalisation and digitalisation, and the 4th industrial revolution. These

changes pose challenges for employers and employees alike.

The present study investigates students’ willingness for mobility, expectations for their chosen

profession and vocational decisions, in terms of how thought-out and rational the decision is.

Labour markets require new, complex and competitive knowledge from recent graduates in

order to become successful employees. For this reason, employees need to get prepared for

changes; the ultimate success of the labour force lies in continuous development, lifelong

learning. The results point out that employment is dependent on several factors, such as

appropriate qualifications and professional knowledge. Thus, it can be said that students’

vocational choice is determined by their interests and skills and they are happy to work in their

chosen profession. These results help the Hungarian educational system development and the

role of vocational guidance, as well as the work of human resources professionals and advisors

in designing future training programmes and activities.

Keywords: labour market, vocational decision, lifelong learning

JEL code: J21, J24

33

The perception of community economy among the people of the European

Union

Ildikó Csapó

PhD student

Szent István University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Social

Sciences


The effects of globalisation and technological advancement promote the development of the

Industry 4.0 economic model. In Schumpeter’s understanding (1980) economic renewal comes

through “creative destruction”, that is, something dies and something is born at the same time.

According to him, economic development is promoted by changing the combination of already

existing resources in a certain way, by using innovation. The concept of community economy

appeared in the 21st century, and it became well-known in its present form in 2010. However,

it is not a new phenomenon in the business world, just a reinterpretation of an earlier

development (Sundararajan, 2016). Its spread and advancement is supported by the

development of digital technology and the expansion of self-employment and other atypical

forms of employment. This study presents the development of sharing economy, its areas and

the level of acceptance towards community services within the European Union and Hungary.

The research project was carried out at the request of the European Commission. Its focus is on

the relations of the citizens of the European member states with respect to community services,

in the spring of 2016. In conclusion, it can be observed that community economy added several

valuable new elements to interpersonal economic relationships; it “reused” already existing

elements (e.g.: bartering, hitchhiking, cooperative work, flea market, etc.) in a rational way and

elevated partnerships to a global level. These new elements were examined, and it was found

that the majority of the respondents have not met the concept or have not formulated concrete

opinions based on multiple experiences. Based on the results it can be said that in Hungary the

direction and the speed of the development of community economy can be and most probably

will be influenced by the socioeconomic situation of the country.

Keywords: community economy, sharing economy, economic renewal

JEL code: D40, F41

34

Strategic challenges in intra-platform and inter-platform relations

Máté Csukás

PhD student

Corvinus University of Budapest


Platforms are essentially multi (in many cases two) sided markets, where two or more sides

with cross-side network externalities can interact, through a common architecture, though many

interpretations are available in different research streams. With the rise of the fourth industrial

revolution, platforms became a very popular and indispensable concept in management science.

Platform strategies create more interdependencies for firms, broadening the range of possible

interventions of managers to create more complex and network compatible strategies, that can

deal with such deeply relational environments. Research efforts were mainly focused on pricing

in the past, leaving gaps in other areas of strategic directions, which demands an integrative

approach. Through literature review, key platform strategies are identified, and synthetized to

ground further research. Generic platform strategies are pricing, openness, integration,

differentiation and envelopment, which are executed by either leaders or actors of the platform

in intra-platform or inter-platform environments.

Keywords: platforms, two-sided markets, strategic management, interdependencies, digital

transformation

JEL code: L14

SUPPORTED BY THE NEW NATIONAL EXCELLENCE PROGRAM OF

THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES CODE: ÚNKP-18-3

35

Marketing of health care prevention: the perspective of service providers

with special focus on addictions

Tímea Beatrice Dóra

PhD student

Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Management and

Business Economics


Nowadays, the complexity and development of medical procedures and instruments, just like

prevention and treatment methods have reached a level, on which many severe diseases can be

prevented, diagnosed and treated by this time, or their symptoms can be reduced. When

informing the Hungarian population about primary prevention, the raising of health awareness

and the importance of secondary prevention screenings play a key role in health care, due to

their part in health-awareness and preservation. Unfortunately, these aspirations are often

ignored or not given sufficient importance and people are deprived of proper treatment/advice

of diseases, that could have been cured in time. The purpose of this study is to investigate the

viewpoint of the service providers of the national health care sector about prevention services,

focusing on issues related to addictions. The study investigates the place of prevention in

Hungary’s health care sector, considering the characteristics and applied marketing tools of

prevention services, in connection with addictions based on the Health Care Value Chain

model, often mentioned in the literature. The study emphasises the key role of this area in

primary care as the first step in the patient’s treatment plan. Besides the introduction of the

fundable programs the study shows the opinion of health care service providers based on the

information gathered by expert interviews as the qualitative part of the study. The research

raises attention to the importance of prevention, and to different marketing tools, that can be

used to spread the most important information, which tools are proposed in order to increase

the detection of diseases, raise health-awareness and promote healthy lifestyle. The study also

recommends further qualitative and quantitative research methods to reveal the opinion of the

consumers.

Keywords: prevention, marketing, health care, service, value chain

JEL code: M31, I12, I38

36

Demographic challenges in Central and Eastern European Countries - first

demographic dividend in a new approach

Áron Drabancz

PhD student



In the coming decades significant population reduction will occur in the Central and Eastern

European region. This demographic transition have already been a major challenge for these

economies, therefore the problem was previously analyzed in several researches.

In my research I examine the region’s aging processes through the concept of the first

demographic dividend: I calculate the size of dividends with different demographic scenarios

and income/consumption age-specific coefficients. According to my initial hypothesis, the first

demographic divisions of the countries are similar in the 1960-2060 time horizon and the

dividend is robust in terms of different assumptions.

In my dissertation I first introduced the demographic processes in Europe and then, according

to the main demographic indicators, I did hierarchical cluster analysis for European countries.

Then I presented the concept of the first demographic dividend, so how the change in the age

group headcount ratios can affect the economic performance of a country. Finally, I calculated

the value of the indicator with different weights and then examined the results with correlation.

The results of my research confirm the previous findings of Berde and Kuncz (2014): income

and consumption weights do not change significantly the value of the first demographic

dividend. Overall, there are strong similarities between the countries in the region, and the value

of first demographic dividends is robust depending on the assumptions.

Keywords: population, ageing economy, aggregate human capital, intergenerational income

distribution, first demographic dividend

JEL code: E24, J11, O49

37

The efficiency of the European carbon quota

Áron Drabancz

PhD student



One of the most serious challenges of our century is the climate change. Reducing greenhouse

gas emissions (GHG) in global scale is necessary, therefore GHG quotas and their markets are

introduced in many countries and regions.

In my study I examine ETS quota system, which consists of three phases: Phase 1 - 2005-2007;

Phase 2: 2008-2012; Phase 3: from 2013 to nowadays. First of all, I examine the global efforts

to reduce GHG emissions and the role of the EU in the process. I present briefly the EU's climate

policy and goals in relation to the ETS system, and I analyze the phases of the ETS system,

what kind of regulatory initiatives have emerged after each phase, and how the literature

assesses the operation of each phase.

In my research I analyze the efficiency of phases from several approaches: I examine with

statistical methods whether the extent of quota over-allocation and the unequal quota overrun /

underperformance between companies in the countries could be reduced by the introduction of

third-phase reforms such as increasing the proportion of auctioned quotas or centralized quota

allocation. My data source is the European Union Transaction Log, which provides corporate-

level issuance and quota values in the 31 ETS member states with more than 100,000

observation units in the unbalanced panel after data cleanup. Based on the results of the

analysis, the changes in the third phase could increase the efficiency of the EU ETS system,

which is now a significant contributor to the EU's climate protection goals.

Keywords: climate change, carbon dioxide quota, EU ETS, greenhouse gases, econometrics

JEL classification: C23, O13, Q52

38

On the negative effects of outsourcing

Árpád Duczon

PhD student

University of Pécs, Doctoral School of Business Administration


Outsourcing is mostly used as a tool to reduce a company’s costs. While outsourcing works

well in some areas, such as call centers or shared service centers, more and more, the negative

consequences of outsourcing are highlighted in other areas such as manufacturing. What causes

this disconnect? I argue that a company has some key competencies that, when outsourced,

dramatically increases the bargaining power of its supplier, allows it to take on more functions

of the original manufacturer than first intended and ultimately enables it to act as a direct

competitor. These key competencies include manufacturing while it excludes shared services,

hence the above disconnect. Companies must identify the danger that outsourcing a given

activity causes: How hard it is to replicate this competence, capability of the company? Beyond

this, several good practices are shown that help diminish the danger posed by outsourcing, such

as outsourcing products only at a certain point in their lifecycle or spreading the manufacturing

among several companies.

Keywords: strategy, outsourcing, manufacturing, key competency, bargaining power

JEL code: L10, L60, M16

39

The searching for Hungary’s most climate vulnerable region

Dániel Erdélyi

PhD student

Szent István University, Institute of Regional Economics and Rural Development


In order to research the local impacts of climate change it is vital to understand its two main

factors: climate impact and climate adaptation. Climate impacts are the potential, mainly

negative impacts related to the affected parties in a given area to which the affected party is

adapting directly or indirectly. The extent of the impact and the efficiency of the climate

adaptation results climate vulnerability which is often identified by weather related harms in a

given area.

This article is part of a research which aims the local impacts of climate change and the local

answers against it. Its goal is to identify Hungary’s most climate vulnerable region. The

identification is done by a two-steps method whose first element is the spatial analysis of

climate impacts using the cartograms of the NAGiS database. Based on the regional inequalities

the most climate exposed Hungarian NUTS 1 region is identified. The next step is the

analysation of the environmental and socio-economical aspects climate adaptation in which

“priority sensitive natural areas” of the Government Decree 2/2002. (I. 23.) and the “LAU1

areas which are needed to developed by complex programmes” of the 290/2014. (XI. 26.)

Government Decree, and their intersections are examined. In addition to the scientific relevance

of analysing climate vulnerability and the identification of regional inequalities, the research

has utmost importance to the allocation of resources during the implementation of the national

and county level climate strategies.

Keywords: sensitive natural areas, LAU1 regions, climate change, climate vulnerability

JEL code: R11

40

Investigation of county-level mitigation potential in Hungary, possibilities

for development

Diána Esses

PhD student, research fellow

Tamás Pálvölgyi

associate professor




In Hungary, 19 counties and the capital have recently developed their climate strategy with EU

support (within the framework of the KEHOP-1.2.0 tender), the aim of which is to ensure the

conditions of mitigation and adaptation activities using a common and climate strategy

methodology. These strategic documents include, among other things, the greenhouse gas

emission inventory for the county, as well as emission reduction (mitigation) targets by 2030.

The risks caused by climate change fundamentally determine regional development, so it is

necessary to discover mitigation opportunities as soon as possible.

The study presents the spatial features of greenhouse gas emissions and shows regional

differences between counties, highlighting areas that need improvement. The study shows the

relationship between county development typology and specific emissions (eg per capita or

GDP). We examine the 2030 emission reduction targets of the counties and the planned

mitigation measures, as well as their relationship with the socio-economic situation and

development prospects of the counties.

Keywords: regional differences, mitigation, emission reduction, greenhouse gases, county

developments

JEL code: Q53

SUPPORTED BY THE ÚNKP-18-3 NEW NATIONAL EXCELLENCE PROGRAM OF THE

MINISTRY OF HUMAN CAPACITIES”

41

Proposal for implementation of a financial service for low-income earners

Zsuzsa Ébl

PhD candidate

ELTE, Faculty of Social Sciences, Doctoral School of Sociology


The upcoming paper – performing an approach from social sciences to financial services –

attempts to present a new, not yet existing type of financial services for households of low

income, aiming to facilitate their saving achievements. Income of households in question is

basically formed by a relatively low monthly wage or salary for labour, an exiguous amount (or

none) of social transfers, and no passive income. According to their conduct and ways of

recreation this group is a part of – or close to – the middle class (if we can identify such in

Hungary), bears a strong vision for future plans, has a demand for savings but has little to no

means to achieve them. The service to be presented suits spending habits and saving objectives

of clients, representing a conversely beneficial financial product. It would expand financial

institutes’ opportunities regarding demand deposits without expecting high commitment from

clients and – on the other hand – with providing a month’s deposit as a minimum gain in every

year.

Introduction of the service would definitely require some IT development on the side of

financial institutes, for sake of a smooth administration and customer information. Costs would

probably be marginal compared to potential benefits on both providers’ and clients’ side. The

society would also have the opportunity to take a step forward: enhanced individual savings

could increase social protection in general.

Keywords: households of low income, financial services, savings, spending habits, demand

deposits

JEL code: R20

42

The sustainability aspects of the supply chain of Hungarian pharmaceutical

companies

Barbara Fetter

PhD student




The aim of this research is to provide an overall picture about the sustainability issues of the supply

chain at the pharmaceutical companies in Hungary and outline the possible future research areas

regarding this topic. Since no previous study has been conducted examining the affected research

field in our country, I will first briefly summarize the results of the domestic and international

literature regarding the green supply chains and provide an overview about the characteristics of

the domestic pharmaceutical industry as well. As a second step in my research, I want to introduce

a supporting system highlighting those factors in the new pharmaceutical supply chain that are

different from the ones used in traditional supply chains. Subsequently I want to compare the

results obtained with the already published foreign case studies and questionnaire surveys and

examine the relevance of the conducted research issues in international pharmaceutical industry

from the perspective of the domestic pharmaceutical industry. Finally, I will develop a

questionnaire for pharmaceutical companies regarding the relevant research questions, which will

be the starting point for my future research.

Keywords: pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical supply chains, green supply chains,

sustainability, environmental protection

JEL code: Q56, F64, L16

43

Importance of Circular Economy in Europe in the context of economic

growth

Ugur Filiz

PhD student

Doctoral School of Management and Business Administration


The population of the world keeps increasing rapidly whereas the resources of the planet remain

the same. The increasing demand of the world’s population on the products raises the

expectations of achieving higher gross domestic product per capital despite it creates high

pressure on the global natural resources.

The conflict between depleting global natural resources and the predominant principle of

today’s economies targeting to achieve and sustain a high level of economic growth led to

questioning the existing ‘linear’ economic system in the world and it pushed the international

community into a search of new economic strategies to cope with the limitation of the planet

while trying to cover the needs of the growing population. However, understanding the linear

economy and its limitations led to the emergency of a new development concept called ‘Circular

Economy’ in response to ongoing global challenges the planet is facing.

The European Commission has recognized the circular economic model and started to adopt

ambitious action plans which include circular economic measures to guide the EU in the

transition process to the circular economy. The EU Commission gives great importance to the

transition towards the circular economy as they see it as a fundamental strategy to increase

global competitiveness, achieve sustainable economic growth and generate new jobs. In this

context, this study aims to examine the relationship between the circular economy and

economic growth and to understand its importance in the policies of the European Union by

conducting a literature review.

Keywords: circular economy, economic growth, sustainability

JEL code: Q56

44

Use of marketing communication channels in the food market

Fanni Ildikó Fodor

PhD student

Bernadett Almádi

assistant lecturer

Gergő Thalmeiner

Master student

Szent Istvan University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences,

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Recently, with the increasing population of the Earth, food research, a healthy lifestyle,

conscious nutrition and turning to functional food are becoming increasingly important.

Customers are increasingly looking for safe, reliable sources of food, and more and more

emphasis is placed on high value-added products.

Due to the technological achievements of the 21st century, the marketing communication

toolkit has also changed, with ATL communication coming to the forefront as opposed to BTL

communication. In our research we examine how to effectively address customers in the

promotion of healthy foods and what techniques are the most effective in influencing

consumers’ choice.

In our view, it is also important to set up an expert-consultancy forum where users can freely

find out about products and advice for healthy eating. We also present communication tools,

their dangers and disadvantages. We will also discuss the types of communication tools,

focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of the communication toolbox and its dangers.

We then examine the role of social media in the flow of information.

Keywords: healthy lifestyle, food promotion, ATL communication, consumer preference,

advisory forum

JEL code: M30

45

The transformation of higher education from a territorial and talent

management aspect

Eszter Fodor-Borsos

assistant lecturer

Amelita Kata Gódor

assistant lecturer



The aim of our study is to present the present situation of the Hungarian higher education.

Nowadays, many research deals with the issue of learning communities, and their relevance in

higher education is no longer questionable. Historically, the regulation of Hungarian higher

education has undergone many changes (in regionally and in law) but the overwhelming

dominance of the capital (structurally and as regards the number of students) is still felt. Our

research focuses primarily on the Szent István University’s campus in Gödöllő, our research

method is based on primary and secondary databases. We made an online survey via Neptun

system (240 person responded). In this survey we analyzed the Szent István University’s

students from a territorial aspect (where do they come from, what is the university's catchment

area? etc.) We also analyzed the students’ learning communities and other student groups,

focusing mainly on talent management.

Keywords: talent management, territoriality, higher education, learning communities

JEL code: I21



46

How will the Industry 4.0 affect one of the most important production

factors, or to say here comes the age of Work 4.0!

Zoltán Fülöp

PhD student

Corvinus University of Budapest, Doctoral School of Business and Management


Nowadays the Industry 4.0 phrase is well-known by the economists. Many researchers are

working with this topic and we can hear from it in more and more conferences. It is not

surprising, because the digitalization goes through in our everyday life. In 2020 the 69% of

global population will have mobile phone. It is shocking, if we compare it to the electricity and

running tap water in households, because the former will be 68% and the later only 45%.

Beside the private life, the digitalization affects work as well. In Germany 80% of the workers

use digital information or communication or something digital device for their job. The Industry

4.0 and digitalization transform jobs, working orders, so the whole “working life”. For these

phenomena in Germany The Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (FMLSA) made a

new expression: Work 4.0 (Arbeiten 4.0).

Currently, there are very extreme opinions among researchers about how Work 4.0 will look

like. Some researchers forecast the total disappearance of whole jobs for the near future. More

researchers claim that not only the low-skilled jobs will disappear, but the middle and high

skilled jobs are also endangered by technology.

At the same time, it is also necessary to prepare to perform tasks requiring other skills within

the remaining jobs, and may also other tools will be needed, totally different from the previously

used ones. As an example, doctors can rely more on robots in their work. Robots can help the

doctors in surgeries with just some precise cuts or they can help with evaluating the results and

symptoms, etc.

Keywords: Industry 4.0; digitalization; Work 4.0; employment; occupations

JEL code: O15

47

Modeling processes in the dairy cowshed sector using the Value Stream

Mapping method

Sándor Gáspár

PhD student

Gergő Thalmeiner

Master student



One of the major problems in Hungary is the low level of productivity, which is particularly

pronounced for agricultural enterprises. Existing and predictable labor shortages will force

companies to increase their productivity, and it is inevitable for organizations to apply and

implement various modern management organizational processes and models.

In the secondary and tertiary sectors, the use of management methods based on such a process

approach has become frequent and in many cases has become a competitive criterion. In

contrast, in the primary sector, the spread of these tools and methods is so low that their use in

market competition can even be seen as a long-term competitive advantage. Their use in

agriculture is so low because in many cases the processes are special and the managers do not

have the proper knowledge. Lean management is one of the most common and effective process

management methods and philosophies, that are used only occasionally in the primary sector,

in spite of its relatively simple and effective application in different sectors of agriculture. With

the right application of lean management, productivity can be drastically increased in a short

time. One of the reasons for this is, that the organization is able to offer higher wages in a more

competitive labor shortage environment. In our research, we examined the application of lean

management in the dairy cow sector, one of the first and most important steps of which is the

creation of value stream mapping. This value process mapping offers the opportunity to get to

know and eliminate the losses in the industry. In the course of our research, we examined the

processes of the organization operating in the dairy cowshed sector, which used and introduced

the tools and methods of lean management during its operation.

Keywords: Lean, VSM, dairy cowshed, productivity, process management

JEL code: Q10


48

Introducing Kaizen's approach to the operation of an automotive

component manufacturing organization

Sándor Gáspár

PhD student

Fanni Ildikó Fodor

PhD student

Gergő Thalmeiner

Master student

Szent Istvan University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences


In Hungary, the SME sector plays a significant role in its economic life. Most organizations are

active in services, followed by industry and agriculture. The operation of these organizations is

characterized by high labor demand and low capital intensity. In terms of employment, the

sector plays a significant role, however, it receives only a small amount of price income and

revenue. In the case of small and medium-sized enterprises, a low level of productivity can be

observed. In order to increase the productivity and competitiveness of the sector, modern

management requires the use of organizational and management systems. Among the methods

of development of corporate organization processes is the application of kaizen philosophy.

Kaizen philosophy is not only a method tool, but also a way of thinking, a concept of life,

change of attitude in the life of organizations. Also in industrial production, with the

introduction of Kaizen philosophy tools, significant results can be achieved in terms of

productivity. In our research, we examined the possibility of introducing and applying the

Kaizen approach in the automotive component manufacturing sector, in which the development

of continuous way of thinking is perhaps the most prominent feature. With the help of the

holistic and applied Kaizen approach in the sector, we can get to know and develop operational

weaknesses. Our research is a report on the operation of an organization working in the

automotive component manufacturing industry that uses and introduces tools and methods to

help implement Kaizen philosophy.

Keywords: Kaizen, approach, continuous development, vehicle parts manufacturing,

productivity

JEL code: M11


49

The characteristics of territorial development and individual engagement

on the geographical periphery

Ilona Gerencsér

assistant lecturer



The most important aim of many national and inland documents to ensure adequate quality of

life for people. City or countryside, this goal fundamentally influence with the existing natural

conditions, geographical location, economic environment and by the people living there local

society, which can be regarded as the most influential factors. Thanks to development, the

settlement becomes more livable. The one of the characteristics of settlements is a lively social

life. This will be opportunity for the population to live their individual social and cultural life.

In settlements where the population is active, there people usually love to live and their

inhabitants want to do the improvement of their physical and cultural life. They work like a

great family, they form a community. In some of cases, settlement leaders great emphasis on

community development. The leaders of the settlement formally try to ensure the development

of the settlement with local regulations, however they also have informal tools that they can do

for the community. In addition to executives, the individual has so important role in community

building. The active behaviour of individuals in community building can greatly contribute to

a successful settlement.

Keywords: local community, local development, rural development, peripheral region, system

approach

JEL code: R1, O2, O3

50

Economic catching up in the European Union from 2004 to the present

Tünde Gergics

PhD student

University of Pécs, Doctoral School of Earth Sciences


With the enlargement of the European Union in 2004, it had again become the world's leading

economic power, contributed to the largest share of global gross domestic product production

until 2015, when it was surpassed by the USA. Moreover, the recent years has seen an increase

in competition by emerging economies, such as China, that aim to achieve dominant power

positions. In order to maintain and increase the geo-economic power, it is essential to create an

internal balance, eliminate internal tensions, and strengthen the spirit of unity. However, within

an integration processes, territorial inequalities lead todifficulties and create political tensions.

In addition, it should be stressed that profit maximization takes place in regions with similar

economic development and structure, so these factors contribute to a higher level of EU

economic development. Within this context, the study examines the economic development of

the EU member states, primarily focusing on thevolume change of gross domestic product per

capita, and based on the assumption that the convergence of member states is coupled with

regional divergences within the countries. Relatedly, the research provides an overview of

major convergence and divergence theories. The examination of regional inequalities takes

place at NUTS 2 level – from the basic unit of EU cohesion policy – from 2004 to the present.

At the end of the research, a summary and systematization of the EU catching up fulfilled

regions will be presented. At the end of the research, a summary and systematization will be

presented of regions that succeeded in their divergence processes.

Keywords: regional inequalities, convergence, divergence, European Union, catching up

JEL code: R11

51

Customer focus in the building materials industry

Teréz Gerse-Krizsa

assistant research fellow

Vivien Surman

assistant lecturer

Budapest University of Technology and Economics


With the expansion of the modern quality thinking and its methodologies supporting the

practical implementation of the TQM philosophy, increasing the quality to the strategic level,

the customer-centred approach encompasses all organizational processes: it is integrated into

the design of products and services, the implementation and monitoring of the main and

supporting processes of production and service. Within the European Union - with the exception

of some countries - the growth of construction production surpasses the past years, and as a

result of the increasing competition the satisfaction of customer and social needs is getting more

and more focus in the organizational operation. The new challenges require appropriate

organizational responses from Hungarian building materials producer companies as well to

ensure that manufactured products and offered services meet not only the relevant standard

requirements, but also the customer requirements, as the implementation of standards solely

does not necessarily provide solutions to quality related customer problems. The aim of the

study is to demonstrate that the level of compliance with the various standards is not sufficient

enough to reach the level of customer focus, the organizations within the examined industry has

to provide more to their customers, considering the constant changes in customer needs and the

difficulty of their traceability and analyzation.

Keywords: building materials industry, quality, standard, customer satisfaction, TQM

JEL code: L15


52

The relevance of relationship between oil prices and military expenditure in

geoeconomics

Péter Glofák

PhD Student

Institution: University of Pécs, Department of Political Geography, Development and

Regional Studies


Ever since the great powers of the world dispose above enormous nuclear weapon arsenal, all

forms of direct military conflict have been completely eliminated from their geopolitical

struggles against each other, so in recent decades the US, Russia or China's geopolitical

strategies have had to find other – less spectacular – tools in their struggles.

Economic instruments have become increasingly important in the past decades among these

alternative warfare tools. The discipline of geoeconomics deals with the theory and practice of

economic warfare. In the geoeconomic toolkit instruments related to the oil and the oil market

occupy a prominent position.

The way in which the oil prices evolve is therefore important in geopolitical struggles. Great

powers – according to my research primarily the USA – sometimes try to influence the oil price

in the direction where geopolitical / military activity of its geopolitical opponents – primarily

Russia – is lower.

Examining oil market data and military expenditure databases it can be concluded that the

change of the market price of crude oil has significant impact on military expenditure of some

countries (eg Russia) and has no significant impact on some others’ (eg US or China). Where

there is a significant correlation, it can be stated how strong and delayed this effect is.

In geopolitical struggles of great powers it has a paramount importance to be able to predict the

evolution of military expenditure of hostile countries. The linear regression model I set up

reveals numerical correlation between changes in oil prices and changes in military expenditure

of individual countries. The model gives estimation to the extent to which the military budget

of a country may change in case of change or artificial diversion of oil prices.

Keywords: geoeconomics, geopolitics, military expenditure, oil market, regression analysis

JEL code: F51

53

The role of workplace health promotion in the company’s internal CSR

activities

Éva Görgényi Hegyes

PhD student



In recent years, the so-called corporate social responsibility, including workplace health

promotion, has become a very important strategic management tool for large companies. It is

not only important for individual governmental and policy decision makers to respond

effectively to the various social and environmental problems, such as the health situation and

health promotion of the population, but they have become also the needs of corporate and

consumer levels. By creating joint values, socially responsible engagement and workplace

health promotion companies can gain more benefits such as increasing competitiveness, image

building or a satisfied and loyal workforce. Companies operating in Hungary are also expected

to apply different CSR tools and activities, however, this is still about to unfold in Hungary.

One of the reasons is that there is no set of criteria that can easily and efficiently apply these

tools at SME level also.

This current study is intended to provide a better understanding of the relationship between

health awareness, workplace health promotion regarding to CSR through the relevant literature

review, primarily focusing on the internal CSR activities. In addition to the literature review,

another aim of the study is to develop a set of criteria as an evaluation framework that I want

to implement through document analysis of different CSR reports. The set of criteria includes

the most important "best practices" related to workplace health promotion, categorized on the

basis of risk factors identified in the literature review.

Keywords: corporate social responsibility, sustainable development, workplace health

promotion, health awareness, social welfare

JEL code: I12, I31, J81, M14, Q01

54

Conception and delimitation of industrial areas in Hungary

Franciska Gubacsi

PhD student

Szent István University, Enyedi György Doctoral School of Regional Sciences


In the last decades, the industrial structure of Hungary has undergone significant

transformations. With the new market and economic environment, a change of function began

in individual economic areas. Former centres have lost their central role due to economic

downturns. Earlier the Northwest-Northeast Hungarian industrial zone was decisive, now the

Győr-Kecskemét industrial axis is the dominated area. The prominent role of the capital city,

Budapest has further importance, but at the same time more towns at the regional level have

relevant industrial economic industrial units. The industrial sector have been significantly

reformed by the industrial-technological changes. Considering the territorial aspects size of

classical industrial districts have been totally restructured, shifted, shrinked or completely

ended. In recent decades new types of concepts and associations have developed in Hungary,

such as industrial parks. The modern industrial areas and parks are connected with new different

types of economic co-operations. My study is based on an analysis of the concept and

delimitation of the industrial areas. In order to establish the most important results, I have taken

into consideration the current Hungarian legislation and regulations, the related literature, and

the official documents related to territorial organization. The industrial area has no precise

definition in Hungarian domestic literature and legislation, but it has a number of points that

affect this concept in a different context (for example abandoned areas, brownfield sites,

underdeveloped areas, industrial parks, industrial sites). It is typical in delimitation of the

industrial area that there are additional problems (presence of partners with different interests,

unclear ownership structure, prolonged usage and development opposites). Industrial areas or

spaces are also mentioned in European literature and publications, but different levels of

administration appear in the explanation of the definition (region, district, range). It is difficult

to modify for Hungarian usage. The current situation of the Hungarian industrial areas are

closest to the Polish, Slovakian, East German and Romanian examples.

Keywords: industrial area, industrial park, conceptual definition, delimitation, territorial

planning

JEL code: P25, R58

55

Global macroeconomic and monetary policy developments after the crisis

Balázs H. Váradi

PhD student

University of Pécs, Faculty of Sciences

[email protected]

After the global financial and economic crisis central banks faced unprecedented difficulties.

This crisis proved to be even more protracted than those experienced before, and as a

consequence managing it made it necessary to use novel, unconventional monetary policy

instruments. In addition to this, a number of macroeconomic relationships may have changed,

which economists deemed to be relatively stable earlier. After the outbreak of the crisis the base

rate reached quickly its effective lower bound in the case of globally important central banks,

while real economic and inflationary developments warranted further steps to stimulate the

economy. As an answer to this, firstly the Federal Reserve, then also other central banks

introduced quantitative easing measures. In order to ease monetary conditions further most of

the central banks aimed to affect longer-term interest rate expectations of economic agents by

using forward guidance as well. In addition to globally important central banks, also a number

of other central banks have pursued extremely loose monetary policy after the crisis. However,

in these days, as the cyclical position of the real economy has been changing and inflation has

been slowly increasing the Fed has already started to normalise its monetary policy by

increasing the interest rate and gradually decreasing its balance sheet. The European Central

Bank ended its asset purchase programme at the end of December 2018; however, according to

its communication key interest rates will remain at their present levels at least through the

summer of 2019 and securities purchased under the asset purchase programme will be

reinvested for an extended period of time. As a consequence of increasing downside risks

regarding global growth prospects it is uncertain how long and at which pace the normalisation

process is likely to continue in those countries where it has already started.

Keywords: inflation, quantitative easing, monetary policy, normalisation, crisis

JEL code: E31, E52, E58, G01

56

The role of similarity, fear and the lack of information in the development

of individuals’ attitudes towards robot colleagues

Vanda Harmat

PhD student

Corvinus University of Budapest, Institute of Management, Department of Organizational

Behaviour


The application of robot workforce is appearing in more and more organizations. Although it

increases the company’s productivity, it also generates a number of challenges, such as the

integration of human and robotic workforce. In order to implement this integration, as a first

step, human employees shall accept and be willing to work with robots. The management is

responsible for facilitating this, for instance, by starting with the investigation of individuals’

attitudes towards robot colleagues and the examination of the factors defining these attitudes.

People tend to anthophomorphize unfamiliar artifacts and entities in order to interpret their

presumed or real behaviour. By attributing human-like characteristics and mental states to the

agents, the antipathy of humans towards robots can be reduced. Therefore, the socially

interactive anthropomorphized robots are designed in a way that they are similar to humans in

their appearance, their motions and their communication. The interaction of humans with robots

is defined not only by the physical embodidment of robots, but also by the knowledge humans

have about the agents’ capabilities and their potential fields of application. The lack of

information related to the potential of robot workforce makes people uncertain about how the

evolution of the labor market caused by the appearance robot workforce will affect their career.

The aim of this research is to examine whether the factors discussed above- similarity, fear and

the lack of information affect people’s intention to work with robots and the kind of attitude

they develop towards robot colleagues. To examine whether the variables are associated I

collected data from Hungarian organizations using an online survey.

Keywords: human-robot interaction, attitude, human-robot workforce, robot colleague,

similarity

JEL code: M12

57

Analysis of the creditworthiness in the SMEs in the machinery industry

Szilárd Hegedűs

assistant professor

Budapest Business School


Machinery companies have a decisive role in the Hungarian national economy, as they have a

high contribution to GDP and are also a key factor in the Hungarian export. They are able to

adapt successfully to their characteristics and to participate in international supply chains. As a

result, the extent to which they are able to meet the creditworthiness criteria is an important

issue. In the study, I estimate the creditworthiness of businesses in a scoring system based on a

balanced scorecard. In the course of the study, I used 10 indicators that cover the capital

structure, liquidity, profitability, and bonuses. The analysis was further enriched with sector

characteristics and territorial characteristics, and I also took into account the size of the

company in my analyzis. As a result of the research, among the export-oriented companies

operating in the machine industry, the ratio of creditworthy companies is high, and the test

period shows an improving tendency in terms of creditworthiness, which was positively

influenced by the economic activity and the growth rate of GDP.

Keywords: regional analysis, creditworthiness, machine industry, companies, financial

indicators

JEL code: G33, F65, H81, O16, O18

58

Parental health consciousness and examination of eating preferences in

reflection of childhood obesity

Adél Judit Holczer

Bachelor student

University of Debrecen, Faculty of Economics and Business

[email protected]

One of the 21st century’s main trends is health conscious lifestyle and eating which forms the

basis of my research. Many aspects of this topic have already been examined, but parental health

consciousness and the examination of their grocery shopping preferences are not as well known,

therefore making my thesis relevant. Parental behaviours and rules affect the children’s

lifestyle and eating habits the most. Of course TV advertisements and social media effects

should also be mentioned as they play a role in the choices children make regarding their

lifestyle, especially looking at currents trends. In our country obesity is a type of endemic; its

public health significance reaches that of smoking. Prevention of childhood obesity is of utmost

importance because bad eating habits and the lack of active lifestyle quickly cause overweight

and obesity, which then further raise the risk factor of many diseases, which I write about in

depth. One purpose of my research was to learn more about various parental attitudes and

preferences, so I interviewed Hungarian parents who have children under the age of 14.

Primarily I used an online questionnaire which reached 206 people overall which is significant

enough to draw some consequences about the lifestyle and preferences of the families in

Hungary. The main parts of my research were: the importance of health and a healthy lifestyle

within the family, the ways parents research the topic, which sources they find authentic, the

family’s eating habits, the family`s state of health, the responsibility of the parents and of course

questions about childhood obesity and illness. During the statistical analysis I was able to

separate some segments where different attitudes and preferences showed very clearly. The

results revealed for example that the respondents think that mental health is more important

than physical health, and that certain groups view the importance of meals or authentic

information on the topic very differently.

Keywords: children, parental health consciousness, health, health conscious eating, healthy

lifestyle

JEL code: M31

59

Advertisement and movies: advertisements placed in the proximity of

movies and their effect on consumers

Ádám Horváth

assistant lecturer

Balázs Gyenge

associate professor



While it may seem absolutely ordinary and commonly accepted that the various programs on

the television screens – even movies – might be interrupted by advertisement breaks, it would

be inconceivable for the average movie goer to have a similar interruption on the silver screen,

or one while watching a previously purchased or digitally accessed movie. Still, movies

represent an excellent opportunity for any company to use in the development of their

promotional campaign. The reason for this is that movies themselves with their unique features

(like their genre which is especially defining) aid tremendously in the practical implementation

of targeted marketing, as in many cases they are targeting certain consumer segments

themselves.

The goal of this paper is to sort the various seemingly ordinary advertisements by the types of

movie mediums they are attached to, to showcase their main features, possibilities and

restrictions. All the while it also examines the effect of the changing movie consumption

mechanisms – which mostly occur due to technological changes – on the advertisements

bounded to them. Last, but not least, through the reassessment of previous studies, it aims to

measure the effects of advertisements coming from various mediums and newer solutions have

had on consumers, what is the consensus on them and how these might have changed over the

past years.

Keywords: consumer behavior, cultural marketing, movie consumption, advertising

JEL code: M31, M37

60

Sharing Economy – A theoretical approach

Bálint Horváth

assistant lecturer

Márton Czikkely

assistant lecturer

Szent István University, Climate Change Economics Research Centre


The lack of clarity about the scope and meaning of the sharing economy as well as growing

concerns about its impact create a need of deeper understanding of this phenomenon. The paper

presents a theoretical overview of definitions of the sharing economy and its key assumptions.

It emphasizes the role of the access to goods and services that systematically gain an advantage

over the ownership. It presents the sharing economy as an alternative model of consumption

which aim is to increase the efficiency of the resources that are able to create new value for the

societies. This new value is largely possible through the digital revolution that provides

previously inaccessible tools. The paper refers to main categorizations of the sharing economy

presented in the literature as well as the origin of the concept. Its aim is to clarify the principle

of true sharing being opposed to its profit-oriented version. Critical approach to the selected

examples expose main features which should be recognized in ongoing social, political and

scientific discussions.

Keywords: sharing economy, collaborative consumption, hyper-consumption, homo

collaborans

JEL code: D11, D23, M13, O31

61

Examination of the cooperation between banks and FinTech startups

Dóra Horváth

PhD student

Corvinus University of Budapest, Department of Management and Strategy


The banking sector has undergone major changes in recent years. The effects of the global

economic crisis, the ever-changing customer needs, the increasingly intense digital

transformation and changes in the regulatory environment all induce the transformation of the

financial services market. Furthermore, the emergence of FinTech companies can also lead to

radical changes in the financial sector. As a result of these circumstances, it may be questionable

whether FinTech companies are seen as enemies or partners from the perspective of traditional

banks. Based on the reviewed literature, various strategic responses can be identified from the

side of banks. During my research, it has become apparent that the development of partner

relations is the most dominant both worldwide and in Hungary. One of the most popular forms

of cooperation in our country is the creation of start-up accelerator programs. These

partnerships can bring many benefits to both parties. In my presentation, after reviewing the

concept and the main elements FinTech, the potential strategic responses, as well as benefits

and challenges that arise during the collaboration are detailed. All in all, through joint

innovative developments with FinTech start-ups, traditional banks can respond faster to their

customers' needs, renew their value propositions, business models, which can increase

competitiveness, improve the market position and gain many other long-term benefits. In

addition to potential learning opportunities, FinTech start-ups can have access to banking

systems, customer data as well as specific resources and utilize additional advantages arising

from the banks’ reputation.

Keywords: Fintech, startup, innovation, finance, digitization

JEL code: M1, M13, G2, G21

Supported by the ÚNKP-18-3 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of

Human Capacities.

62

Responsible employment in the financial sector

Dóra Diána Horváth

assistant lecturer

University of Miskolc


The paper focuses on the topic of responsible employment in the financial sector. As an

introduction I describe the evolution and history of the phenomena from the beginning to show

its role and importance today.

Then I will analyse the main legal sources (such as international documents and the Hungarian

Labour Code) and compare them, highlighting the most crucial regulations that have a great

effect on the employees related to responsibility. I write about the relationship between

responsible employment and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by emphasizing the

common points and differences, also mentioning those elements that employers can do for their

employees.

In the second part of the paper I will explain the specific characteristics of the financial sector

compared to other sectors in terms of responsible employer behaviour. I will make a list of

those activities and initiatives that employers can do for their employees in order to develop

employer-employee relationship. We can say that companies also have many responsibilities

towards their workers not only vice versa. Finally, I mention good examples from the banking

sector of Hungary to underpin the practical side of the topic.

Keywords: responsible employment; Corporate Social Responsibility; financial sector;

responsibility; employer-employee relationship

JEL code: K31

63

The role and opportunity of the V4 in the China-CEE cooperation

Levente Horváth

PhD student, Head of unit

University of Pécs, Doctoral School of Earth Sciences, Central Bank of Hungary


In 2011, The People’s Republic of China launched the China-Central-Eastern Europe countries

16+1 cooperation”, in which the prime ministers of the CEE countries and China have already

met seven times to strengthen their cooperation in the fields of trade, investment, tourism etc.

Reviewing the trade and investment between China and the 16 Central-Eastern European

countries, it is clear that in the „16+1” cooperation is driven by the countries of the V4 group –

Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia has outstanding economic relations with

China in the region. As a result, V4 countries have been striving to develop China-V4

cooperation instead of China-CEE.

In my study I will give an overview of the economic role of the V4 countries in the China-CEE

cooperation, and study what efforts have been taken for China-V4 cooperation, and in the end

from the point of view of the V4 countries and China looking for the answer if there is an

opportunity to develope China-V4 platform or will China-CEE cooperation continue?

Keywords: V4, China, China-CEE, economic cooperation

JEL code: F50

64

Village development in Hungary

Tamara Horváth

Bachelor student

Szent István University, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences


The Hungarian countryside is characterized by deteriorating economic and demographic trends.

After the Smart City program, the Smart Village initiative aims to stop and reverse these

disadvantageous processes. The object of my study is to present the successful development

path of a specific settlement along the pillars of the Hungarian Villages program that just have

started. In my work I made a comparative analysis of the main directions of the “Zöld Út”

development program of Nagypáli village in Zala County and the Modern Villages initiative. I

felt like it was important to work on a settlement that already has an implemented, successful

development practice, to show how a turnaround can be achieved for a settlement if similar use

is made of available funds, own resources, and a development similar to Nagypáli. This village

received the title "National champion of village renewal" in 2015, because in the last twenty-

five years it has achieved spectacular demographic and economic improvement thanks to it’s

complex development program, which included the development of housing, infrastructure,

local economy and services and community resources. The local government continues to place

great emphasis on environmental development, with a particular focus on environmental and

sustainability efforts in almost all of their development components. With this attitude, the

village managed to achieve the European Union's energy directives. My work contains the

details and circumstances of Nagypáli, and I try to illustrate their positive effects with statistical

data.

Keywords: rural development, Smart Village, Hungarian village program, sustainability,

innovation

JEL classification: R11

65

Examining gamification in tourism

Tamás Iványi

assistant lecturer


Business Economics


The touristic habits of the Y and especially the Z generation differ significantly from those of

the previous generations. During the last decade the seeking for experiences has become more

and more important, so the goal for the tourism management and tourism marketing

professionals is how they can emphasize the experience that goes beyond the touristic

attractions. Among the many possibilities of gaining experience this study deals with the theory

and practical implementation of gamification. Elements and mechanisms from video games

(like the points, badges or leaderboard) can be used in many ways in the tourism industry. The

starting point of the analysis is the so-called Gamification Octalysis, which is also the basis for

a variety of gamification solutions that have been introduced in the literature in recent years.

The most important question in the study is how can we increase the tourists experience and

create long lasting and shareable memories in a few days' term, compared to the classical loyalty

development process. The examples presented in the study reveal how consumer motivations

(drives) in tourism and motivations for gamification are close to each other and overlap each

other with the help of Octalysis. In addition to motivation the personality of the gamer plays an

important factor. From the presented examples we can also understand that the personalities

based of various literature sources have different motivations, so tourism solutions can have

different effects for the different personalities. Based on the examples presented the study

suggests further primary qualitative and quantitative researches.

Keywords: experience economy, gamification, marketing, tourism, customer satisfaction

JEL code: M31, L83

SUPPORTED BY THE ÚNKP-18-3 NEW NATIONAL EXCELLENCE PROGRAM

OF THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN CAPACITIES

66

Innovative entrepreneurship ecosystem in the framework of triple and

quadruple helix: case of Hungary

Nasib Jafarov

PhD student



This article analyzes the development trends in innovative entrepreneurship ecosystem in

Hungary within the framework of the triple and quadruple helix. Given the innovation potential

and future development plans, it is interesting to see the current development dynamics of the

innovation drivers in Hungary. To this end, this paper aims at presenting value chain models

in education with the special focus on service dominant logic application in higher education

that are prevalent in the literature. The paper takes the form of a literature review. The

methodology of the research is comprised of the analysis of different national and international

evaluation reports of the Hungarian innovative entrepreneurship ecosystem. Additionally, the

innovation ecosystem is analyzed in the triple helix and quadruple helix framework. The paper

finds that innovative entrepreneurship ecosystem is developing in Hungary despite some

obstacles in terms of access to funding, lack of expertise compared to EU leading countries.

The value of the paper is that it sheds light on the innovative entrepreneurship ecosystem in

Hungary and attempts to summarize the overview of the current development trends tries to

develop some recommendations for policy makers and to contribute to the relevant literature.

Keywords: entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship ecosystem, innovation, quadruple helix, triple

helix

JEL code: L26, I23, O32

67

The relation between the Hungarian state treasury and the local

governments

Tekla Jakab

Master student



The research named „The relation between the Hungarian State Treasury and the Local

Governments” seeks to answer the question whether it is worthwhile for the governments to

run their accounts at the Hungarian State Treasury, and what is the impact of the legal obligation

(which was forced on the 1st of January, 2012) that has already been imposed on the

governments. Considering that county- governments have already got enough experience of the

advantages and disadvantages of running their accounts at a commercial bank, so they can make

a first-hand opinion on Treasury account management. In addition, the study provides insights

into the process of choosing a bank and focuses on assessing the satisfaction with the Treasury.

In order to understand the issues mentioned above, the responses to the questionnaire survey

are decisive, which are presented by using diagrams, statistical methods and the SPSS program.

The explanations answered in the questionnaire are used to explain the different possibilities.

All in all, it explores, quantifies and analyzes the circumstances under which the government

can make a decision to use the account management services at a Commercial Bank or at the

Hungarian State Treasury.

Keywords: government, county government, Hungarian State Treasury, Treasury, account

management, banking relationship, relation, bank, financial institution,

JEL code: H79, H87, G20, G21, R51

68

Characteristics of the evolution of shopping communities in Hungary

Zsombor Kápolnai

PhD Student



Today's short supply systems were first introduced in France, Italy and England in the 1980s,

and since 2008 they have been on the rise again. The global economic crisis has pointed the

public's awareness to the vulnerability of economic systems thinking in global solutions, and to

the importance of self-sufficiency and short supply chains. The elements of the short supply

chain have become increasingly popular in Hungary. The study attempts to define conceptually

the shopping community among the novel forms of the short supply chain. In addition, it intends

to present its operation in practice. The study primarily examines the characteristics of the

shopping communities operating in Hungary. The study identifies the most important steps of

the evolution of shopping communities in Hungary. Throughout the research, I rely on content

analysis of the shopping communities' websites and social media platforms.

Keywords: local economic development, shopping communities, trade, short supply chain,

social media

JEL code: R11

69

The influence of media, family and peers on the consumer decisions of

preschool children – A qualitative study

Tímea Tina Kásler

PhD student

Corvinus University of Budapest, Department of Marketing and Media


Today, children are disposed to various form of influence. At the same time, they consume an

extensive amount of products, ranging from various foods, to clothing and toys. The purpose

of this study is to explore how the three major consumer socialization factors affect the

consumer behaviour of preschool aged children. In-depth interviews were conducted among the

parents of preschool (3-7 year-old) children in Hungary. The sample of size N=15 was then

analyzed via NVivo. Findings from the qualitative study confirm that all three factors influence

the consumer decisions of children even at such a young age, however some factors have greater

impact than others. The current research may be supportive when considering the future of

targeting to children. The study specifically focuses on children’s food marketing and thus may

even contribute to tackling the issue of childhood obesity. Even though literature in the child

consumer behaviour field is vast, there is little empirical research investigating the factors that

affect children’s attitudes towards the marketplace.

Keywords: consumer behaviour, preschool-aged children, qualitative study, consumer

socialization, media

JEL code: M31

70

Student feedback on the English language International Business

Economics programme of Budapest Business School

Éva Réka Keresztes

assistant professor

Budapest Business School


Transition from secondary to tertiary education is a great concern for first-year university

students, especially when the language of instruction is not their native one. To examine this

phenomenon, students at Budapest Business School, Faculty of International Management and

Business were surveyed to express their opinions about their studies. The questionnaires were

filled by Hungarian and foreign students of the English language programme in December 2017

and December 2018. The topics covered were, among others, financing studies, motivation,

student satisfaction about the quality and difficulty of the programme, technical equipment,

university life, administration and sport facilities. In addition, students were asked to rate their

improvement in personal and language skills, professional, personal, social and intercultural

competences. Envisioning the world of work, they were also asked to share some of their future

study and professional plans. Participants questioned were from all over the world, therefore

internationalisation and intercultural factors are vividly present at the university. Responses

were evaluated by using both quantitative and qualitative methods.

