V SEMESTER CORE COURSE14.139.185.6/website/SDE/BA_malayalam_malayala... · 2019. 4. 19. · School...

aebmf hymI-cWw

V SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

BA MALAYALAM

(2011 Admission)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Calicut university P.O, Malappuram Kerala, India 673 635.

147

aebmf hymI-cWw

V SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

BA MALAYALAM

(2011 Admission)



147

aebmf hymI-cWw

V SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

BA MALAYALAM

(2011 Admission)



147

School of Distance Education

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONSTUDY MATERIAL

Core Course

BA MALAYALAM

V Semester

aebmf hymI-cWw

Prepared by: Sri. A. P Sasidharan,Asst. Professor,Department of Malayalam,A.V.A.H Arts & Science College,Payyoli Angadi

Scrutinized by: Dr. Anilkumar. V,Professor & Head,

Department of Malayalam & Kerala Studies,University of Calicut.

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

©Reserved


A£cw : Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n-\mbn a\p-jy³ Is-¯nb Gähpw {][m\ D]m-[n-bmWv

`mj. {]Ir-Xn-bnse aäp Pohn-I-fnÂ \n¶v a\p-jys\ hyXy-kvX-\m¡n XoÀ¡p¶ LS-Ihpw

CXv Xs¶. ]Z-{]-tbmKhpw ]mZ-{]-tbmK-hp-amWv a\p-jysâ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ. `mj-

bpsS kzcq-]-L-S-\-sb-¡p-dn¨v Nn´n¨ sshbm-I-c-W-scÃmw Xs¶ `mj-bpsS ASn-Øm\

LS-I-ambn Iev]n-¡p-¶Xv hÀ®-s -̄bm-Wv. hmbnÂ \n¶p ]pd-s¸-Sp¶ Hä-[z-\n-bmWv

hÀ®w. \nizm-k-hm-bp-hnsâ Hcp Xcw-K-¯nÂ \S-¡p¶ D¨m-c-W-am-W-Xv. hÀ®s¯ Fgp-

Xn-¡m-Wn-¡m³ \nÀÆm-l-an-Ã. A£-c-s¯- am{Xta Fgp-Xn-¡m-Wn-¡m³ Ign-bp. kzcw X\n-

tb-tbm, hyRvP-\-§-tfm-sSm-̧ sam \nÂ¡p-t¼m-gmWv A£c-am-hp-¶-Xv. AXn-s\-Ip-dn-¡p¶

NnÓ-§-fmWv en]n-IÄ. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ FÃm hyRvP-\-§-tfbpw "A' F¶ kzcw tNÀ¯v

hyhØ sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p.

A£-c-ame D]-tbmKn-¡p¶ `mj-Ifpw hÀW-ame D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ `mj-Ifpw Dv.

C´y³ `mj-I-fn-seÃmw A£-c-am-e-bmWv {]Nm-cw. Cw¥o-jnÂ hÀW-am-e-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-

¡p-¶-Xv. \mw FÃm hyRvP-\-§-tfbpw kzcw tNÀ¯v hyh-Ø-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xn-\mÂ Cw¥o-jn-

te-Xp-t]m-epÅ hÀ®-\nba {]-iv\-§Ä \ap-¡p-m-hp-¶n-Ã. Fgp-Xp-¶-t]mse Xs¶ D¨-cn-

¡m\pw Ign-bp¶p F¶-XmWv \ap-¡pÅ KpWw.

ae-bm-f-̄ nse A£-c-§Ä :

ae-bmfw DÄs¸-Sp¶ {Zmhn-U-̀ m-j-I-fnÂ "E'Imc " " Imc§fpw A\p-kzm-chpw

hnkÀ¤hpw HgnsI ]{´v kzc-§-fpw- A-Xn-Jc arZp-tLmj Dujvam-¡fpw l Imchpw

HgnsI 18 hyRvP-\-§fpw tNÀ¶v ap¸Xv A£-c-§-fm-bn-cp¶p D]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv. eoem-Xn-e-

I-̄ nÂ ]m«nsâ e£-W-{]-Imcw hcp¶ {Zan-Ukw-Lm-X-]mTw CXm-Wv.

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-¯nÂ cmP-cm-P-hÀ½ A£-c-am-e-sb-¡p-dn¨v hni-Z-amb ]T\w \S-

¯p-¶p-v. 16 kzc-§fpw 37 hyRvP-\-§fpw tNÀ¶v BsI 53 A£-c-§-fm-Wp-Å-sX¶v

At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. CXnÂ "E' Imc " " Imc-§-fpsS {lkz-ZoÀL-§Ä DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw

A\p-kzmcw hnkÀ¤w Ch Hgn-hm-¡p-I-bpw sNbvXmWv kzc-kwJy 16 B¡n amän-b-Xv.

hyRvP-\-§-fn-em-hs« hÀÕy-J-c-amb "ä' Hgnhm-¡p-Ibpw hÀÕym-\p-\m-kn-I-amb " "

DÄs¸-Sp-̄ p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p.


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kzc-§Ä : A B C Cu D Du E ൠ ഌ ൡ

F G sF H Hm Hu þ BsI 16 F®w.

hyRvP-\-§Ä: I J K L M

N O P Q R

S T U V W

X Y Z [ \

] ^ _ ` a

b c e h þ a[y-a-§Ä þ 4

i j k þ Dujvam-¡Ä þ 3

l þ tLmjn þ 1

f g d þ {ZmhnU a[y-a§Ä

{Zmhn-Um-\q-\m-knIw

tij-Kncn{]`p A\p-kzmcw hnkÀ¤w Ch Iq«n-t¨À¯v kzc-kwJy 18 Bbn DbÀ¯p-

¶p. hyRvP-\-§-fnÂ \n¶v hÀÕym-\p-\m-kn-Is¯ Hgn-hm¡n 36 hyRvP-\-§-fmbn Npcp-¡p-¶p. At±-l-¯n\v 54 BWv A£-c-kwJy. KpÀ«v þ 50, tPmÀÖv am¯³-þ51, ]m¨p-

ap¯Xv þ 52, tPm¬ Ip¶-̧ n-Ån-þ54, kpIp-am-c-̧ nÅ þ 52 F¶n-§-s\-bmWv ae-bmf A£-c-

§sf Iev]n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

kam-\m-£-c-§fpw kÔy-£-c-§fpw : tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-̄ nÂ kzc-§sf kam-\m-£-c-§-

sf¶pw kÔy£-c-§-sf¶pw cmbn Xncn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. Hcp hÀ®w X\n-¨p-\nÂ¡p¶

tIh-e-kz-c-§-fmWv kam-\m-£-c-§Ä. H¶n-tesd kzc-§Ä tNÀ¶pmhp-¶-XmWv kÔy-

£-c-§Ä. A, C, D, E, F¶n-hbpw Ch-bpsS ZoÀL-§-fp-amWv kam-\m-£-c-§Ä. F, G,sF, H, Hm, Hu F¶n-h-bmWv kÔy-£-c-§-fpsS Iq«-̄ nÂ hcp-¶-Xv. kwkvIr-Xs¯ A\p-

k-cn-̈ mWv H, G F¶o {lkz-§sf kÔy-£-c-§-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv. kwkÀ¤w F¶{ipXn-t`-Z-s -̄¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ C¡mcyw hyà-am-¡p-¶p-v. kwkÀ¤w kzc-§-fn-ep-ap-

s¶v ]dªv A + D = Hu, A + C = sF Fs¶mcp ]ncnhv IqsS kwkvIrs¯ At]-

£n¨v tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-̄ nÂ ImWp-¶p-v. F¶mÂ kÔn-{]-I-c-W-¯nÂ Nps«-gp-¯p-

Isf¡pdn¨v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ F tIh-e-kz-c-am-sW-¶mWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. GXm-bmepw F, H

F¶nh kÔy-£-c-am-tWm, kam-\m-£-c-amtWm F¶ Imcy¯nÂ hyà-amb A`n-{]mbwF.-B-dn\v Dm-bn-cp-¶nÃ F¶m-WnXv ImWn-¡p-¶-Xv. kwkvIr-X-k-Ôn-{]-Imcw A + C =

G F¶pw, A + D = Hm F¶pw ZoÀLam-bmWv hcp-¶-Xv. B[p-\nI `mjm-imkv{X ZrjvSn-

bnÂ F, G, H, Hm F¶nh tIh-e-kz-c-§fpw sF, Hu F¶nh kwbpà kzc-§-fp-am-bmWv

IW-¡m-¡n-bn«pÅXv.


NnÃp-IÄ : hyRvP\w X\nsb D¨m-c-W-£-aaÃm -̄Xn-\mÂ kwhr-tXm-Imcw tNÀ¯mWvAhsb D¨-cn-¡p-¶Xv. kwhr-tXm-Im-c-¯nsâ klm-b-an-ÃmsX i_vZm-́ -̄ nÂ X\nsb\nÂ¡p¶ hyRvP-\-§-fmWv NnÃp-IÄ F¶v \nÀÆ-Nn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. b,-c,-d,e,f,g,-W, ,aF¶n-§s\ H³]Xv hyRvP\§fmWv NnÃp-I-fmbn hcp-¶-Xv. NnÃp-IÄ hyRvP-\-§-fpsSkzc-Ñm-b-bpÅ {]tXy-I-hn`mKamWv. Bhiysa-¦nÂ hyRvP-\m-´-ambpw AXns\ D -̈cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

DZm : ]mÂ þ ]mev

\oÀ þ \ocv AXn-\mÂ Chsb hyXykvX A£-c-§-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t¡-XnÃ.

A[n-Im-£-c-§Ä : kwkvIr-X-¯n-en-Ãm-¯Xpw {ZmhnU ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ \n¶v IpSpw-_-kz-¯mbn e`n- -̈Xp-amb A£-c-§-fmWv A[n-Im-£-c-§-fmbn IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv. Chbv¡v A[n-Im-£-c-§Ä F¶ t]cv \ÂIp-¶Xv tIcf ]mWn-\n-bm-Wv. ae-bmfw Xan-gnsâ D]-im-J-bm-sW¶v kaÀ°n-¡p¶ At±lw F´n-\mWv IpSpw-_-kz-¯mbn e`n¨ A£-c-§sf A[n-Im-£-c-§Ä F¶v t]cn«v hnfn- -̈sX¶v hyà-a-Ã. F, H, f, g, d, , ä F¶n-h-bmWv kwkvIr-X-̄ n-en-Ãm-¯Xpw ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ ImWp-¶-Xp-amb A[n-Im-£-c-§Ä.

hÀW-aqeyw

AIm-c-¯nsâ [z\n-aqewþtIhe kzc-§-fpsS Iq«-¯nÂ ae-bm-f-¯nÂ AImcs¯D¨-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mWv A[nIw {]bm-kw.AXn-\mÂ "A'Im-cs¯ Xo{hbXv\¯nemWv s]Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

"A IhÀ¤w IWvT-Pamw' F¶ kq{X-¯n-eqsS AIm-cs¯ IhÀ¤-¯nÂ IWvTy-am-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AIm-c-̄ n\v `mj-bnÂ cv coXn-bn-epÅ D¨m-c-W-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. ip²w, Zpjn-¨Xv F¶n-h-bm-W-h. kÔn-bnÂ "b'Im-c-tam, "h'Im-ctam BKaw hcm¯]qÀÆ hÀ®-§fmbn \nÂ¡p¶ "A'Im-c-§-fm-Wv. ip² "A'Im-c-§Ä. Xpc-¡p-I, ad¡pI,InS-¡pI Chn-S-§-fnse Xpc, ad, InS F¶n-h-bpsS A´y-̄ nse "A'Im-c-§-fm-Wn-h. AImcw IWvTy-am-b-Xn-\mÂ ip² AImcw IWvTy-am-sW-¶p-d-̧ n-¡mw. Zpjn¨ "A'Imcw cp-hn-[-¯n-emWv hcp-¶-Xv. Xmehyambpw, HmjvTy-ambpw ]Zm-Zn-bnÂ "F'Im-c-Ñm-b-bnÂ D¨-cn-¡p¶ "A'Im-c-amWv Xmehy "A'Im-cw. arZp¡Ä¡v ap¼nepw "h' Hgn-sI-bpÅ a[y-a-§Ä¡v ap¼nepw "A'Imcw "F'Im-cÑm-b-bn-em-Wp- -̈cn-¡m-dp-Å-Xv.

DZm : P\w þ sP\w

Zb þ sZb

ebw þ sebw

chn þ schn

bikv þ sbikv

KWw þ sKWw

_ew þ s_ew


Page 7


DZm : ]mÂ þ ]mev



hÀW-aqeyw



DZm : P\w þ sP\w

Zb þ sZb

ebw þ sebw

chn þ schn

bikv þ sbikv

KWw þ sKWw

_ew þ s_ew


Page 7


DZm : ]mÂ þ ]mev



hÀW-aqeyw



DZm : P\w þ sP\w

Zb þ sZb

ebw þ sebw

chn þ schn

bikv þ sbikv

KWw þ sKWw

_ew þ s_ew


kÔn-I-fnÂ "b'Im-c-amWv BK-an-¡p-¶Xv F¦nÂ ]qÀÆ hÀWw Xme-hy-am-Wv.C§ns\ t\m¡p-t¼mÄ \mam- -́¯nse A Imc-§Ä FÃmw Xme-hy-am-sW¶p ImWmw.

Xme-hy-ambn Zpjn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse "A'Imcw HmjvTy-ambpw Zpjn-¡m-dp-v. F¶mÂAXv A]qÀÆhpw hymI-cW _Ô-hp-an-Ãm- -̄Xm-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶p. CsXmcp D¨m-c-W-hn-tijw am{X-am-Wv.

DZm : CShw þ CSshmw

Ipw`w þ Ipws`mw

\mw þ t\mw

"H' Imc-Ñm-b-bnÂ D¨cn-¡p¶ "A'Im-c-amWv HmjvTy-ambn Zpjn¨ "A'Im-cw.

HmjvTy-ambn Zpjn-¡p-¶-Xn\v hymI-c-W-]-c-amb khn-ti-jX H¶p-anÃ F¶v ]d-bp-¶p-s-¦nepw kÔn {]I-c-W-¯n-se-¯p-t¼mÄ A§-s\-bÃ ImWp-¶-Xv.

BK-a-k-Ôn-bnÂ ]qÀÆ-tam-jvTy-kzcw h¶mÂ "h'Imcw tNÀ¯p-sIm-Åp-I.

F¶ Imcn-I-{]-Imcw "A'Im-c-¯nsâ HmjvTy kz`m-hs¯ ImWn-¡p-hm³ "XS' F¶[mXp-hns\ DZm-l-cn-̈ -Xmbn ImWmw. XS+D¶p þXS-hp¶p F¶v kÔn-Im-cyhpw ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.

XS-bp¶p F¶ Hcp ]Zw IqSn-bp-Å-Xn-\mÂ XS F¶-Xnse "A' Imc-s¯-¡p-dn¨vhyà-amb Hc-̀ n-{]mbw F.-B-dn-\p-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

kwhr-tXm-Imcw: kwhr-tXm-Im-c-¯nsâ [z\naqey-s -̄¡p-dn¨v sshbm-I-c-W-·mÀhnhn[m`n{]mb¡mcm-Wv. CXns\ Hcp kzX{´ kzc-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-t¡--Xptm F¶Imcy-¯nÂ hyXy-kvXm-`n-{]m-b-amWpÅ-Xv. ae-bm-f-̀ m-j-bpsS BZy-hym-I-c-W-{K-Ù-amb eoem-Xn-eIw aäp kzc§fnÂ \n¶pÅ CXnsâ hyXymkw ImWn-¡p-Ibpw tem]Ýx F¶ kq{X-¯n-eqsS kÔnbnÂ CXnsâ \nXy-amb tem]s¯ hn[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. KpÀ«v DIm-c-̄ n-sâ ]IpXn F¶ AÀ°¯nÂ Ac-bp-Im-c-sa-¶pw, tPmÀÖv am¯³ ]Ip-Xn-kz-c-sa¶AÀ°-¯nÂ AÀ²m¨v F¶pw Cu kzcs¯ hnfn-¡p-¶p.

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-¯nÂ Cu kzcs¯¡pdn¨v hyXykvX \nco-£-W-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv.hÀ®-§Ä¡v [z\n-aqeyw Iev]n-¡p-¶n-S-¯pw, kzc-kw-h-cW \bw NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶n-S¯pwkÔn-{]-I-c-W-̄ nepw Cu kzc-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-v. hyRvP\w kzbw D¨m-c-W-£-a-a-Ãm- -̄Xn-\mÂ hyRvP-t\m-¨m-c-W-th-f-bnÂ Dudn-h-cp¶ Hcp "DudÂ kzc'-am-bn-«mWvF.-BÀ.cmP-cm-P-hÀ½ CXns\ IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv. DIm-cs¯ kwh-cWw sNbvXv (aqSn-̧ n-̈ v)D¨-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ kwhr-tXm-Imcw F¶mWv At±lw CXns\ hnfn-¡p-¶Xv. CXv tIhewD¨m-c-W-hn-tijw am{X-a-sÃ¶pw AÀ°-]cambpw hyI-c-W-]-c-ambpw CXn\v ae-bm-f-¯nÂA[nIw {]m[m-\y-ap-s¶pw At±lw \nco£n¡p¶p. AÀ°-]-c-ambn Dv/Dp hyXym-khpw hyI-c-W-]-c-ambn hn\-sb¨w/apäphn\ hyXym-khpw DIm-c-¯nsâ kwhrX hnhrXt`Zw sImp-m-Ip-¶-Xm-sW¶v At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ kÔn-{]-I-cWw tem]-k-Ôn-bnÂ kwhr-tXm-Im-c-¯n\v ]c-ambn GXv kzcw h¶mepw kwhr-tXm-Imcw tem]n-¡p-sa-¶-Xn-\mÂ CXns\ kzc-ambn IW-¡m-t¡--XnÃ F¶pw hyà-am-¡p-¶p. kwhr-tXm-Im-c-s -̄¡p-dn¨v F.-B-dn\v hyà-amb Hc-̀ n-{]mbw Dm-bn-cp-¶nÃ F¶m-WnXv ImWn¡p-¶-Xv.


AIm-c-¯nÂ \n¶pw DIm-c-¯nÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp kzX-{ -́kzcambnkwhr-tXm-Im-cs¯ BZy-ambn IW-¡m-¡p-¶Xv FÂ.-hn.cma-kzman A¿-cm-Wv. tI{µ-kzcwF¶mWv At±lw CXns\ hnfn-¡p-¶-Xv. tUm.-kn.-FÂ.-BâWn sk³{SÂ anUpwsk³{SÂ ssl bpambn D¨-cn¡p¶ kzX-{´-kz-c-am-Wn-sX¶v \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.

kz -́amb D¨m-c-W-Øm-\-hpw, AÀ°-hy-mhÀ¯\ tijnbpw DÅ-Xn-\mÂ kwhr-tXm-Im-cs¯ kz-X-{ -́kz-c-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-sa¶ Agn-{]m-b-amWv tUm.-sI.-Fw.-{]-̀ m-I-c-hm-cn-bcpw {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡p¶Xv.

`mjm-kÔn

kÔn F¶mÂ hÀ®-§Ä X½nse tNÀ¨ F¶m-WÀ°w. D¨-m-c-W-ku-I-cyw,tIÄhnkpJw, ]Z-ku-µcyw F¶n-h-bmWv kÔn-bpsS {]tbm-P-\-§Ä.

AjvSm-[ym-bn-bnÂ kwlnX F¶ kwÚ-bmWv kÔn¡v ]I-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. hÀW-tbm-K-̄ nsâ hyXym-k-a-\p-k-cn¨v ]Z-a-[y-kÔn, ]Zm- -́k-Ôn, D`-b-kÔn F¶n-§-s\-bmWv kÔn-hn-̀ P-\w. Hcp ]Z-̄ nse Xs¶ {]IrXn {]Xy-§-fpsS tNÀ¨ ]Z-a[ykÔn-bpw cv {]Ir-Xn-IÄ X½nse tNÀ¨ ]Zm-́ -k-Ônbpw cpw tNÀ¶mÂ D`-b-k-Ôn-bp-am-Wv.

]Z-a-[y-kÔn þ Ic + HmSv = Ic-tbmSv

]Zm´ kÔn þ Xmac + Ipfw = Xma-c-¡pfw

D`-b-kÔn þ Xmac + Ipfw + CÂ= Xma-c-¡p-f-¯nÂ

eoem-Xn-e-I-¯nÂ kÔn¡p¶ hÀW§-fpsS kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn¨v kzc-§Ä X½nÂtNÀ¶mÂ kzc-kÔnbpw, kzchpw hyRvP-\hpw tNÀ¶mÂ kzchy-RvP-\-kÔn ,hyRvP\w kzc-t¯mSv tNÀ¶mÂ hyRvP-\-kz-c-kÔn, hyRvP\-§Ä X½nÂ tNÀ¶mÂhyRvP-\-kÔn F¶n-§-s\-bmWv kÔn hn`-P-\w.

kzc-kÔn þ Xnc + D¶p = Xnc-bp¶p

kzc-hy-RvP-\-kÔn þ Xmac + Ipfw = Xma-c-¡pfw

hyRvP-\-kz-c-kÔn þ I¬ + CÃ = I®nÃ

hyRvP-\-kÔn þ hnÂ + Xp = hnäp

CXnÂ \ns¶Ãmw hyXy-kvX-ambn tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-̄ nÂ, kÔn-¡p-t¼mÄ hÀ®-§Ä¡p-m-hp¶ hnIm-c-§sf (am-ä-§-sf) ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bmWv kÔn hn`-P\w \S-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. CX\pk-cn¨v hÀ®-§Ä X½nÂ kÔn-¡p-t¼mÄ Hcp hÀ®w CÃm-Xm-bmÂtem]-k-Ôn, ]pXnsbmcp hÀ®w IS-¶p-h-¶mÂ BK-a-k-Ôn, GsX-¦nepw H¶n-c-«n-¨mÂZznXz-k-Ôn, H¶p-t]mbv asäm¶p h¶mÂ BtZ-i-kÔn F¶n-§-s\-bmWv kÔn hn`-P-\w.

tem]-kÔn þ XWp¸v + Dv þ XWp-̧ pv

BK-a-kÔn þ Xncp + HmWw þ Xncp-thmWw

ZznXz-kÔn þ ]ip + Ip«n þ ]ip-¡p«n

BtZ-i-kÔn þ F¬ + \qdv þ F®qdv


tem]-kÔn :

Imcn-I-þ1: kwhr-tXm-Im-c-̄ n\v ]-c-ambn GXv kzcw h¶mepw kwhr-tXm-Imcw \nXy-ambntem]n¡pw. AXn-\mÂ kÔn-bnÂ CXns\ kzc-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-t¡--Xn-Ã.

DZm : - XWp¸v + Dv þ XWp-̧ pv

Imäv + ASn-¡p¶p þ Imä-Sn-¡p¶p

eoem-Xn-eIw tem]Ýx F¶ kÔn kq{X- n̄Â Cu kÔnImcyw hyà-am-¡p-¶p-v.

AXv + CÃ þ AXnÃ

hcIv + CÃ þ hc-InÃ

F¶n-§s\ DZm-l-c-W-§fpw \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

ImcnIþ2: sNbvXp, sN¿p¶p F¶o ]qÀ® {Inb-I-fpsS Aý-¯n-epÅ "D'Im-chpw kzcw]c-am-bmÂ tem]n-¡p-sa¶v Imcn-I. ]qÀ®-{In-b-I-fpsS Aý-¯nse DImcwhyRvP\-§-fpsS kv]jvtSm¨mc-W-§Ä¡mbn tNÀ¡p¶ kwhr-tXm-Im-c-¯nÂ\n¶v h¶-Xm-Wv.

DZm : sNbvXp + CÃ þ sNbvXnÃ

sN¿p¶p + CÃ þ sN¿p-¶nÃ

ImcnIþ3: AÃ, CÃ, Bbn, t]mbn F¶n-h-bpsS Aýkzc-§fpw kzcw ]c-am-bmÂ tem]n-¡p-sa¶v Cu Imcn-I-bnÂ ]d-bp-¶p.

DZm : AÃ + F¶v þ AsÃ¶v

CÃ + F¶v þ CsÃ¶v

Bbn + F¶v þ Bsb¶v

t]mbn + F¶v þ t]msb¶v

Imcn-I-þ4 : hn\-sb- -̈¯nsâ hI-t`-Z-§-fn-sem-¶mb \Sp-hn-\-sb- -̈¯nsâ ({]mÀ°-\mÀ°-{In-bmwKw) Aý-̄ nse AIm-chpw kzcw ]c-am-bmÂ tem]n¡pw

DZm : AdnI + Aa-tc-izc þ Adn-I-a-tc-izc

hcnI + FtSm þ hcn-sItSm

hnaÀi\w : tem]-k-Ôn-bnse {][m-\-Im-cn-I-I-fpsS hni-Zo-I-c-W-amWv kÂIn-bn-«p-Å-Xv.ImcnI 5,6, Ch kw`m-j-W-̀ m-j-bpsS {]iv\-§Ä am{X-am-Wv. Im-cnIþ 3 sâ hni-Zo-I-c-W-¯nÂ t]mcm-bva-I-fp-v. AÃ, CÃ Ch-bnse Aý-kzcw am{X-a-Ã, th, h¿, IqS, t]mc,F¶n-h-bpsS Aý-¯nse AIm-chpw tem]n-¡p-¶p-v. t]sc-̈ -§-fpsS Aý-¯nseAImcw k\-[n-bnÂ tem]n-¡p-¶Xv icn-bÃ F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xpw bp-àn-b-Ã.. shfp-̄ p-Ån,s]ä½ XpS-§nb {]tbm-K-§Ä A]-hm-Z-§-fmbn `mj-bn-ep-v.

2. BK-a-kÔn :

ImcnI 7 : kzc-§Ä¡v kzX-t{´m- -̈Nm-c-W-ap-Å-Xn-\mÂ cv kzc-§Ä ASp-̄ -Sp¯v hcp-t¼mÄ D¨m-c-W-¯nÂ {]bm-k-ap-v. CXv Hgn-hm-¡m³ "b'Im-c-tam, "h'Im-ctamtNÀ¯v kzc-tbmKw Hgn-hm-t¡--Xm-Wv. ]qÀÆ-ambn hcp-¶Xv Xme-hy-kzcsa-¦nÂ"b'Im-chpw HmjvTy-kz-c-sa-¦nÂ "h'Im-c-hp-amWv tNÀt¡--Xv.


DZm : Ic + D¶p þ Ic-bp¶p

Xmfn + Hme þ Xmfn-tbme

Xncp + HmWw þ Xncp-thmWw

]q + A¼v þ ]qh¼v

ImcnI 8 : Xme-hy-kz-c-¯n\v ]c-ambn kzcw h¶mÂ "b'Imcw t]mse " "Imchpw HmjvTy-kz-c-¯n\v ]c-ambn kzcw h¶mÂ "h'Imcw t]mse "I'Im-chpw BK-an-¡p-sa¶v CuImcn-I-bnÂ ]d-bp-¶p. am{X-a-Ã, A\p-\m-kn-Im-{]-nb-·m-cmb ae-bm-fn-IÄ tIÄ¡m-\pÅ kpJ-̄ n\v thn am{X-ambpw "á' BK-an¸n¡m-dp-s¶v ]dªv Icn-¼p-en,]pfn-¦pcp F¶nh DZm-l-c-W-ambn \ÂIp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

DZm : Im«n + G³ þ Im«n-tb³, Im«n-t\³

hnekn + B³ þ hne-kn-bm³, hne-kn-\m³

t]m + D¶p þ t]mIp-¶p, t]mhp¶p

XS + D¶p þ XS-Ip-¶p, XS-hp¶p

Icn + ]pen, ]pfn + Ipcp F¶n-h-bnÂ BZyw " 'Imchpw ]ns¶ kzhÀ¤ A\p-\m-kn-Im-tZ-ihpw kw`-hn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.

ImcnI 9 : Xme-hy-kz-c-§Ä¡v ]c-ambn kzcw h¶mÂ "b'Im-c-amWv BK-an-t¡--Xv.F¶mÂ A, C, F Ch Xme-hy-kz-c-§-fm-sW-¦nepw Nps«-gp¯pI-fm-b-Xn-\mÂAhbv¡v ]c-ambn kzcw h¶mÂ h'ImcamWv BK-an-¡p-I.

DZm : A + A³ þ Ah³

A + AÄ þ AhÄ

C + A³ þ Ch³

C + AÄ þ ChÄ

F + A³ þ Fh³

F + AÄ þ FhÄ

Adn-hm³, Adn-th³ F¶n-h-bnÂ "h'Imc-amWv ImWp-¶-sX-¦nepw AXv BK-a-kÔn\nb-a-{]-Imcw hcp-¶-XÃ adn¨v `mhyÀ°-kq-N-I-§-fmb ]Z-§Ä Xs¶-bm-sW¶pw ]d-bp-¶pv.

hnaÀi\w : BK-a-kÔn \nb-a-¯n\v hncp-²-amb [mcmfw A]-hm-Z-§Ä `mj-bnÂ hcp-¶p-v. XS-hp¶p F¶ ]Z-̄ ns\ XS + D¶p F¶p ]ncn-¨Xv icn-bm-bn-Ã. XS-bp¶p Fs¶mcp]Zw IqSn `mjbn-ep-v. XS + D¶p F¶Xv kÔn-¨mÂ XS-bp¶p F¶mWv th-Xv. Xan-gnse XssS BWv ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ XS Bhp-¶-Xv. B \nebv¡v XS-hp¶p F¶Xv XShv +D¶p F¶v ]ncnt¡n hcpw.

ImcnI 8þsâ hni-Zo-I-c-W-¯nÂ Icn-¼pen ]pfn-¦pcp F¶o ]Z-§-fpsS kÔn-Imcywhyà-am-¡n-b-Xnepw Abp-àn-bp-v. tIÄhn-kp-J-¯n\v am{X-ambn Hcp " ' Imcm-Kawhn[n-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. C¯cw ]Z-§-fpsS kÔn-Imcyw ""IzNn-Z-Zm-Zn-ZqZv`yx ]cky ]©ax''


Page 11




]q + A¼v þ ]qh¼v









A + AÄ þ AhÄ

C + A³ þ Ch³

C + AÄ þ ChÄ

F + A³ þ Fh³

F + AÄ þ FhÄ





Page 11




]q + A¼v þ ]qh¼v









A + AÄ þ AhÄ

C + A³ þ Ch³

C + AÄ þ ChÄ

F + A³ þ Fh³

F + AÄ þ FhÄ





F¶ kq{X-{]-Imcw Nnse-S-§-fnÂ A, B, C, Du F¶o kzc-§Ä¡v ]c-ambn IN-X-]-§Äh¶mÂ Ah-bpsS ]©-a-hÀ®§Ä BK-an-¡p-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶pv. tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-k-Ôn-Im-cy-¯nse k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ Hgnhm¡m³ eoem-Xn-e-I-kq{Xw D]-I-cn-¡pw. BK-a-k-Ôn-bnse aäp-Im-cn-I-IÄ kÔn BK-a-aÃ adn¨v kw`m-jW `mj-bpsS {]iv\-§Ä am{X-amWvImWn-¡p-¶-Xv.

ZznXz-k\v[n

ImcnI 13 : hnti-jW hnti-jy-§Ä ]qÀtÆm-̄ -c-]-Z-§-fmbn kÔn-¡p-t¼mÄ ]c-]-Zm-Zn-bnse ZrV-hy-RvP\w Cc-«n¡pw. arZp-¡-fm-sW-¦nÂ Cc-«n-¸n-Ã. Jcw, AXn-J-cw,arZp,-tLm-jw, Dujvam-¡Ä F¶n-h-bmWv ZrV-§Ä. A\p-\m-kn-I-§Ä, a[y-a-§Ä,"l'Imcw F¶nh arZp-¡-fm-Wv.

DZm : Xe + sI«v þ Xe-s¡«v

Xmac + Ipfw þ Xma-c-¡pfw

Xo + s]«n þ Xos¸«n

abnÂ + Ip«n þ abnÂ¡p«n

aeÀ + s]mSn þ aeÀs¸mSn

ImcnI 14 : hnti-jW hnti-jy-s¸m-cp¯aps-¦nÂ t]mepw Aep-]vX-k-am-k-tam, tIhe[mXpthm BWv ]qÀÆ-]-Z-ambn hcp-¶-sX-¦nÂ ]c-]-ZmZn ZrVw Cc-«n-¡p-I-bn-Ã.]qÀÆ-]-Z-̄ nse enwK-h-N\ {]Xy-b-§Ä¡v tem]w hcm¯ kam-k-amWv Aep-]vX-k-am-kw.

DZm : ae-a-IÄ + NcWw þ ae-a-IÄ NcWw

AÀ + tIm³ þ AÀtIm³

tIh-e-[mXp hcp-¶-Xn\v

DZm : Fcn + Xo þ FcnXo

IS + tImÂ þ IS-tImÂ

Ae + ISÂ þ Ae-I-SÂ

ImcnI 15 : ap³, X³, ]m£nI hn\-sb- -̈§-fp-tSbpw B[m-cn-Im-`m-k-amb "G' bptSbpwBÂ, CÂ,. IÂ, F F¶o hn`-àn- {]Xy-b§-fp-tSbpw ]c-ambn hcp¶ ZrV-§Äkam-k-an-Ãm-¯n-S¯pw Cc-«n-¡p-¶p.

DZm : ap³ hn\-sb¨w þ NmSn + Ibdn þ NmSn-¡-bdn

HmSn + t]mbn þ HmSn-t¸mbn

X³hn-\-sb¨w þ apdpsI + ]nSn¨p þ apdp-sI-̧ n-Sn¨p

IqsS + t]m¶p þ IqsS-t¸m¶p


]m£n-I-hn-\-sb¨w þ ImWp-InÂ+sNmÃmw þ ImWp-In-Âs¨mÃmw

ImÂ + XÃmw þ ImÂ¯Ãmw

ImcnI 17 : A, C, F F¶o Nps«-gp-¯p-IÄ¡v ]n¶mse hcp¶ FÃm ZrV hyRvP-§-fpwCc-«n-¡pw. inYn-e-am-sW-¦nÂ Cc-«n-̧ n¨ Nps«-gp-̄ ns\ ZoÀLn-̧ n-¨mÂ aXn.

DZm : A + Imew þ A¡mew

C + Imew þ C¡mew

F + Imew þ F¡mew

inYn-e-am-sW-¦nÂ,

A + t\cw þ B t\cw

A + amXncn þ B am-Xncn

hnaÀi\w : ZznXz-kÔn \nb-a-§Ä ]eXpw C¶s¯ ae-bm-f-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶n-Ã.hnti-jW hnti-jy§fnÂ hnti-jWw t]sc-̈ -am-sW-¦nÂ ]c-]-Zm-Zn-ZrVw Cc-«n-¡p-I-bn-Ã.

DZm : Idp¯ + s]«n þ Idp-̄ -s]«n

shfp¯ + ]ip þ shfp¯ ]ip

\o + Ic þ \o-Ic

am{X-a-Ã, tX³Xp-Ån, am³Ip-«n, s]m³Ip-anf F¶n-h-bnÂ ZrVw Cc-«n-¡msX hcp-¶Xpw Ac-ªm¬, ISn-ªm¬, ]ps¶-Ãv F¶n-h-bnÂ inYnew Cc-«n-¡p-¶Xpw A]-hm-Z-§-fm-Wv.

tIh-e-[mXp ]qÀÆ-am-sW-¦nÂ Cc-«n-̧ n¨ F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xpw icn-b-Ã. ]Wn-̧ p-c, ]nd-¶mÄ F¶n-§s\ ]Z-§Ä `mj-bn-ep-v.

17-þmw Imcn-I-bpsS hniZo-I-c-W-̄ nÂ Nps«-gp-¯n\v ]c-ambv hcp¶ ZrV-§ÄCc«n¡W-sa¶pw , inYn-e-am-sW-¦nÂ Nps«-gp¯v ZoÀLn-̧ n-¡-W-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶XpwC¶s¯ `mj-bnÂ kzoIm-cy-a-Ã. ZrVw h¶mÂ Nps«-gp¯v ZoÀLn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xpw,inYn-e-am-sW-¦nÂ Cc-«n-¡p-¶Xpw km-[mcWam-Wv.

DZm : A + Imew þ B Imew

C + IhnX þ Cu IhnX

A + t\cw þ At¶cw

BtZ-i-kÔn

ImcnI 20 : S,- N, ä F¶o hÀ¤m-£-c§Ä h¶mÂ khÀW\w kw`-hn¨v taÂ¸-dª hÀ¤m-£-c-§-fmbn amdpw. Jc-sa-¦nÂ Jcw A\p-\m-kn-I-sa-¦nÂ A\p-\m-knIw F¶mWvhÀW-am-äw. ]qÀÆ-¯nsâ kzm[o-\-̄ nÂ \S-¡p¶ BtZ-i-am-b-Xn-\mÂ ]qÀÆkhÀ®-\-amWv DhnsS \S-¡p-¶-Xv.


DZm : hn¬ + Xew þ hnew

F¬ + \qdv þ F®qdv

\n³ + Xp þ \nâp þ \n¶p

ImcnI 21 : e Imc-̄ n\v ]c-ambn XhÀ¤m-£-c-§Ä h¶mÂ hÀÕy-amb "I' Imchpw fImc-¯n\v ]c-ambn "X'hÀ¤m-£-c-§Ä h¶mÂ aqÀ²-\y-amb "S'Im-chpw BtZ-i-ambnhcpw. D¨m-c-W-Øm-\¯n-sâ XmgvNsb ImWn-¡p¶ hn\m-a-am-Wn-hnsS kw -̀hn-¡p-¶-Xv.

DZm : hnÂ + Xp þ hnäp

AIÂ + Xp¶p þ AIäp¶p

hn\m-a-{In-b-bpsS bpàn ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI : BtZ-i-kÔn 21,22 Imcn-I-I-fn-emWv hn\m-a-{In-b-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶Xv. 21-þmwImcn-I-bnÂ "e'Imc "f'Im-c-§Ä¡vXhÀ¤m-£-c-§Ä ]c-am-bmÂ bYm-{Iaw "ä'Imc "S'Im-c-§Ä BtZ-i-ambn hcp-sa¶v]d-bp-¶p-v. 22-þmw Imcn-IbnÂ e, f IfvU¡v GXv hÀ¤m-£-c-§Ä ]c-am-bmepwhÀÕyhpw aqÀ²-\yhpw BtZ-i-ambn hcp-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.

taÂØm-\-¯p-̈ -cn-¡p¶ Hcp hÀ®w IogvØm-\-̄ p- -̈cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv hn\m-a-{Inb kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. Imcn-IIfpsS hni-Zo-I-c-W-̄ nÂ hÀ®-§Ä¡v [z\n-aqewIev]n- -̈t¸m-Ä e,-X,\ þ Zýw, f ä, \ þ hÀÕyw F¶n-§-s\-bmWv \ÂIn-bn-«p-Å-Xv.]oTn-I-bn-em-hs« "f'Im-c-̄ n\v aqÀ²\y [z\n-bmWv \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

kq£va ]cn-tim-[-\-bnÂ ChnsS Øm\-¯mgvN H¶pw kw`-hn-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶pImWmw. e bpsS hÀ®-aqeyw Zý-aÃ. hÀÕy-am-Wv. f Imc-¯n-sâXv hÀÕy-a-Ã,aqÀ²-\y-am-Wv. A§n-s\-sb-¦nÂ kÔn-bnÂ hn\m-a-{In-b-b-Ã, kzhÀ¤m-£-c-§-fpsSBtZ-i-amWv \S-¡p-¶-Xv, hÀ®-§Ä¡v [z\n-aqeyw \nÝ-bn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-ep-mb ]ng-hmWv hn\m-a-{I-nb¡v hgn-sh-¨Xv F¶v ImWmw.

ImcnI 23 : ap³, ]n³, s]m³ F¶n-h-bpsS Aý-¯nse " ' Imcw Jcw ]c-am-bmÂ"e'Im-c-ambn amdp-¶p.

DZm : Xncp-ap³ + ImgvN þ Xncp-apÂ¡mgvN

s]m³ + IpSw þ s]mev¡pSw

ImcnI 25 : A\p-kzmcw a Imc-am-sW¶pw A\p-kzmcw Aý-i-_vZ-§-tfmSv tNÀ¯mÂ"a'Imcw sXfn-ªp-h-cp-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.

DZm : acw + AÃ þ ac-aÃ

acw + CÃ þ ac-anÃ

A\p-kzmc Aý-i-_vZ-§-tfmSv hÀ¤m-£-c-§Ä tNÀ¶mÂ Ah-bpsS A\p-\m-kn-I-§Ä BtZ-i-ambn hcpw.

DZm : hcpw + Imew þ hcp-¦mew

s]cpw + ]d þ s]cp-¼d


Page 14




















Page 14




















A\p-kzmcw kap- -̈b-\n-]m-X-amb "Dw' ]c-am-bmÂ "h'Im-c-ambn amdpw.

DZm : [\w + Dw þ [\hpw

Ipew + Dw þ Ipehpw

A\p-kzm-c-¯n\v ]c-ambn hn`àn {]Xy-b-§Ä h¶mÂ "¯v' F¶v BtZ-i-ambnhcpw.

DZm : [\w + BÂ þ [\-̄ mÂ

acw + CÂ þ ac-̄ nÂ

hnaÀi\w : B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-¯nÂ BtZ-i-kÔn \nb-a-§Ä¡v Ht«sd A]-hm-Z-§ÄImWp-¶p-v. 20þmw Imcn-I-bnÂ "S'hÀ¤-¯n\v ]c-ambn XhÀ¤m-£-c-§Ä h¶mÂ"S'hÀ¤m-tZiw F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv ]qÀ®-ambpw icn-b-Ã.

sh¬Xn-¦Ä, a¬X-cn, I¬X-Sw, s]m³Xm-ac F¶n-§s\ BtZiw hcm¯ [mcmfw ]Z-§Ä `mj-bn-ep-v.

hn\m-a-{Inb F¶Xv hÀ®-§Ä¡v [z\n-aqew Iev]n-¡p-t¼m-gp-mb ]ng-hnÂ \n¶p-m-b-Xm-Wv.

ap³]nÂ s]m³ F¶n-hbv¡p ]c-ambn Jc-§Ä h¶mÂ "e'Imcw BtZiw sN¿p-sa¶\nco-£-Whpw Ipd-d-a-ä-X-Ã. ap³tIm-]w, ]n³Xp-W, s]m³]m{Xw F¶n-§s\ [mcmfw ]Z-§Ä `mj-bn-ep-v.

A\p-kzmcw "a'Im-c-am-sW¶pw kzcw tNÀ¶mÂ "a'Imcw sXfnbp-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶-XnepwAbp-àn-bp-v. ]e-t¸mgpw "h'Im-chpw B-tZ-i-ambn hcm-dpv F¶-Xn\v Ht«sd ]Z-§Ä sXfn-hm-Wv.

apJ-hp-c, \ne-h-d, Ie-h-d, ac-hp-cn, F¶n-§s\ "h'Im-cm-tZiw km[m-c-W-am-Wv.

A\p-kzm-c-¯n\v hÀ¤m-£-c-§Ä ]c-am-bmÂ A\p-\m-kn-Im-tZiw F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xpw]qÀ®-ambn icn-bm-hp-¶n-Ã. ac-̧ -e-I, ac-̧ mh, NXp-c-¡Ãv F¶n-§s\ ]Z-§Ä `mj-bn-ep-v.

eoem-Xn-e-I-kq-{X-§-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw

ImcnI 1. kzc-̄ n\v ap¼v tem]n¡pw þ tem]Ýx

7. hÀÖn-̧ q-kz-c-kw-tbmKw þ kÔm-h-tNmÀ at[ybx

7. ]qÀÆ-tam-jvTy-kzcw h¶mÂ þ HmÀ¶nXyw

8. {ipXn-am-[p-cymÀ°-ambpw þ IzNn-Z-Zm-Zn-Zq-Zv`y-]-c-ky-]-©ax

9. hIm-cm-Kta tNcq þ AZn-tXm-tI-h-e-tbmÀh

13. hnti-j-W-hn-ti-jy-§Ä þ kam-tk-Nm-Rm-Zo\mw

15. B[m-cn-Im-̀ m-kamw F þ {lkzm-sZ-X-I-N-X-]m\mw ZznXzw

17. Nps«-gp-¯n\v ]n³h-¶mÂ þ G`ymw Nx

20. XhÀ¤-¯n-\-Sp-̄ pÅ þ WkvX-kySx

20. XhÀ¤-¯n-\-Sp-̄ pÅ þ t\mW

21. fIm-c-sa-¦nÂ aqÀ²\yw þ tfms\

22. hn\m-aw -e-f-IÄt¡mXmw þ tem \x ]©-tajp

25. aImcw Xm\-\p-kzmcw þ aky-b-Ym-tbm-Kw-Im-Zn-jp]-©ax


samUyqÄ þ 2

i_vZ-hn-`mKw

i_vZw : AÀ°w e`n¡p-amdv hÀ®-§sf tNÀ¯p-m-¡p-¶-Xv.

DZm : Xhf þ Xv + A + hv + A + fv + A

i_vZs¯ cmbn Xncn¡mw

hmNIw : hmNy-ambn HcÀ°ap-ÅXv

DZm : Xma-c, acw, Ifn-¡p-I.

tZymXIw : hmNymÀ°sam¶pan-ÃmsX cv hmNymÀ°-§sf Iq«n-t¨À¡m\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶Xv.

DZm : Dw, Hm, F¦nÂ

hmN-Is¯ \maw, IrXn t`ZIw F¶p aq¶mbn Xncn¡mw

\maw þ hkvXp-hns\ Ipdn-¡p-¶Xv

DZm : sNSn, ]pen, IÃv

IrXn þ {In-b-sb-Ip-dn-¡p-¶Xv

DZm : Ifn-¡p-¶p, HmSp-¶p, Nncn-¡p¶p.

t`ZIwþ KpW-s -̄Iq-dn-¡p-¶Xv

DZm : