v. Spike Peterson andAnne Sisson Runyan

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DILEMMAS IN WORLD POLITICS

DILEMMAS IN WORLD POLITICS

Series Editor

George A. Lopez, University of Notre Dame

Dilemmas in Wor ld Politics offers teachers and students of in ternational re­latio ns a series of quality books on critical issues. trends. and regions inin ternational po litics. Each text examines a "real world " dilemma and isstruct ured to cover the hi st o ri cal. theo reti ca l. practical . and projecteddi m ensions of its subject.

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GLOBAL GENDERISSUES

• • •SECOND EDITION

EDITORIAL BOARD

Jeffry Friede nHarv ard Uni vers ity

Deborah J . GernerUnivers ity of Kansa s

Vicki Go lichCali forn ia Sta le Unive rs ity-San Marcos

Lev Go nickWil fr id l aurier University

Barbara Welling HallEarlham College

Elizabeth C. HansonUnive rs ity o f Connec ticu t

Barry Hugh esUnive rsity of Denver

Ja n ice LoveUniversity o f South Caroli na

Vincen t Mah lerLoyola of Chicago

Zeev MaozTel Aviv Unive rsity

Karen Mings tUni vers ity of Kentucky

frederic PearsonWayne State University

V. Spike PetersonUnive rs ity or Arizona

Neil Rich ardsonUniversity or Wiscons in-Madi son

rtartl n Roche sterUniversity or Missouri-51. Louis

Georg So re n senAarhus Uni versity (Denmark)

Har vey StarrUniversity o r South Caroli na

Michae l Stoh lPurdue University

Douglas StuartDickinson Co llege

Dona ld SylvanOhio State Univers ity

Sarah Tis chWlnrock International

John VasquezVanderbilt Univers ity

v. Spike PetersonUniversity of Arizona

Anne Sisson RunyanWright State University

Westview PressA Member of the Perseus Books G ro up

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Dilemmas in World Politics Series

Cover photos: (left ) UNHC R/ S. Errin gton; (center top) Anne Sisson Runyan; (center bottom)Gary Massoni / AFSC; (right) Amnesty International

All rights reserved . Printed in the United States of Ame rica. No part of this publication maybe reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ ­ing photocop y, record ing, or any informat ion storage and retrieval sys tem, without permis­sion in writing from the pu blisher.

Copy right © 1999 by V. Spike Peterson and Ann e Sisson Runyan

Published in 1999 in the United States of America by Westview Press, 5500 Central Avenue,Bou lder, Colorado 80301·2877, and in the United Kingdo m by Westview Press, 12 Hi d 'sCopse Road, Cu mnor Hill, Oxford OX2 9JJ

www.wcstview press.corn

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To Oll r sisters,for all that we share

Library of Cong ress Ca taloging- in-Publication DataPeterson, V.Spike

Globa l gende r issues / V. Spi ke Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan . ­2nd ed .

p. em. - (Dilemmas in world poli tics)Includes bibliograph ical references and index.ISBN 0-8133-6852·9 {pbk.}1. Women in politics. 2. World po litics-20th century.

I. Runyan, AJUleSisson. II. Title. Ill. Series.HQI 236.P45 1999305.42--dc21 98-39827

CIP

The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Stan­dard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48·198-l.

10 9

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DOD

Contents

List of Tables and I/Iustrations ixAcknowledgments to th e Second Edition xiAcknowledgments to the First Edition xvList ofAcronyms xvii

I Introduction: The Gender of World f'olltlcs 1

How Lenses Work, 1Why Global? 3Why Gender? 5

IWhy Issues? 13The Imm ediacy and Import of Global Gender Issu es, 14

I No tes About This Text, 15Map ping the Book, 17

II No tes, 18

I2 Gender as a Lens on World f'oIitics 21

Denaturalizing Gender, 29The Social Cons truction of Gende r and Gender Hierarchy, 33The Gendered Who, Wha t, and How of World Politics, 48Gendered Divisions of World Politics, 51Conclusion, 61No tes, 65

3 Gendered Divisions of f'ower 69

Women as State Actors, 70How and Why Are These Women Rendered Invisible? 78Why So Few? 83How Do Women Get to the Top? 94What Are the Gender Consequences of Women in Power? 95What Makes Actors / Agents Powerful? Who Gets Atten tion?

For Wha t? 97

vii

Tables

1632.1 Gender and science dicho tomies 40

3.1 Women presidents and prime ministers in the twentie thcentury as of 1997 73

3.2 Gendered employment patterns. 1970 and 1990 893.3 Gendered ministeria l po wer, 1994 100

Boxes

2.1 Illuminating invisible privilege 462.2 Selected qu otations 52

213

6.1 International instruments relevant to wom en 2206.2 World conferences relevant to women since 1972 223

figures

1.1 Global gender inequalities 61.2 Gende r and war 91.3 Global gender issues 12

241 1.4 "It's a man's world" 18245251 2.1 Changing lenses 23255 2.2 "The incredible shr inking woman" 33261 2.3 The productive-rep roductive labor sp lit 39

2.4 Changing gender ideologies 432.5 The world on women's backs 58

3.1 Male-dominated IR 713.2 Gende red parliamentary representation by region,

1987 and 1994 80

ix

viii 0 Contents

Locating Power : Na tiona lly and Internation ally, 99Conclusion, 105No tes, 106

4 Gendered Divisions of Violence.Labor. and Resources

Violence: War and Securi ty Issues, 115Labor: Economic Issu es, 130Resources: Equity and Ecology Issues, 147Conclusion, 155No tes, 156

5 The Politics of Resistance: Women as Nonstate.Antistate. and Transstate Actors

Wome n 's Moveme nts, 165Practical and Stra tegic Gende r Interests, 177An tiwar and Peace Movemen ts, 179Na tionalist and An tina tionalist Movements, 187Econo mic Movements, 193Ecology Movem ents, 201Concl usion, 207Notes, 207

6 Ungendering World Politics

Ungendering Power and Politics, 213Ungende ring Violence, 224Ungende ring Labor, 228Ungenderin g Resources, 234Conclusion, 236No tes, 238

Discussion QuestionsSuggested ReadingsList Serves and Webs itesGlossaryIndex

113

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Tables and Illustrations

r

x 0 Tables and Illustrations

3.3 Gendered corporate power 833.4 "Dres s for success" 853.5 Double standards 873.6 Gende red labor force 903.7 The "tough lady" image 93

4.1 Life-taking takes priority over life-giving 1214.2 "Wonlen in combat" 1234.3 The mil itary as an "equa l opportuni ty employer" 1244.4 Abuse of women's h uman rights 1264.5 The main casualties of war 1284.6 Gendered development policies 1334.7 "Doing it" for Nike 1434.8 Women on the global assembly line 1454.9 High finan ce, masculine-style 1464.10 Gendered ecology 1504.11 Reproductive health 1544.12 The industrial cake 155

5.1 Ferninisms in action 1665.2 Women for peace 1805.3 "Are these your priorities?" 1825.4 Peace encamp ment 1835.5 Women in black 1855.6 Taking up arms 1875.7 N ational acco un ting 1965.8 Women workers mobilize 2005.9 Women for the land 2025.10 Demonst rating for indigenous righ ts 206

6.1 The Beijing Platform for Action 2226.2 The link between domesti c and international violence 2276.3 Transnationa l feminist activism 2326.4 Women 's input 2356.5 Revolutionary transformations 238

Praise for the first edition

-Women & Politics

"A highly readable textbook for undergraduates that describes both women'sroles in world politics and the impact of world politics on women's roles . . . .Highly thought-provoking and informative."

"Peterson and Runyan's gender lenses will help many students and not a fewprofessors to see the inequalities of world politics in provocative new ways.Feminist reconceptualizations of politics, power, autonomy, and violence areclearly explained and used critically to illuminate contemporary military, labor,resource use and environmental exploitation practices. .. . an excellent supple­mentary text for multiparadigmatic introductions to world politics."

-Hayward R. Alker Jr.Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Praise for thesecond edition

-Cynthia Enloeauthor of The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War

"Using their wonderful mix of humor, theory, and graphic evidence, Petersonand Runyan show just how the international has become personal. Going further,they reveal exactly why it matters that we (all of us, teachers and studentstogether) acquire the special skills needed to dig deeply into this global politicalgendering process . My hunch is that students will carry the lessons from thisbook into all of their other classes."

Global Gender Issues connects the inequalities between and among women andmen with the "world politics" of power, security, economics, and ecology.Through history, theoretical analysis, empirical data, visual imagery, and othernarrative techniques, the authors alert us to gendered divisions of power,violence, labor, and resources. In doing so, they show how the position of womenand the power of gender relate to such issues as global governance, militariza­tion, ethnic nationalism, global economic restructuring, and environmentaldegradation.

V. Spike Peterson is associate professor of political science, with courtesy affilia­tions in women's studies, comparative culture and literary studies, andinternational studies at the University of Arizona . Anne Sisson Runyan isdirector of women's studies and associate professor of political science at WrightState University.

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