Keywords: management, business, internationalisation, transition, student feedback

JEL: A22

71

Commitment in football marketing

Murad Khudiyev

PhD Student

Szent Istvan University


This paper evaluates the consumer commitment in Football Marketing, which is one of the

integral and most important components in the evaluation of consumer behavior in football

marketing. During review it was observed that consumer commitment in sports marketing

has mostly been studied from the loyalty point of view, which does not complete the

definition of commitment in sports marketing and limits its nature to be studied further and

make satisfactory models. Another important point in commitment within sport and specially

football industry is about investigating fan commitment and consumer commitment

separately, which mostly have been equalized in the previous researches held on this topic.

Moreover, this notion has not been deeply evaluated considering the geo-psychological

feature of fans and consumers which differs in each different region. Similar issues and

problems have been evaluated in this article with comparative method and case study. Review

method has been used as a methodology. Existing researches including articles, books and

thesis researches on the topic. Furthermore, a case study built on Fenerbahce SK has

evaluated and described. The results of the review has been described in a logical order.

Keywords: consumer behavior, consumer commitment, fan commitment, loyalty, football

marketing.

JEL code: M3; M31; L83

72

„The time is money” – Cost of delay and cost of resource limit overrun in

multiproject environment

Mária Kisgyörgy-Pál

Master student

University of Pannonia


I have been interested in multiproject-related literature from the beginning of my meeting with

project management, and I felt a challenge working with this discipline. With my dissertation,

I would like to emphasize the importance of multiproject environment, as it is possible to handle

the effect of projects on each other. In a multiproject environment, several projects run

simultaneously, which often have different objectives and share common resources.

By means of the literature, I identified the most problematic areas of multiprojects. Taking these

into account, my main goal was to create a quantitative model that will help to achieve

multiprojects at the lowest cost, with the lowest, most equitable resource requirements. On the

other hand, I set out to explore the influencing factors of each cost element.

For the modeling, I have taken the basis of development project of the Continental Automotive

Hungary Kft. in Veszprém, from a real, everyday environment. For this, I have received data

from consultations with a project expert. The traditional approach, managed with V-model, was

analyzed with topological indicators to reveal basic structural features. After that, I showed the

cost of the delay and overtime with an Excel-based two-step optimization model. This has

enabled us to point out the full cost reduction opportunities in the multiproject. Finally, with

Crystal Ball, I determined the factors most affecting the cost of delay and overtime.

By running the simulation, I could achieve a total cost reduction of more than 5.5% on a

multiproject level. In addition, we managed to smooth the resource peaks, which reduced the

maximum momentary resource requirement by about 50%, reducing the problem of a project

crash. Coordinated consideration of multiproject costs influencing factors with identified

problem areas provides useful information for project manager's cost-cutting efforts.

Keywords: multiproject management, topology indicators, cost of delay, overtime costs,

resource optimization

JEL code: J0

73

Digital transformation in the approach of multinational consultancies

Péter Kiss

PhD student

Department of Business Studies, Institute of Business Economics, Business School, Corvinus

University of Budapest


In the last decade digital transformation was a very popular phrase. The goal of a digital

transformation program mainly the IT system renewal (or change) and/or the business process

redesign. More and more large consulting firms are involved in digital business transformation

programs and they develop their own competence center based on these requirements. 2016

was the year of Transformation, according to Gartner Senior Vice President. My main research

question is that, what is digital transformation from consultant companies’ point of view? It is

only an IT system renewal/change, or the business side should be involved? What are the

selected consultant company’s definition for digital business transformation? In my paper I deal

with these broad research questions.

At first, I give an overview about the selected companies historical milestones, organization

structure, financial performance, competencies and most important projects. At the second

section I present their roles in digital transformation programs. At the third section I give a

definition about digital transformation based on the determination of the selected consultant

companies.

Keywords: digitalization, digitization, digital business transformation, MNE, multinational

consultancies

74

Where is the border – The road accessibility of the capitals of Hungary and

neighbouring countries

Áron Kovács

assistant professor

Milton Friedman University

[email protected]

Transport (especially the road) is one of the sectors that can be connected to all economic

processes, indirectly and directly influencing the economy and social processes of a region and

country. I am interested in the attractiveness of Budapest districts on our borders and the capitals

of neighboring states to reach the territory of Hungary. How do these factors affect the

economic and social factors of the country? What are the areas where the neighboring state's

access to Budapest is more favorable than the capital of the neighboring country? How will the

accessibility of transport networks be ensured for the survival of the Hungarian minority in the

border? The road contact data for my research was collected using Google's route planner. I

have illustrated research with self-developed maps to help understand the interrelations between

transport, economy, and socio-factors. I believe that my research is not only useful for Hungary,

but also for the neighboring countries, which can be widely used.

Keywords: transport, accessibility, Budapest, economy, capital

JEL code: O18, O29, O57, P25, R41

75

Analysing shopping frequency at physical stores in the digital age: A case

study on Budapest

Csaba József Kovács

PhD Student


[email protected]

Physical stores are facing the challenge of digitalisation. They must adopt digital solutions to

survive in the competitive consumer market. Digital technology has completely changed the

retail system and how people make buying decisions. Customers use both digital and offline

channels across the different stages of purchasing process. Therefore, it is undoubtedly

necessary for merchants to get better insight into the current transformation of customer

behaviours.

In the meantime, physical shops continue to dominate in the retail market. Despite the growing

impact of digital platforms and marketing tools on shopping behaviour, the majority of total

sales still happen within a physical store. This paper aims to analyse frequency of retail shop

visits among physical store shoppers in Budapest. The case study is based on two questionnaires

were conducted in 2008 and 2017 at Aréna Mall the largest shopping centre in Hungary.

Although samples are not representative of the entire range of customers, the author attempts

to analyse the shopping behaviours with the application of descriptive statistics. Research

findings provide a better understanding of physical store visits in the specific Hungarian

consumer market.

Keywords: Budapest; shopping behaviour; digitalisation; customer; retail

JEL code: M31; L81

76

Competing for employees – The effect of employer branding on the

workplace selection preferences of employees

Kata Kovács

Master student


[email protected]

The topic of my research is the current situation and assessment of the employer brands of local

organisations from the employee perspective. More precisely, the possibilities and current state

of workplace healthcare, health promotion, and employee attitudes in relation to these, with

their effects on employer branding. The significance of the subject is seen in the substantial

shift and fluctuation in the labour market. In my study, I examine the employee attitude, as well

as the processes used by employers for the purpose of healthcare and health promotion,

including how they are communicated. In my research, I study the role of the employer and the

state. While presenting the state level, I review the history of the foundation of health

promotion, the most serious health problems and the steps that can be taken towards their

prevention on the state level. Following this, I move on to the employer level and the costs of

health damage, then I outline the steps required for the formation of the workplace health plan.

Next, I detail the solutions which can arise during the design of a health plan for such a

company, that sees employee healthcare as a competitive advantage, and handles the question

of healthcare and health promotion on a strategic level. An element of this can be, for example,

the more prominent use of ergonomics, providing workplace sport possibilities, changing to

more healthy workplace meal options, as well as managing workplace stress. Steps towards

improving the balance of private and professional life could also be a part of the programme,

but organisational improvements can be included as well. As part of my study, with the help

of an employee sample size of at least 100, I examine the attitude of employees towards

healthcare and health promotion, as well as their expectations with regards to employers, their

needs, and preferred tools and methods.

Keywords: workplace healthcare, health promotion possibilities, employer branding, employee

needs

JEL Code: M51

77

Bankruptcy or “walk away”?

Rita Kovács-Szamosi

Master student

Corvinus University of Budapest, School of Economics


Slovakia introduced the walk away opportunity into its personal insolvency law in 2017. The

right had been so popular that the number of applications was the same in 2017 than in the

whole decade before. The Hungarian government had taken into perspectives several times to

introduce this right into the Hungarian Personal Insolvency Act as well. The paper would show

that couldthis opportunity transform the whole Hungarian personal bankruptcy method and the

number of applications or not?

For this goal in the first part, the paper will show the personal bankruptcy laws internationally,

highlighted the countries where the law gives the opportunity of “walk away” – e.g. United

Kingdom and the United States. Next it will show some statistical details based on the database

of Insolvency Service of the UK.In the analysis part, based on the Global Financial

Development database of the World Bank, the paper will show the differences among the

countries in the number of non-paying loans, the return of the banking system and the existence

of personal bankruptcy and walk away by using statistical methods like ANOVA or cluster

analysis. According to the results of this analysis I will give advices for the transformation of

the Hungarian law.

Keywords: personal bankruptcy, personal insolvency, non-paying loans, return of the banking

system, walk away opportunity

JEL code: K35, G21

78

Examination of the indicators of Sustainable Development Strategy (EU

SDS) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Edina Dorottya Kozma

PhD student



Sustainable development is not only a challenge for the European Union but also for the global

world. The EU programs and treaties recognize the three dimensions of sustainable

development thus; synergy requires economic, social and environmental problems to be tackled

together. The European Union has been involved in the development of numerous programs in

its efforts towards sustainable development, both at EU and Member State level. The first

important sustainable development indicator system (EU SDIs) of the European Union is

grouped around 130 indicators based on 10 topics. Over time this indicator system has been

reworked due to the overriding goals, objectives and progress made. In September 2015, the

UN introduced a new framework: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in which they sought

even more to find solutions to problems in the world. The aim of my study is to explore the

similarities and differences between the two sustainable development systems and to try to see

if the extremely high number of indicators can be reduced or not. My first assumption is that

comparing the EU SDS and SDGs strategies and indicator systems the similarities and

differences can be detected at the same time. My second assumption is that the indicators of

both systems can be significantly reduced by statistical methods. The hypotheses were proved

without exception.

Keywords: EU SDGs, EU SDIs, European Union, sustainable development

JEL code: Q01, Q56

79

Difficulties in measuring information and communication technology (ICT)

risk in banks

Norbert Kozma

PhD student

Szent István University - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences


Due to digital revolution, accelerated competition and the the strengthening of FinTech

companies, banking sector is undergoing a major transformation in the XXI. century. In order

to provide fast and flexible customer services, credit institutions need to modernize their IT

systems. For the support of the needs of Y and Z generation, so many IT projects and

developments have been launched in the near past.

In parallel with IT developments, a new type of operational risk - information and

communication technology risk - is also increasing dramatically. Failures in the operation of IT

systems, comitted human errors during IT development processes and information security

threats require a conscious and coordinated protection from the banks side, which is also forced

by changes of regulatory environment.

However, the measurement of information and communication technology (ICT) risks raises a

number of questions: how can be quantified the related losses, how can be developed an

objective measurement system for risk identification, what organizational responsibilities

should be assigned to identifying, measuring and managing risks? Besides the explanation of

this risk type, the aim of this study is to provide insight into its measurement difficulties.

Keywords: ICT risk, information and communication technology risk, bank, banking

regulation, digitalization, risk measurement, IT

JEL code: G21, G28, L51


80

Everything (everybody?) has its time?

László Kökény

PhD student

Kornélia Kiss

associate professor



There are some whose social or physiological responsibilities take most of their time, and there

are those who can or want to take time for other activities besides their obligations. These

attitudinal and/or will factors may be different, which may be influenced by different, simpler

or even deeper factors. Our primary research aiming to find out what factors affect the

performance of leisure activities. The study has been implemented with a sample of more than

800 people. In the course of our research, we analyzed the main socio-demographic factors,

including the territorial dimensions of activities and personality characteristics. As a result of

the analysis of the territorial characteristics, we found that Budapest is more characteristic of

going to theater, cinema, exhibition, catering, or travel to inland or abroad than those who are

living in rural towns. At the same time, people who are living in rural towns are much more

typical of carrying out working around the house, taking care of their pets, practicing religion,

and caring for children. The results of the research on the personality traits show that there is a

connection between the personality traits and the leisure activities of the individual. During our

research, we analyzed the Big Five Factor test. All in all, the difference between generations

can be found most in the pursuit of leisure activities, and the representation of a given

generation(s) in the examined place or personality, which can mean that differences. In our

analysis, besides basic descriptive statistics, cluster analysis and the Kruskal-Wallis test were

used. The questionnaire of the quantitative research carried out for the compilation of the study

was compiled on the basis of the time scale analysis of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office,

but it was modified at several points.

Keywords: leisure activities, personality types, Big Five Factor, regional differences,

urbanization

JEL code: R110

81

Utilization of Hungarian subsidies in Vojvodina in the last three years

Gabriella Krmpotity Bacsó

PhD student

Kaposvár University, Doctoral School of Management and Organizational Science

Szilárd Podruzsik

associate professor



In 2015, a fifty billion forint economic development program was launched in Vojvodina, based

on a government decree born in Hungary.

The aim of the program is to create a vertical system of institutions in Vojvodina, with

agricultural, production, integration and sales on this excellent agricultural land.

The Government of Hungary has entrusted the Prosperitati Foundation with this task to

implement the program on non-refundable subsidies. The feature of the system is that the

Prosperitati Foundation is a Serbian legal entity, the program is implemented in Serbia, so all

operation should be implemented in accordance with the Serbian law. The resource are provided

from Hungary's budget, so the system must operate in accordance with the applicable

Hungarian law. At the same time, Hungary is a member of the EU, therefore it is subject to EU

obligations or rules.

Our study is methodologically based on the literature review and analysis of data published by

the Prosperitati Foundation.

Keywords: donated funds, Vojvodina, utilization, Prosperitati Foundation, economic growth,

JEL code: O19

82

Shareholder value analysis of a Hungarian target company before and after

the management acquisition

László Zoltán Kucséber, PhD

assistant professor

Budapest Business School University of Applied Sciences, Department of Economics and

Business


The goal of my researches is to examine the role of the undertaken M&A transactions, which

have created or destroyed shareholder value. In the analysis of the 784 decisions about mergers

and acquisitions of the Hungarian Competition Authority, besides the sectoral and regional

characteristics, I also collected the financial reports of the acquirer and target companies, which

were concerned in a company acquisition between 2007 and 2010. Besides the company

acquisitions between 1997 and 2018 there were several management and assets acquisitions.

The significant proportion of the management acquisitions may be justified by the fact that

management acquisitions do not require the integration of the target company as the operation

of the acquired company can be influenced by the replacement of the management. In this study

I investigate a target company, which was acquired in a management acquisition. The

calculation of the value generators and shareholder value is based on the database created from

the date of the acquiring companies’ balance sheets, profit and loss accounts and cash flow

statements.

Keywords: mergers, acquisitions, shareholder value, target company, value generator

JEL code: G34, G38

83

Effects of personal competences on performance and social innovation in

the public sector

Daniella Kucsma

assistant lecturer

University of Miskolc, Faculty of Economics


It is crucial for every organization to work effectively, so in many cases, it is the main goal of

the organization. Efficiency is a very diverse concept, so it can be measured in many areas of

an organization's operational processes. It is worth mentioning that the abilities of the

organization and the competencies of the staff working in the organization contribute to the

defined objectives. Nowadays, many publications deal with the concept of social innovation,

so an organisation has to take it into account, and among other things, it is this is influenced by

personal competence. My goal is to present and give a summary describing why it is worth

spending time on an individual's personal competence in an organization and what motivational

factors are that determine the development of an organization. Special attention is paid to the

relationship between performance management and social innovation at the individual and

organizational levels.

Keywords: performance evaluation, public sector, social innovation, competence,

organisational targets

JEL code: M54

84

Process of production transfer project

József Lengyel

PhD student

Corvinus University of Budapest, Doctoral School of Business and Management


Nowadays, several projects are executed in which production capacity is relocated to another

location. Many motivations can appear for these production relocation. Primarily, target is to

reduce operation costs, but serving customers as quickly as possible is a major reason as well

because of a growing challenge for companies to produce competitively.

Many risks can occur at production transfer that need to be assessed and managed, so I have set

as a research goal to develop a risk management and elaborate method for relocation.

In order to collect the different risks, as first point I examine the structure of the production

relocation projects based on the literature and case studies. I present the activities appearing in

the project and the logical-dependency relationships between the activities, to which I can

assign risks at a later stage of my research. I describe which phases and milestones have been

defined in the literature and what can be used in the future. A series of sample activities are

compiled that can be applied later to a real project. In addition, I outline my research questions,

how do I plan to do my research.

Keywords: project management, project risk management, production transfer, relocation,

manufacturing

JEL code: L23

85

Grouping service attributes

Fanny Liska

PhD Student

University of Pannonia, Department of Marketing


In the past decades, the so-called servitization effect has been observed in the markets, so that

manufacturers are already trying to sell their products in packages that offer some additional

service content compared to their competitors. In case of services, complex solutions are being

developed in the quest for competition and excellence. The heterogeneity, inseparability,

perishability and intangibility (HIPI principle) of services, all make this category more

complicated than products. As for products, attributes can often be described by physically

definable attributes, but the “set” is much more complex when it comes to services. In my paper,

drawing on literature research, I outline a way of grouping service features, focusing on the

concept of complexity. Two different meanings of the concept can be distinguished: 1) there

are many different, connected parts (eg complex sewer network) or 2) not easy to analyze or

understand; complicated or intricate (eg complex personality). In services literature, definitions

were built around both interpretations. Based on these, I outline a complexity-based framework

and service attributes.

Keywords: services, services marketing, complexity, attributes

JEL code: M30

86

Historical review of the audit and the main stages of its development in

Hungary

László István Lukács

institution supervisor

Ministry for Innovation and Technology, Department of Institutional Supervision and

Accounting

Martina Zsófia Török

assistant lecturer

Budapest Business School, Faculty of Finance and Accountancy, Institute of Accounting


Audit plays a significant role in the economy, and its emergence was driven by market interests.

Audit is an activity that is carried out to effectively achieve the goals and tasks of an

organization. Audit discloses facts and support management by formulating suggestions in

relation to specific requirements. Audit activity has come to the fore in recent years, which is

due to several reasons. On the one hand, the changed legal environment may raise the question

of how effective auditing can take place in an over-regulated market. On the other hand, audit

scandals in recent years have also highlighted the importance of auditing. The current situation

and regulation of auditing is the result of a constantly evolving process. In our study, we review

the history of audit activity from its inception to the present. In the current phase of our research

we conduct systematic literature research, which we consider as the key factors that played an

important role in the current regulation of auditing. In our study we are looking at the impact

of the history of the audit, its development on its current situation, its quality and its regulation.

Keywords: audit, accounting, control, quality measurement, history

JEL code: M42, N43, N44

87

The economic growth perspectives of the increased debt ratios

Adam Marton

PhD student

National University of Public Service


Despite the current "gracious" economic environment, systemic and country-specific

imbalances persist in the global economy. The extra loose monetary policy and quantitative

easing programs applied as a crisis management measures have created ample liquidity in the

global economy that obscures the underlying imbalances. However, the increased government

debt ratios remain a potential source of danger. In recent years, despite the moderation in debt

ratios in the developed, developing economies and global level too, the indebtedness is historic

high. Furthermore, the downward trend in most economies can only be attributed to the growth

effect, while the stock of debt stagnated or increased. Nevertheless, the current favourable

economic environment facilitates the financing of public debt at market conditions (even at

higher risks), thus contributing to its sustainability.

The main focus of the research is the examination of the relationship between increased public

debt and economic growth. One of the cornerstones of this study is the examination of the causal

relationship between growth and public debt, that is, the high public debt enforces the negative

growth effect or the lower growth rates cause debt growth. In addition, with the use of

econometric methods an aim is to identify the effects of debt on growth as well as the

threshold(s) above which the previous effects have been identified.

Keywords: government debt, economic growth, stock of debt, European Union, debt

sustainability

JEL code: H62, H63, O40, E62

88

The effects of commodity price volatility on macroeconomic variables in

developing country: case of Tunisia

Ben Abdallah Marwa

PhD student

Maria Fekete Farkas

professor



In Tunisia, the consumer price inflation fluctuated between 1.9% and 5.3% between 2000 and

2017. Inflationary pressures have been limited by government subsidies on cereals, vegetable

oil and (since 2004) fuel, relatively tight monetary policies, and the efforts of local

manufacturers to keep prices down to fight competition from European imports which affects

the investment, the trade balance and the economic growth. For this reason, the present work

contributes to the small but growing literature on the linkages between commodity price

behaviour and macroeconomic indicators. The present paper analyses the relations between

commodity consumer price volatility, defined through standard deviation, and macroeconomic

variables which presented by the external variables (Foreign Exchange Rate, Foreign Direct

Investment (FDI) and Trade Balance) and the internal variables (Gross Domestic Product

(GDP) growth, Broad Money Supply, Unemployment Rate and Inflation Rate) for Tunisia. It

aims to investigate the dynamic relationships using the bounds testing approach to cointegration

and the non linear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) methodology over the period 1984–

2017. In order, to achieve this purpose, annual data were collected from the reports of World

Bank for the period in order to assess the impact of consumer price volatility on macroeconomic

indicators.

Keywords: commodity price behaviour; macroeconomic indicators; asymmetry; NARDL;

Tunisia

JEL code: C22; E31

89

Security policy challenges in Turkey that may affect the country’s economic

growth in the future

András Málnássy

PhD student

University of Pécs


In the last years, a new challenge has emerged, primarily as a result of the war in Syria. One of

the main security policy challenges currently facing Turkey is related to the jihadist militias

fighting in Syria and Iraq. At the end of July 2015, the Turkish authorities carried out large-

scale raids, including against jihadist networks operating on the country’s territory. Moreover,

in August 2016, Turkey launched a military offensive in northern Syria in order to push the

Islamic State out of the areas under its control along the Turkish border. From the summer of

2015, the Islamic State responded to Ankara’s firmer stance by carrying out the number of

terrorist attacks inside Turkey. This wave of attacks directly and systematically have targeted

the Turkish state, its economic prosperity and the Turkish society. Turkey today finds itself at

a crossroads. We would raise the question whether Turkey is able to manage to extricate itself

from the destabilizing vortex of Syria’s civil war in the future? In order to mitigate and solve

the problem will not only determine the security and stability of the country itself but also

influence the entire region including its economic situation.

Keywords: Turkey, terrorism, regional challenges, economic security, stability, geopolitics

JEL code: F50, F51, F52

90

Online tourism marketing – Influencing customers’ willingness to book

Balázs Máté

PhD student

Szenti István University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences


There are several great wellness hotels in Hungary, awaiting guests all-year-around. Promising

unforgettable experiences, these hotels offer a wide array of services and seasonal packages in

order to attract customers.

Due to the constant competition for the attention of the target audience in all segments, it is

imperative that hotels strive to get in front of the eyes of users not only via online travel agencies

(OTAs), but also by using their own online communication channels. The initial hypothesis of

our research is that the pricing of the hotels is not the main influencer behind customers’

willingness to convert. During our research, which was based on quantitative, random sampling,

we examined factors which influence customers’ willingness to book.

In order for hotel marketing to be effective, and for the efficient utilization of the tools applied,

a complex online marketing strategy, which is based on basic correlations, has to be created,

implemented, and continuously monitored.

Keywords: online marketing, hotel marketing, room booking

JEL code: M30

91

The social, economic and infrastructural analysis of Pest county’s villages

in the light of the NUTS II separation

Gellért Mészáros

Master Student



As there are no two regions with the same territorial and economic characteristics, Hungary’s

settlement network is also very differentiated. Reducing it is extent not only a domestic

problem, but also a significant problem at European Union level too. The reason of this problem

is that in many cases, the support funds are used for the development of the central regions,

which often does not have a widespread impact on the periphery, that resulting an increase in

the territorial differences.

For this reason, I paid special attention to the social, economic and infrastructural indicators of

the settlements in Pest county, in order to examine how the future of the individual settlements

may be affected after the regional change, which occured on the first of january in 2018, when

Budapest and that surrounding Pest county, which meant the Central Hungarian Region, was

divided into two separate units.

I carried out my research at the level of the settlements (LAU 2) in order to present the

development differences between the examined units, as efficiently as possible, because the

higher territorial level will increase the research’s inaccuracy, because of the data aggregation.

For this reason, I examined all 187 settlements in Pest county. Trough their selective indicators,

based on economic, social and infrastructural data I was able to arrange them into clusters with

the use of the SPSS program. Finally for the better illustration, I have shown the results of the

researches on different maps, with QGIS program.

Using all the data, next to many other things, I was able to present the distribution of

unemployment rate within the county and I also evinced how close the relationship between the

areas affected by unemployment rate and the location of the motorways can be.

Keywords: Pest county, separation, NUTS 2, SPSS, settlements

JEL code: R10, R11

92

The importance of artificial intelligence and robotization in social,

economic and industrial development

Mária Molnár

PhD student

University of Pécs


Currently, we live in the age of the fourth industrial revolution – Industry 4.0 – resulting

significant social, economic and industrial rearrangement. Digital technology, robotization and

artificial intelligence have come to the forefront. Technologies developed by companies can be

applied in many industries from transport, financial sector to trade.

As a result of the technological transformation, change happens not only in the life of the

company, but also in the whole economy. It is increasingly important in the Member States of

the European Union to strengthen ecosystem related to robotization and artificial intelligence

giving further impetus to innovation processes.

I collected information from UNCTAD and IFR (International Federation of Robotics)

databases for statistical analysis. Besides this, I have started a national questionnaire survey,

which examines the impact of digital technology and Industry 4.0 on corporate development

involving artificial intelligence, advantages and disadvantages of robotization, various financial

resources and Fintech.

Keywords: artificial intelligence, robotization, technological transformation

JEL code: O33, O35

93

Athletes’ expectations regarding underwater sports goods and their

adaptation into innovations

Kornélia Veronika Mórik

Master student


The global market of sporting goods is dominated by the Far East countries, as cheap labor

makes them more competitive regarding the products prices. Hungarian businesses face this

challenge as well. Those products can be successful where customers are able and willing to

pay a higher price for high quality premium products. Therefore, innovation plays a particularly

important role in the product development of the Hungarian enterprises.

In my research, I study the innovation of the underwater sports fins produced in Hungary, the

innovation of the NAJADE sports product, based on the athletes’ expectations. The

questionnaire (N = 200) was filled out by underwater athletes using NAJADE fins at

international competitions. The in-depth interview was made with Senánszky Petra swimmer

World Champion and the internationally acknowledged coach from the cradle of the Russian

finswimming Tomsk. My research has confirmed that the use of fins for different underwater

sports is distinct. Gender preference is also diverging, while women consider design as a more

important aspect, men consider convenience more important when making a purchasing

decision, which was significantly different in terms of gender. Competitors and coaches require

novelties from time to time, depending on the latest news and sports: changing the scale of the

fins, price-to-value of the products, changing the composition of materials or design

development. The research proved that the time is right for product development, and soon a

new model and a larger scale of fins will be available. Given that more and more new countries

with lower discretionary income and lower GDP are involved in the underwater sports

competition system, price differentiation is likely to be needed, as well as the introduction of a

new competitive price in line with the increasing competition.

Keywords: innovation, underwater sports, bifins, product innovation, consumer preference

JEL code: A13, L67, L83, O39

94

Investigating the impact of climatic factors on household electricity

consumption in the European Union

Antal Tamás Naár

PhD student

Zsuzsanna Naár Tóth

associate professor

Szergej Vinogradov

associate professor

Tibor Csegődi

assistant lecturer

Szent István University, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, Institute of Economics,

Law and Methodology

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected], [email protected]

In terms of increasing of residential energy demand, reductions in reserves of energy resources,

primarily in reserves of fossil fuels and climate changes it is becoming more important to

examining the influence of weather conditions on electrical energy consumption. This study

examined the impact of the energy savings in residential sector (kWh electricity reduction per

consumer) and the climate factors measured in Cooling degree days (CDD) and Heating degree

days (HDD) on the residential electricity consumption in the European Union countries. The

average values of annual HDD and CDD, residential electricity consumption, and kWh

reduction per residential consumer at the state-level were calculated from raw data for the years

1990 through 2017 from Eurostat. A multiple linear regression analysis using stepwise variable

selection procedure was performed to examined the variability in residential electricity

consumption explained by climate factors (CDD, HDD), and kWh electricity saving per

consumer.

Keywords: energy sources, household electricity consumption, energy efficiency, climatic

factors, climate change

JEL code: O13, Q43, Q54

95

Survey of well-being and migration intention in Szeged

Ilona Nagy

PhD student

University of Szeged


Objective and subjective factors of well-being is a frequently researched topic. However, it is

worth carrying out examinations of well-being associated with numerous socio-economic

processes. Especially as actuality of studies of these intersections is undoubted, such as

connected fields of regional and international migration. It is necessary to identify the well-

being factors of intention to migrate, because of observing of residents, mainly of the youth.

In this study inhabitants were asked their opinions on own life, local public services, social

environment and plan of migration by a survey research in Szeged.

The survey data were analysed by appropriate statistical methods. So we can recognise that on

basis of socioeconomic factors there are demonstrable differences in well-being factors, and we

can see which factors affect mainly the intention to migrate by this survey in Szeged. These

results can give useful experience to further researches and planning of actual urban public

services too.

Keywords: well-being, migration, survey, public service, socio-economic

JEL: I31


96

A Hungarian logistics service provider’s data transmission challenges

Vivien Ágnes Nagy

Master student

Tímea Kozma

associate professor



In the rapidly developing world the logistics service providers have got an essential role day by

day in the partial (basic flows – WTS – warehousing, transportation, stocking) and in the all

included, full (e.g. customs examination) service. The logistics providers can appear in the

strategic program of organizations at the time of product/service creation already, thus

facilitating the logistical difficulties there, that the service company can cover or strengthen its

current position in the supply chain market. The subject of this study is the exploration of data

transmission challenges at a global logistics service provider. In order for an enterprise to have

up-to-date information about the services what its provide and their quality, it is essential to

have the proper communication and fitting data transfer tools in the daily working process. To

keep the customer service level at high level, the quality of the operational processes should be

emphasized, which is also an important factor in the marketing and logistics fields. The present

survey will show in the practical side, what could happen if there is a delay when two systems

not communicate with each other properly, and represent the omissions by the employees in the

office and warehouse operations.

Keywords: logistics service providers, data transmission, quality, added value, communication

JEL Code: M11, L21, P42

97

Economic transformation of Budapest in two decades after the political

changes

Gábor Nemecz

PhD student

Szent István University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Enyedi György Doctoral

School of Regional Sciences

In Budapest – similarly to the nation-wide trends - political changes in 1990 brought transitional

decrease in production and living standard, unemployment reached its highest rate so far. As

the privatization procedures went on an increasing ratio of foreign capital arrived, a continuous

development began and capitol of Budapest became a clear winner of it, thanks to its skilled

workforce, its central location and its conversion to modern sectors. In economy we can see a

shift from industry to third sectors and from the 21st century research and development have

emerged as a more and more dynamically developing economic sector. This presentation

includes concrete data and summary of the statements and conclusions from experts working

on this topic. Time frame lasts from the political changes until the beginning of the economic

crisis, including the completion of privatization processes. Of course, I examined economic

boost of the capitol together with the surrounding settlements as the economy of these

settlements has been able to develop in symbiosis with the economy of Budapest.

Keywords: Budapest, regime change, economy, privatization, industry

JEL code: O10

98

Self-confident: feeling or measurable key factor of efficiency?

Emőke Nyéki

PhD student

Doctoral School of Business and Management

E-mail: emő[email protected]

Trust is a fundamental element of social capital and key contributor to sustaining economic

development and even well-being (Ortiz-Ospina, Roser).

A research is in progress at the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences of the Budapest

University of Technology and Economics using online survey in the theme of the impact of

trust on economic efficiency. The research focuses on the economic sector in Hungary. The

companies investigated employ high numbers of engineers whose self-confident work and trust

are crucial for their personal and organizational efficiency.

The results of the online survey including the context of the companies’ management are

compared with the results of engineering students’ self-confidence survey.

There are three main focus of the research. First, it aims to find the ways to enhance the

engineering students’ self-esteem. On the other hand, provides information to employers on

what mental features and qualities they should strengthen for their trainees or newly hired

engineers. Thirdly, responding to international trends, universities are expected to work on

renewal of their LifeLong Learning strategies in this respect as well.

Keywords: trust, self-confidence, self-esteem, personal success, organizational success

JEL code: M59

https://ourworldindata.org/about/#the-team

99

Changes of regional relations – Local answers, Kesztölc, case study

András Nyírő

PhD student

Szent István University, Enyedi György Doctoral School of Regional Sciences


Grassroot communities that are capable act for their own, are playing increasingly important

role in the EU's regional development policy. I examine the reactions by the community of

Kesztölc to changes in regional relations. In the second half of the sixties, after 1956, they took

their fate for the second time in their own hands. They took advantage of the regional relations

and built their economies based on low-cost labour. Part of the increased revenue was spent on

raising the local standard of living, some of which was returned into the local economy and

infrastructure development. The results of my analysis are presented in the famous exit-voice-

loyalty framework outlined by Albert Hirschmann, later amended with the concept of Recent

analyzes complement this concept of tolerance. Our modern mass society has narrowed the

space to community action, so it is important to explore the potential of a small village to

express their interests.

Keywords: regional relations, road network, community development, settlement history, rural

development

JEL code: R12

100

Unethical sales practices and their effect on the corporate image among

Slovakian Facebook users

Mária Parádiová

PhD student

László Józsa

professor

Selye János University


Nowadays, thanks to the acceleration of technology, we can get information about the social

network itself more quickly, as we would meet a friend of ours who could share our experiences

with us, be an opinion about a particular product, brand or a particular company. The common

language is that negative advertising is also advertising, which is not always good. In the field

of sales, it is therefore important for salespeople to carry out their work with the most

appropriate communication. Traces of unethical sales can be found on various social media

platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, all through various posts, posts, and reviews.

Consumers can direct these negative opinions to the company itself, to the product itself and to

the employee itself. The consequences of unethical sales on the Internet have a negative impact

on the company's image. The purpose of the study is to compile a comprehensive guide for

companies, whether in the B2B or B2C sectors, which would later serve as a guide for various

companies to improve the quality of their service, customer and business partner commitment.

In the case of the study, the applied methodology is a questionnaire survey, all of which is

surveyed among Facebook users in Slovakia. Within the framework of the research, we take

into account the responses of 18-65 year olds, consumers with income.

Keywords: sales, social media, unethical sales, Facebook, corporate image

JEL: M14, M37

101

Governmental influence at macro level on economic growth/the role of

E-government, envision beyond information revolution age

Alassaf Pierre

PhD student

Zsigmond Gábor Szalay

associate professor



The aim of this paper is to put the light on government intervention which concerns basically

with economic issues, by reviewing theoretical background of government intervention

concept, ways of implementing, effects, benefits and consequences, then it consternates on the

government expenditures and how it effects economic growth by reviewing several studies in

this regards, and compare it by new analyses of the relation between USA general government

spending and annual GDP growth.

This paper found that there is negative effect of USA general government spending on annual

GDP growth, to have mentioned result this paper has tested the effect of total general

government spending (as percent of GDP) on the GDP annual growth in USA 2000-2017.

By comparing the cases among different countries this paper found that is no agreement of the

positive or negative effect of Government Expenditures on Economic Growth, so it would be

useful to make more detailed study on the effects of every subcategory of government

expenditures on economic growth, then we could define which subcategory of government

expenditures has a Crucial empirical approve of positive or negative effect on economic growth

and which one has no consensus of its effect. To do that this paper reviewed several studies

about this regards concerning different countries.

This paper also tries to find how to optimize government intervention in the age of new smart

technology by the means of full implementation of E-Government which will control and

collect all data from all national transaction.

Keywords: Expenditures, Macroeconomic, Economic growth, E-government, Information

revolution age.

JEL code: O32, O38

102

Initial economic analysis before autosteering adaption in crop production

Levente Elemér Pintér

Master student

Attila Kovács

assistant professor

Enikő Lencsés

assistant professor



Digital revolution and technological developments have already had their effects on agriculture.

Processes of precision crop production (e.g., autosteering, variable rate applicaton, yield

mapping, etc.) play a more determining role in agricultural production. Adaptation of these

processes could contribute to environmental sustainability but could decrease the shortage of

agricultural labour as well. The Ministry of Agriculture would also like to support the

technological adaption in the near future so that the Hungarian farmers would be able to enhance

their competitiveness. Unfortunately only few farms do precision farming on their fields,

however, we could realise a positive trend. It is not enough to examine the advantages of this

new technology before its introduction, but it is also necessary to know the economic situation

of the company.

During our project we chose an agricultural farm, which has an area of 350 hectares. They deal

with conventional crop production. We looked for the answer whether the adaption of

autosteering is worth it or not in this particular case. Firstly we took input use and costs, output,

material costs and yields into consideration and then we compared them. Afterwards we used

cost-benefit analysis and economic efficiency calculations. On examinations we found that

autosteering is fully worth it under these circumstances.

Keywords: precision farming, autosteering, economic issues, investment, return on investment

JEL code: O33

103

Robots as determinative factors of Industry 4.0

Bence László Pistrui

PhD student



With the advancement of industry 4.0, the term ‘robot’ is becoming more and more widespread

in both public and scientific life. While most of the time it was only one of the commonly used

phrases of science fiction to explore robots and social issues related to them, these days they

are beginning to be the real challenges to humanity. That is why I would like to focus on the

robots in this presentation. First, I would like to define what we call robots. Then, I will present

their current role in society and economy in order to get a comprehensive picture of what the

term ‘robot’ really means in our lives, so I disregard the robots of science fiction and fiction. I

would also like to present the main categorization of robots and the ways in which different

robots are used in the economy. In this presentation I focus on discussing industrial robots,

highlighting the differences between today's industrial robots and those that have spread

through the automation processes in the 1960s. I exhibit the most important aspects of these

differences in detail, namely, cost-effectiveness, widespread use, safe human-robot interaction

and the ability to learn from each other. My aim, in addition to the general summary, is to

highlight the effects of global/international processes and the spread of industrial robots on each

other and to identify further research directions in this field, addressing reshoring and offshoring

issues.

Keywords: Industry 4.0, robotics, industrial robotics

JEL code: M21

104

The relevance of fiscal opportunities in convergence processes

Dániel János Plósz

PhD student

University of Pécs


The aim of the essay is to present the connection between the fiscal opportunities and the real

economic convergence processes, with particular regard to Hungary, in an international,

European comparison. The investigation includes the analysis of Hungarian budget and the

national budgets of the EU Member State’s according to government functions, furthermore

examining the growth and it’s composition of EU-28 Member States. The study analyzes and

evaluates the links between budget opportunities and catching-up processes based on the results

obtained and research by other authors too. In short term, providing budgetary opportunities

can lead to greater economic growth, however, in the long run, a high government deficit may

lead to an increasing public debt path, an increase in risks, and thus a loss of confidence,

followed by fiscal adjustments and other measures – in short, this happened in Hungary in the

first decade of the new millennium. Long-term budgetary opportunities, and thus long-term

growth potential, can be improved by various steps towards fiscal rigor; debt brake. Efficient

use of EU funds can also make a positive contribution to the budgetary manoeuvre of individual

states, which can increase the income-generating capacity of individual economies, their real

economic performance and their catching-up. In order to increase efficiency, the establishment

of a simple, clean state organization is ideal, based on successful international experiences and

good practices.

Keywords: budget, economic convergence, Hungary, European Union, international

comparison.

JEL: E62, H60, O40.

105

The methodology of corporate capital stock and capital movements, or

where does money migrate within businesses?

Orsolya Pócsik

PhD student

Szent István University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Enyedi György Doctoral

School of Regional Sciences


The study analyzes the main types of capital stock and capital movements within the European

Union, including the main types, which, according to the first approach, examine the repayment

obligation, ie credit-type international capital flows that it may originate from official and

unofficial sources, international aid, and they have other aspects: non-credit international

capital flows that may originate from donations, portfolio investments, and foreign direct

investment. The author focuses on the effects of the creation, relocation, operation and

termination of the working capital enterprise and their the related factors. It extends the analysis

to the analysis of foreign capital theories, taking into account the work of Hymer, Penrose,

Chandler, Vernon, Aliber and subsequent trends. Furthermore, the author is looking for an

explanation of the XXI. century, which correlates with the size of corporate capital stock.

Corporate competitive advantage is interpreted as market adaptation of managerial knowledge,

technology, innovation, products, capital investment to increase market share, and creation of

adaptive environmental conditions.

In the study, the author outlines the reasons why international currency and capital markets can

operate within a given region, and also it investigates Porter's competitive advantages as the

basis for corporate strategic decisions. It also names capital exporters in the target market. The

principle of transaction costs is compared with the size of the capital stock. The target group of

the analysis is the EU group of multinational companies. In the final chapter of the study, the

author is looking for answers to the trends in capital stock and capital movements: technology,

innovation and the acceleration of capital flows; impact of regional economic policy on foreign

capital.

Keywords: capital stock, capital movements, European Union, working capital

JEL code: R51, G3

106

Position of river tourism as tourism product by – Example of the Danube

Nikolett Pókó

PhD student

University of Pécs, Doctoral School of Regional Policy and Economics


Nowadays, the demand and supply elements of tourism are constantly expanding, more and

more products or product specifications are emerging. Such a rediscovered product is the river

cruising, and year after year, hotel-boat owners and tour operators are struggling to develop

other experiences and a very diverse range of products. River cruise travel for overseas guests

can provide a high level of travel safety, which is perhaps one of the main decision factor for

luxury services. Through the example of the Danube, the author examines river tourism as a

special tourist product. What basic characteristics can be defined when we consider river

navigation as a tourist product? So far, there is no comprehensive analysis of river tourism in

terms of environment, attractiveness, tourism infrastructure factors, primary and secondary

tourism superstructure. As a ship as the place to stay and host, it also serves as a venue for

cultural programs and therefore includes a tourist superstructure. Atypical, as the ship is a travel

device, attractive at the same time as the location of the infrastructure, in many cases the

product's narrow environment is the hotel ship itself. Atypical, because passengers can not be

categorized into a single category. Atypical because in the case of hotel boat tourism, the main

features of slow and alternative tourism are mixed with the characteristics of active tourism,

unlike other tourist products. On board and during embarking, guests can enjoy cultural,

culinary, and luxury services, so river cruising travel as a tourist product cannot be categorized

as a traditional tourist category.

Keywords: Danube, river tourism, river shipping, hotel boat tourism, tourist product

JEL code: Z32

107

The interaction between territorial capital and family businesses

Csilla Polster

PhD student

Széchenyi István University, Kautz Gyula Faculty of Economics, Department of Leadership

and Organizational Communication


The purpose of the present study is to examine the interaction between the territorial capital of

a region and the family businesses operating in that area.

Although family businesses have been released in Hungary for a long time, most of them have

been founded around the change of regime, and the research related to the family businesses

has been examined intensively only in recent years.

To examine the relationship between territorial capital and family businesses, on one hand the

study is based on academic literature and also on previous studies. On the other hand, two case

studies are introduced according to the interviews with two family businesses.

As a result, the study introduces the social and cultural effects of territorial capital on family

businesses and the growing power of family businesses in terms of territorial capital. There is

a strong interaction between corporate regional engagement and embeddedness and territorial

capital.

Keywords: territorial capital, family businesses, embeddedness, interaction, Győr region

JEL code: M21

108

The management of innovative investment

György Márk Ponácz

senior consultant

Ekron Consulting Ltd.


Research, development and innovation contribute to maintaining the competitiveness of

companies in the marketplace, and at the national level to raising the quality of life and creating

new jobs and services. Market and social benefits of innovations are usually realized through

investments, therefore it is important to analyze and evaluate the affected investment decisions.

Investigating the investment process is also important, as innovative tools may be used in the

realization of investments. Various investment management tools are used in different areas of

the national economy, which may be decisive for the success of the investment. There is a place

for an innovative approach to investment decisions and to investment implementation, for

public service providers, small and medium-sized enterprises, start-up companies and

multinational corporations, but their character is different and their characteristics can be

demonstrated, which may also help to create suggestions for improving efficiency. Knowledge

management, the targeted sharing and use, such as the operation of collaborative knowledge

networks also have an impact on investments, so it is justifiable to examine this aspect too. The

present study takes stock of decision making tools for innovative investments and their practical

applications and furthermore presents innovative tools for investment management.

Keywords: innovation, start-up companies, investment management, decision making tools,

knowledge networks

JEL code: D25, E22, G11, G24, O32

109

Crowdfunding in practice

Adrienn Puha

Bachelor student

Alexandra Puha

Bachelor student



The aim of our research is to investigate crowdfunding as an external source of development in

the operation and start-up of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises. The importance and

topicality of the topic is underlined by the significant role of SME’s in economic life. These

companies are the key to economic growth, on the one hand, they play a major role in income

generation and, on the other hand, play an important role in job creation, employment, foreign

capital operation, investment and tax payments. The efficient operation of this sector is

significantly affected by the lack of capital as a financial problem. However, a new source of

financing, crowdfunding, can be a solution to the financial problems of the SME sector.

In the literature review, we present the role of SME’s in the economy and the sources of their

development in addition to the basic concepts, where we specifically address the presentation

of Community funding. We deal with the overall operation of the model, outline the advantages

and disadvantages, and present the 4 main forms.

The methodological basis of our research was the processing of the secondary data of

Kickstarter. Using these data, we examined the specificities of community funding, including

the distribution of different categories within all grants, the most supportive and / or most

supported projects, and the links between them. Special attention was paid to Hungarian

initiatives, which clearly show that community funding is a geographically dispersed but

technically networked system.

Keywords: SME, development source, crowdfunding, Kickstarter, project

JEL: G10

110

Aspects of agricultural by-products for energy purposes utilization

Alexandra Rajczi

PhD student

University of Kaposvár


The energy consumption of the world, so our country is growing rapidly, but it is at present and

mainly a fossil energy source. On the other hand, there is a significant amount of by-product in

agriculture, which is not utilized or is not efficiently and well organized (For example, 14

million tons of straw and maize stems are produced, the decisive part of which has not been

utilized for decades, as the livestock keepers reduce their need for strawberries due to the

decreasing number of animals). The production of biogas from by-products reduces greenhouse

gas emissions, as opposed to the environmental impact of fossil fuels. Investments related to

the production of alternative energy have an incentive effect on rural areas, besides their

environmental impact, they have significant economic and social benefits. The research is based

on the FADN database operated by the Agricultural Research Institute. The paper seeks to find

out the extent to which it can contribute to energy supply, how much byproduct is produced

and how it is utilized, furthermore the sustainable development of the rural areas.

Keywords: agricultural by-product, energy, biogas, rural areas, sustainable development

JEL code: Q2

111

Examination of farm efficiency by scale categories and production targets

Alexandra Rajczi

PhD student

University of Kaposvár


Hungary has favourable conditions to create a competitive and developed agribusiness. After

the political and economic transition, however, this endowment has not proved to be sufficient

for the Hungarian agriculture to be able to keep up with the growing trends in the European

countries. During the decades following the transition Hungary’s agriculture was focused on

the issues of restitution and the restructuring of agricultural cooperatives. In this period, the

Hungarian agriculture was more and more characterised by undersized farms and this structure

determines the agriculture even today. Government policies have taken several measures to

mitigate this so that the evolved farm sizes can strengthen and compete with other European

countries. However, the Hungarian agriculture is characterised by structural tensions and its

competitiveness is also below expectations. For countries with comparative advantages, such

as Hungary, it should be a major goal to use this advantage as optimally as possible. In the

Hungarian agriculture, both competitive farms with large farm size and small farms, which

produce for self-sufficiency and local markets, are present. The study uses the data of the Farm

Accountancy Data Network operated by the Agricultural Research Institute. The study seeks to

find out how the efficiency of farms of different scale categories has changed in recent years

by production targets.

Keywords: agriculture, scale efficiency, profitability

JEL code: Q1

112

Environmental and social impacts of sharing economy enterprises

Petra Soltész

PhD student


Sciences, Doctoral School of Business and Management


The recent growth of sharing economy businesses has become indisputable and an invigorated

discussion has risen on research and literature of sharing economy businesses on multiple

perspectives: legal questions, ethical problems, correlation with sustainable development,

economical-, environmental and social impacts. In my present research I am concentrating on

the sustainable aspect of sharing economy businesses with the focus on their environmental and

social impacts. As I am going to show, the ever-growing penetration, presence and increasing

number of enterprises on the market justifies the necessity to thoroughly analyse the upper

discussed impacts, also considering that the majority of these enterprises are heading to be

sustainable businesses.

Consequently, in my research I am going to draw a map of environmental and social impacts

of sharing economy enterprises due to vast literature analysis on the field of sharing economy,

comparing various perspectives and arriving at a conclusion of the examined data. In the end, I

am going to explore the formerly measured data of impacts in the literature on the score of

sustainability.

Keywords: sharing economy, environmental impact, social impact

JEL code: Q56

113

The importance of personal skills and competencies in the tourism

education system in Hungary and Spain

Réka Somlai

Learning and Development Specialist

Air France KLM


Hospitality is one of the most competitive sector of the tourism industry, therefore it is very

important to possess professional and personal skills and competencies both for employees and

managers. Professional studies and own researches also suggest that starting the development

of personal skills should not be at the moment when a leader is appointed, but at the very first

moment possible, during the tourism studies and formal education period. The aim of present

study is to examine the role of the practical training and personal skills during tourism studies

in Spain and Hungary. Multiple sample was introduced using the same questionnaire, as

comparing the different angles are one of the focus points. The three samples are both Spanish

and Hungarian students, front desk agents and managers from the hospitality industry.

Furthermore, all groups also indicates those personal skills what they find important to develop

during the studies. The results of this study could be a valuable input for designing and

delivering tourism and hospitality courses. The study also focuses on differences and

similarities between the two cultures. Globalization and multicultural trends, also the

international nature of tourism, indicate more international connections in the education as well,

therefore, these results can be useful both in Hungarian and Spanish education.

Keywords: tourism studies, professional training, personal skills, multiple perspectives,

international sample

JEL code: I21


114

The role of Robert Bosch Elektronika Ltd. in the training and selection of

human resources to maintain the corporate competitiveness

Endre Szabó

PhD candidate



In the course of my study I analyzed the effects of the selection and training method on the

multinational company, which together ensure the future development of the company.

This contribute to the optimization of the manufacture and logistic processes, assure the

customer's satisfaction and the success of the company. In today’s accelerated and global world

is essential that the companies will be aware of the crucial importance of human resources,

whose the proper selection and training is the essential element in order to maintain and develop

the economic competitiveness.

The quality means for Bosch to work from beginning without mistake. The process quality and

process orientation reduce the costs, increase the profitability and advance the procedures in

order to meet the rising requirements. All these factors are base of the quality strategy.

For this reason, the company consequently applies the manner of the preceding quality

assurance, learns from the mistakes and is able to overcome the reasons of the difficulties as

well as hand over its experience to all production areas for the purpose of preventing.

Moreover, in the case of the all fields, the corporation provides the full support for the

customers and strives for perfection, therefore it is obligatory for all that to reach the best

possible quality.

The Robert Bosch Elektronika Ltd. is continuously looking for new opportunities in order to

be able to improve the selection and training programs, whereby the company can be more

successful on the market.

Keywords: competitiveness, optimization, training, selection, quality

JEL code: O10, O15

115

Challenges for family businesses and for generational change with regard to

demographic indicators

Zsolt Szabó

PhD student

Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary


Family businesses are prominent players in the economy not only in Hungary but all over the

world. International and domestic management science experts agree that the majority of family

businesses are in a critical phase of life. In many of them, the current leadership reaches

retirement age in these years, and they cannot and do not want to manage the family business

any more. It is up to the family to decide whether to continue the company business. Ideally,

the generational change is a process that lasts for many years and is preceded by decades of

preparation. Unfortunately, domestic companies are lagging behind in this area, which

endangers the long-term operation of the majority of small and medium-sized enterprises. The

study presents the main issues affecting family businesses through the processing of domestic

and international literature. First of all, we try to define the concept of family business, and then

we explore the strengths and difficulties that family businesses face today. In addition, we

briefly review the factors that can hinder and help the generational change that is taking place

today. Furthermore, based on demographic forecasts, the dissertation presents possible

macroeconomic and microeconomic factors and impacts on family businesses and the related

generational change. The issue of succession is the central theme of every family business, and

founders tend to imagine a long-lasting business that lasts for generations, but some experts say

the succession process may be a real difference between family and non-family companies. The

most important part of the research is the examination of the relationship between the

management characteristics of family businesses and their effectiveness. Our main question is

what corporate characteristics have a role to play in making the generational change as smooth

as possible.

Keywords: family business, generational change, demographic indicators, macro and

microeconomic impacts

JEL code: D1, F61, F62, J11, J32


116

The practice of organizational career management in Hungary

Brigitta Szabó-Bálint

assistant lecturer

University of Pécs, Faculty of Business and Economics


According to the new career concepts (boundaryless or protean careers) the management of

career is in the hands of the individual. However more and more studies note that the

organizations should not back out of the process since successful career development could not

be realized without them. Responsibility for career development is shared, divided into three

parties: the individual, the manager and the organization. Individuals should be primarily

responsible for their careers, the manager has to support and mentor them in the right direction

(e.g.: a desired position for the organization) and the organization should create opportunities

and provide resources for learning and development. However, surveys show that employers

are not necessarily partners in managing their employees' careers. The purpose of the study is

to present the results of the Cranet survey 2014-16, including the use of career management

tools, how domestic organizations are active in this area. Domestic practice is also compared

with other European countries and previous surveys on similar topics.

Keywords: boundaryless careers, protean careers career management, training, development

JEL code: M12, M51, M53

117

The impact of loyalty cards on the customer behaviour of Slovak drivers in

buying fuel

Florián Szakál

PhD student

Dr. Józsa László

professor

Selye János University


The theoretical part of the study is based on Hungarian and foreign literature and presents

consumer behaviour and marketing tools. Within this, the target is to present the process of

building customer loyalty and the goals of using loyalty cards. Nowadays so many stores and

companies are using loyalty cards that we decided to choose as group the Slovak drivers, and

the subject of our research were the loyalty cards used by each gas stations. We choose those

Slovak drivers, who use their vehicles daily, or at least weekly, so they often visit a gas station

to purchase fuel and have at least one brand loyalty card. The purpose of the research is to find

out which gas station they visit, if they choose a gas station about a loyalty card they have, if

the benefits influence them, which they can reach by this card, if they have become loyal

customers to the gas station where they have a loyalty card, or they make their decision by

distance, prices or other aspects. We have defined several models and illustrations, and we have

tried to find out, what is the highest price they are willing to pay at the gas station, where they

can get some discounts, points by using their card, and which is the price, when they stop buying

at the gas station, and choose other brand, other station.

Keywords: buyer, customer behaviour, marketing, customer loyalty, brand loyalty

JEL code: M30, M31, M37

118

The role of environmental awareness in life of young generation based on

representative primary research

András Szeberényi

PhD Candidate



The state of our environment, the remaining usability of fossil energies,the difficulties of green

energy developments, the disappearance of animal species, sustainability and the associated

global warming threat affect everyone. As our liveable environment, clean drinking water, and

air quality deteriorate year by year, the number of people or groups and associations who are

trying to contribute to solving problems in this way is gradually increasing. One of the greatest

tools that can be used to speed up the process is the Internet and the information flow that can

be exploited by it. Social media is used by younger generation much more widely, so it can be

an effective solution if we teach them the importance of environmental awareness. One of the

main goals of the research was to assess the environmental awareness and knowledge of

primary and secondary school students in the micro-region of Gyöngyös, as well as students

studying at the university, thus helping to find new solutions for environmental problems at

local level.

Keywords: environmental awareness, young generation, social media, green energy

JEL code: O13, P48, Q42

119

Examining the short supply chain from the point of view of local markets

and fairs based on the example of “Budaörsi Gazdapiac” and “Egri

Magyarok Vására”

Brigitta Szendrei

Master student



The agricultural economy is an increasingly complex system. New emphases appear. The issue

of sustainability is an increasingly important issue today. My starting point in my study is that

not only is the environmentally conscious farming in production technology the only one that

serves sustainability in agriculture. The topic being studied is the sustainable sale of produced

products. I look at the topic from a local and regional perspective.

First of all, I interpret the basics related to the topic, then I summarize the concepts of agriculture

economics, the importance of integration, local economic development and the characteristics

of the short supply chain (REL). An independent research on my thesis focuses on a Farm

Market in Budaörs and an initiative called "Magyarok Vására" in Eger, which provides insight

into the operation, success, limitations and opportunities of direct sales. In the course of my

research, after surveying local conditions and development documents, I conducted a

questionnaire survey among producers and consumers in the Farm Market and Fair examined,

and interviewed the market operators.

My conclusions were evaluated based on the results of consumer and producer inquiries, as

well as the lessons of direct sales points, and then I made suggestions on the research topic. My

goal was to prove that, taking into account the requirements of sustainable agriculture, through

short supply chains, local markets and fairs have a positive impact on the reintegration of

agriculture. My further goal is to show that, based on local factors, local knowledge, traditions

and local material assets can be mobilized in the field of agriculture for sustainability.

Keywords: Sustainable agriculture, short supply chain, integration, local economic

development, local market

JEL code: R10

120

Promotion of sports, movement at work using PR tools

Bernadett Szolnoki

PhD student



Supporting regular exercising and active lifestyle is becoming increasingly important for the

labor market. Beyond complying with legal requirements about occupational health, employers

are trying to provide their employees’ healthy lifestyle that can be a key element for long-term

retention of the workforce. On the other hand, among the expectations of the employees

(concerning the future employer), the question often arises as to whether the potential

workplace supports the individual sporting aspirations and, if so, to what extent.

Maintaining the fitness of the human body mean more than just supporting physical fitness, this

includes promoting mental performance, which in the long run benefits the employer

(organization). Several issues must be considered, including labor shortages due to illnesses,

the amount of sick pay that will arise at this time, the amount of time spent on work, the search

for and training of the new workforce, the quality of the performance provided etc.

Management’s long-term goals are to encourage workers to move and improve their health.

From the employer's side, it is possible to support regular sporting activities, organize programs

and events that encourage movement, informative presentations, an organization of status

surveys etc. Promoting, launching, and retaining such programs is a great challenge, as it is

difficult to maintain the initial enthusiasm of the employees in the long run.

The study shows how the opportunities of PR (internal PR) can be used, which marketing

communication tools can support managing these activities related to the job, and what are the

available benefits and other positive impacts for the organization in the market (corporate

identity and image).

Keywords: sports, marketing, PR, health, communication

JEL code: M31


121

Work and sport? The role, place and outcome of regular exercise in

everyday life

Bernadett Szolnoki

PhD student



Regular exercises play an important role in human life, as it directly affects our physical and

indirect mental performance. The daily routine, the tied schedule, is difficult to reconcile but

not impossible with a sporty lifestyle. Active people have better physical fitness, moreover,

they perform better during the work. Those, who do not care about their body’s fitness, can feel

the negative syndrome of a sedentary lifestyle sooner. In the long term, musculoskeletal

disorders can be formed that makes doing the everyday work difficult. That is why sport or any

alternative to regular movement should be a priority in our lives.

The study is based on an own, online survey that collects information about the sporting habits

of gym users. Results show that many people try to do some sports regularly, which can be

timed primarily for afternoon or evening hours.

In addition to the interpretation of definitions in the field, the results of the survey point out that

locomotor disorders typical in office work must be considered. It is shown how positive or

negative the physical activity of the body during this period can be on the human body and thus

on the everyday life of the individual. Is it better to schedule sports for the morning or evening

hours? Because of the fact that not everyone has the opportunity to do exercises regularly, there

are some simple moves presented in the paper, which can be done safely and comfortably at the

workplace in the interest of supporting both the mental and the physical performance.

Keywords: health promotion, performance, health management, office work, sport

JEL code: M14


122

Econometric assessment of traders market power in the Hungarian

electricity market

Tamás Szőke

PhD student

Budapest University of Technology and Economics


In this paper I present an econometric technique to estimate parameters of an asymmetric price

transmission (APT) model as a possible measure and indicator of traders market power in the

Hungarian electricity market. The focus of my work is to analyze the theoretical and practical

applicability of this modeling technique. The intuition behind the method is the assumption that

partial or asymmetric price transmission refers to deviations from the perfect competition, for

example the presence of market power can be assumed. In the course of the research, I show

that the increase in competition which happened as a result of the liberalization of the Hungarian

electricity market can be detected by applying the APT approach. The main purpose of the

study is therefore not only the exploration of market conditions but also to present the

possibilities and limitations of the application of the proposed methodology in the electricity

market.

Keywords: Market competition, vertical integration, electricity markets, econometrics,

asymmetric price transmission

JEL code: C52, C54, L11, L81, Q41

123

The labour market situation of Cegléd city and it’s segregated areas,

analysis of it’s living conditions

Tímea Réka Szűcs

Bachelor student



Cegléd is a country town, located in the north-western part of the Great Hungarian Plain, the

seat of Cegléd district. The region has important agricultural and ecological potential, which

has been built on it’s own farm economy, which after the regime change ruined, because the

private-sector took over but in the lack of supports this area disappeared. This had affected a

current urban structure. The city centre’s centrum area was increasing at the last few years,

which spread to the public places, office buildings, the urban renewal of road, and grow up the

number of economic institution.

On the outer edge of the city segregated areas has been evolved. Mixed population are living in

here, between garden houses there are many old and lower comfort building. I analysed six

segregated area, where the segregated indicator is above 35%.

Aim of the research is Cegléd’s middle and outer edge segregated area situation analysis,

position of the labour market, education level researching, on the other hand habitats living

conditions who are living in the segregated part of the city.

During the exploration next to the seconder research, primer researches (personal interview,

observation based on auditing) came true, which point the situation of the segregates and the

differences, furthermore the difference in between the city centre and the outer edge.

Keywords: labour market, living condition, unemployment, employment, segregated area

JEL code: J4

124

Analysis of the impact of learning effect on cost-volume-profit analysis

Alexandra Tamás

PhD student, assistant lecturer

Tamás Koltai

professor

E-mail:


Business Economics


The aim of the presentation is to show the impact of the learning curve on the structure of cost-

volume-profit (CVP) analysis and to analyze its managerial consequences. The essence of the

learning effect – that has been known in production and operations management for decades –

is that as the cumulative amount of the manufactured product or performed task increases, the

unit production or execution time decreases according to a certain formula. The function

describing the decrease of unit time and cost is called the learning curve. CVP analysis is used

to assess the expected economic consequences of different operations related managerial

decisions. Companies use CVP analysis to determine how the changes in costs or quantities

produced will affect operating revenue and profit. One of the basic assumptions of the model is

that the unit variable cost is constant. As a result of this assumption, the cost functions of the

traditional CVP structure are linear. Taking into consideration the learning effect, however, the

assumption of linearity is not correct. If learning influences unit time and unit cost, the linearity

of the variable cost function can’t be assumed any more. The unit variable cost does not remain

constant. The presented study reviews the most commonly used learning curve models in the

field of production and operations management, the typical parameters of the models, as well

as the unit cost functions of the different models. The study shows how the differences observed

in the form of unit cost functions influence the shape of cost functions in the CVP structure.

The effect of learning curves on the breakeven point and on the amount of profit is illustrated

with numerical examples. Finally, the study summarizes the importance and possible benefits

of the application of learning curves in some typical production and operations management

areas.

Keywords: learning curve, learning effect, cost-volume-profit analysis, cost functions

JEL code: M11

125

Climate change and agriculture

Faycel Tazigh

PhD student

Géza Tóth

Professor

University of Miskolc, Department of Management


During the last thirty years, climate change (CC) was recognized globally. This change resulted

in an increase in average temperatures, greater rainfall variability and an increase in extreme

events such as floods, droughts, cyclones, tsunamis, etc. on account of the relationship that

exists between agriculture and the two main factors of climate change (temperature and

precipitation), the agriculture must be affected directly or indirectly by climate change. Despite

that Agriculture is an important source of GHGs as an industry (in developed countries) and as

a way of life (in developing countries), it is suffering the consequences of climate change. we

can define the CC as long-term changes in mean temperature or precipitation normals, as well

as an increased frequency of extreme climate effects. Climate change poses unprecedented

challenges to countries agriculture because of the sensitivity of agricultural productivity and

costs to changing climate conditions especially in developing countries (e.g. African countries).

Based on estimations, climatic changes have had important effects on total agricultural output

on the Sub-Saharan African, but not in other developing countries. this is due in a large part to

poor policies and institutional failures. In their last report, the IPCC declared that the African

continent is likely to be one of the vulnerable continents to climate change and climate

variability, a situation that is aggravated by existing development problems such as poverty,

limited access to capital, infrastructure, and technology. To fix this problem, there is a lot of

tools to adapt or even mitigate the negative impacts of climate change. One of the best tools is

to understand the correlation and relation that may exist between climate change and

agriculture. So how climate change affects agriculture? and what are the main strategies to adapt

and mitigate climate change? does agriculture contribute to climate change?

Keywords: climate change, agriculture, impact, adaptation, global warming.

JEL code: Q54

126

Examining consumer behaviour from the vendor's eye in the laboratory

market

Anita Tolnay

PhD student



The purpose of this study is to present a brief analysis of the consumer/purchasing behaviour

and complete examination of the purchasing decision making on the laboratory equipments’

market, taking into consideration the success of the laboratory equipments distributors’sales

specialists during the purchase process as well as the most important aspects based on the

market role of the laboratory equipment manufacturers. The survey of the current study is a part

of a narrow, scientific, niche-segment on B2B market, thus the examination will be carried out

according to the behaviour and decision-making mechanism of end-users / purchasers

depending on the factors governing the segment.

The research was implemented by univariate and multivariate statistical methodological

research in the frame of primary data collection through five-degree Likert-scale, discrete as

well as structural questionnaires. The usage of Likert-scale questionnaire is preferred by its easy

evaluation. However, relatively low amount of information is to be gained by this method,

further the respondents is deliberated by their replies under strength control concerning the

research topic. The evaluation of the survey results is carried out in SPSS statistical software.

The purpose of the questionnaires’ evaluation, without the need for completeness, is to analyze

the three areas involved, such as user and purchasing center behaviour, customer satisfaction,

and factors affecting purchasing decision process and to highlight the implementation of

practical tools for the competitive sector. In the light of the results to be examined, future

proposals will be formulated in order to increase efficiency.

Keywords: consumer behaviuor, purchasing decisions, customer satisfaction, laboratory

instrument market, sales team performance evaluation.

JEL code: M31

127

The measurement of audit related factors during the analysis of accounting

quality

Gábor Tóth

PhD student, accounting specialist

Szent István University, Doctoral School of Management and Business Administration,

MÁV-GROUP


The quality of the financial statements may be influenced by a number of audit-related

circumstances. These include the audit fee, the non-audit services, the rotation of the audit

firms, the rotation of the audit partners, the length of the audit firm's mandate, the length of the

audit partner's mandate, and so on. Identifying and quantifying these factors is essential to

assess the impact of audit regulation. If we know the real effects of these factors, we can

increase the quality of financial statements by adjusting the regulation of external audit. The

aim of this research is to present the factors most frequently mentioned in connection with

external audit. Then, give an example of how to obtain the data needed for the variables needed

to measure these factors. Both free and paid alternatives are presented in this article. According

to the results of the study, it is possible to examine the impact of the external audit regulation

on the quality of financial statements. However, compiling the sample for this is a time-

consuming and costly business, requiring serious planning in all cases.

Keywords: Accounting, Accounting quality, Audit, Disclosure quality, Hungarian law of

Accountancy

JEL code: M12, M42

128

The qualitative validation of an accounting quality measuring model

Gábor Tóth

PhD student, accounting specialist

Szent István University, Doctoral School of Management and Business Administration,

MÁV-GROUP

Zsuzsanna Széles

associate professor

Metropolitan University, Institute of Business


The quality of financial statements is not an exact term, it is not a directly observable property,

it requires estimation, abstraction. As a result, there are several approaches to the quality of

financial statements, from the theoretical and from the practical side as well. During the

developing of the model to be used to evaluate the results of my research, I had to formulate a

number of fundamentals which based solely on the literature and my professional experience.

The purpose of this study is to confirm the theoretical foundations of these assumptions and the

methodology used, by experienced, well-educated professionals, who working in Hungarian

environment. In addition, the discover of factors influencing the quality of financial statements,

which are significant and should be taken into account during the research, but have not been

identified in the course of the literature review, has been identified as a goal. For this mini-

expert interviews were carried out. The interviews confirmed the basics used during the design

of the model, but no new, unknown factors have been identified.

Keywords: accounting, accounting quality, disclosure quality, Hungarian law of accountancy,

qualitative research

JEL code: M12, M42

129

Opportunities of “loop closure” to capture carbon dioxide

Judit Tóth

PhD student



Applying the principles of a circular economy undoubtedly contributes to the implementation

of efforts related to reduce climate change and to create a sustainable economy. The European

Union is committed to sustainable development and the principles of a low-carbon economy,

and the current EU energy policy aims to achieve a balance between sustainable development,

competitiveness, and maintainability. The development of new technologies is induced by

environmental sustainability. Some of these technologies are designed to reduce atmospheric

carbon dioxide concentration, and in many cases, they utilize carbon dioxide as a raw material.

Recycling of emitted carbon dioxide is realized in the production of "green" liquid fuels, which

can be used to store and distribute energy efficiently. "Green" liquid fuels with the highest

potential are methanol and ethanol, the production of which can start from several sources.

Innovative technologies that use communal and agricultural waste as raw materials are of

paramount importance, which can play a key role in the sustainability of nature, economy, and

society. The rapid proliferation of new technologies is hampered by the need for huge

investment and the return on investment without the use of political incentives.

Keywords: Circular Economy, innovation, renewable methanol, sustainability, waste

JEL code :Q42, Q55, P28

130

Innovation activity and barriers: Innovation conditions and experiences

from the perspective of companies in Northern Hungary

Anett Tóth Kiss

assistant lecturer

University of Miskolc, Faculty of Economics, Institute of Management Science


Corporate innovation can be a determining factor in the development of the economy and the high

quality performance of companies in the long term. After the 2000s, the position of the European

Union in international innovation competition has not improved, although the Lisbon targets have

reached after 2010, still lagging behind in terms of RDI. Behind of this process is partly the

catching-up of RDI performance in some of the fast-developing countries, and partly the relatively

slow institutional development of Europe's national innovation systems. How do companies

perform in this moderate innovation growth? More and more company-level research proves that

good results can be achieved under such conditions , although there are undoubtedly obstacles,

both at the individual and organizational levels, and in the external environment. Full research

explores the innovation performance of companies within the regional innovation system in

Northern Hungary, from which the present study focuses on innovation attitudes and inhibiting

factors. By examining corporate RDI along the innovation value chain, we can identify the gaps

that can be overcome by eliminating companies' innovation performance, and are more likely to

be innovative in terms of enterprise performance.

Keywords: research and development, innovation, Nothern Hungary, innovation activity, region,

company

JEL code: O35

131

Examination of place attachment among American students

Ágnes Urbán Treutz

assistant lecturer



Places may evolve attachment in individuals, which could be either functional or emotional in

nature. While the latter is based on emotions, in the course of the functional attachment the

person’s needs are related to the given place. We can construe place attachment in multiple

ways, such are the one-dimensional and multidimensional concepts as well as the notion of

dimension being a superordinate concept. Most literature highlight three key elements of place

attachment: the affective, cognitive and conative dimensions. This study represents the partial

results of a survey which was conducted among American university students, which examine

the elements of place attachment among the students. The place attachment is examined from

the point of view of settlements. The investigation is based on Scannell – Gifford’s (2010)

tripartite model of place attachment. The research highlights the importance of connection

between group and individual, social and physical place, affective and cognitive, cognitive and

conative, and last but not least affective and conative behavioral elements, all from the

perspective of university students.

Keywords: place attachment, place marketing

JEL code: M31

132

The evaluation of the settlements near Balaton, according to the current

requirements of attaining the rank of "town"

Szilveszter Valentin

Master student

University: University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty


Considering the evolution of the Hungarian settlement-network, the settlements near Lake

Balaton are in a special situation since they occupy a dualistic stance in the country’s economic

and societal segment. They simultaneously serve as the home of the inhabitants throughout the

year, and as destination for tourists. The length of the tourism season greatly shortened in the

last few years. The 3 month-long high season that was usual around 1989, the transition year,

was reduced to 2-2,5 months. From this we can conclude that the infrastructural, economic,

societal and last, but not least, environmental carrying capacity of the settlements near the lake

is ambivalent. During most of the year the services of the settlements are used only by the

permanent population, while during the season they are used by visitors up to 3-4, in some cases

10 times the number of the permanent inhabitants. The inequalities mentioned above are

affecting the local governments since the additional costs of tourism must be covered by the

same amount of funding that other settlements of similar permanent population get. The income

received from tourism doesn’t usually cover the additional costs incurred. The smaller

settlements tried to solve the problem by attaining the title of “town” because similar

settlements of town status receive larger grants from the government. Most of these attempts

succeeded only because of lobbying and not very demanding requirements for attaining such a

status. However in 2015 the requirements for becoming a town were raised. In my research I

examined how many of the settlements near Balaton would be eligible for the rank of town

according to the current laws.

Keywords: Lake Balaton, self-local government, tourism, town and country plan, town status

JEL code: R12

133

Crack on the economic integration’s wall: The competitiveness and future

of the EU and the V4 countries

János Varga

assistant professor, special advisor

Óbudai University, European Parliament

[email protected]

The economic growth is not an end in itself. It can contribute to materializing the most important

goals of the individuals and the society. Economic growth is not only showing a value expressed

by one index number (typically by GDP), but it might represent developmental goals too. The

growth can create the possibility of moving forward, if we choose carefully in what we intend

to invest more for the sake of our future. The countries of the European Union themselves are

also giving us a diverse picture from the point of view of these investments. Certain national

economies pay more attention to sectors that truly serve the development of the economy and

the society, while other countries make less effective decisions. This substantive difference

fundamentally determines the conformation of the European economic map, and its ultimate

consequence will appear in the standard of living of the citizens of the countries. The

developmental differences are not only discoverable between Western and Eastern Europe

anymore, but the Central-Eastern European countries themselves do not represent the same

economic force either. However, the long term success story of the European Union will be

determined mostly by when the lesser developed countries can close up to the Western World,

which is regarded as more developed. Choosing the appropriate competition strategy can be the

most significant means for the development of the Central-Eastern European region. This study

has been aimed to examine the strategic behaviour of some of the national economies of the

Central-Eastern European region and the EU based on the World Economic Forum’s

Competitiveness Reports.

Keywords: competitiveness, economic development, V4 countries

JEL code: E61

The described study was carried out as part of the EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00011 “Younger and

Renewing University – Innovative Knowledge City – institutional development of the

University of Miskolc aiming at intelligent specialisation” project implemented in the

framework of the Szechenyi 2020 program. The realization of this project is supported by the

European Union, co-financed by the European Social Fund.

134

Measuring model of the social innovation process

Krisztina Varga

assistant lecturer

University of Miskolc, Institute of Management Sciences


The focus of social innovation efforts is on meeting the needs of the community and solving its

problems. In the systematic operation of the social innovation process, the emerging demand

(eg the expression of local demand) is involved in the process as an inducing factor. The initial

conditions in the transformation are accompanied by stimulating and inhibiting factors, and by

the end of the transformation, area-specific results are created, complementing the economic

and / or social impacts of the given innovation. The measurement of indicators and their

identification as input, transformation, output and impact indicators are essential in measuring

the social innovation process.

Measuring the social innovation process - taking into account the systemic nature of the

innovation process - the prerequisites can be interpreted as an input indicator, and the conditions

of implementation (framework conditions) can be interpreted as indicators of the transformation

process. Sustainability criteria are the indicators of outputs and outcomes, the long-term effects

of the process are analyzed by impact indicators. The quantification by indicators is extremely

significant in the complex measurement structure of social innovation processes.

The study presents a possible model of the social innovation process and defines a process-

oriented framework for the analysis of social innovation. It analyzes the social innovation

process and defines the framework conditions that allow the measurement of the social

innovation process.

Keywords: social innovation, measurement model, process orientation

JEL code: O35

This research was supported by the project nr. EFOP-3.6.2-16-2017-00007, titled Aspects on

the development of intelligent, sustainable and inclusive society: social, technological,

innovation networks in employment and digital economy. The project has been supported by

the European Union, co-financed by the European Social Fund and the budget of Hungary.

135

Innovation today – A complex innovation approach to social and technical

innovations

Krisztina Varga

assistant lecturer

Anett Tóth-Kiss

assistant lecturer

University of Miskolc, Institute of Management Sciences


Innovation is a key component of economic development, the competitiveness of national

economies, and high-quality long-term performance. Previously, the focus of the analysis of

innovation was primarily on enterprise-level analysis, but today, it has shifted to the analysis of

the role of larger communities, as the performance of a given community is also crucial in

innovation activity. Economic operators have recognized that in social economies and regions

where the success of economic and natural science innovations is relatively low, social

innovation can be a useful complementary factor. How do economic actors see this? How does

one help the other? We are looking for answers to these questions in a broader field of

innovation and social innovation research, from which this study focuses on social attitudes in

technical and social innovation. Technological and economic innovations cannot respond to all

social challenges. Natural and material resources are becoming more and more scarce, so it is

necessary to use investment assets that are as rational as possible, maximizing social and

economic efficiency. Social challenges requiring long-term solutions (unemployment,

migration, disadvantaged areas) require new social cooperation. Social innovation is a

necessary step towards improving development and competitiveness, where the role of

innovators is emphasized. Innovators are members of the local community or, more broadly, of

society, who, in the light of their needs, meet new or novel solutions to meet the needs of

societal challenges.

Keywords: innovation, social and business innovation, attitude of innovator

JEL code: O35

136

Soft indicators as factors influencing institutional responses in city

branding

Weninger Sándor

PhD student

National University of Public Service, Doctoral School of Public Administration Sciences


Nowadays, applications that can be interpreted as blockchain technology, influencing our

everyday life and life, as a direct consequence of our constant infrastructure and constant

accelerating world, which can be interpreted as a basic infrastructure factor, can be interpreted

within the narrow professional community and at the level of society as a whole. recognition,

management and institutional responses to them have become crucial. After outlining a general

picture of the situation, the lecture focuses on the details and methodological roots of the

question that the so-called soft indicators used during the empirical social science studies -

questionnaires, interviews - were determined by the infrastructure medium, the non-GDP-

convertible abstractions that are formulated here, how to make common with relatively

objective economic indicators and how these can be used in city marketing. In my view, these

aspects will increasingly have a high priority on the reorganization and development of public

services, state and municipal engagement, and this process will be predicted to increase

dramatically in the near future, so more attention needs to be paid to the professional, in-depth

scientific knowledge of this area. examination.

Keywords: soft indicators, social sciences, blockchain, online presence, GDP, city marketing,

public organization

JEL code: Z0

137

The role of settlement identity in visual campaign strategy

Weninger Sándor

PhD student

National University of Public Service Doctoral School of Public Administration Sciences


The presentation attempts to show what discrepancies can be caused by the visual content of

settlement image in the development / implementation of different level marketing strategies,

how they are used in the context of digital communication and the XXI. In the framework of

the 19th century staff organization, what copyright and other legal aspects should be used in

their use, how do they influence the relationship between the so-called mental spaces in

physical reality, which actually appear in the living space, and what role do they play in the

consumption of products and services, in spending their free time, and in branding to improve

its competitiveness. During the presentation, I try to shed light on the considerations that can

help the precise operational steps in the public and policy fields as well as the pre-planning as

local (municipal) as well as the individual aspects of the economic actors. The motivation of

the research is the very vivid structural dilemmas of the currently applied paradigms; its

theoretical foundations are the author's more than 10 years of administrative involvement and

his ongoing PhD research activities, and his practical background is provided by his nearly 30

years of empirical experience in local living space.

Keywords: settlement image, visual campaign strategy, place marketing, digital society,

megatrend, culture, locality

JEL code: Z0

138

How study abroad affect development of students

Abdulkerim Yavuzaslan

PhD Candidate

Szent Istvan University, Doctoral School of Management and Business Administration


The choice of job and career choice is obviously one of the most important decisions that people

will make during their life and it is very important that the choice of profession is done

consciously, in terms of individual, society and future of the country. One of the most important

problems in the developing countries is the increasingly prevalent problems in the occupational

preferences of young people. In order to use this young population effectively, it is necessary

for the students to know the factors that affect future career/career orientations and to offer

solutions. On the other hand, there is a very highly competitive environment for students.

Therefore, students should better than other students. Because the issue of employability and

competition is inevitable. In the labour market expects different qualifications from the student

who is competitor each other. Nowadays, many students going abroad for studies purposes. it

will be important to determine differences between study abroad and domestic outcome. In the

literature, there some difference between them. But this paper will represent two outcomes of

study abroad: academic outcome and language outcome.

Keywords: academic outcome, language outcome, study abroad, education, university

JEL code: Z0

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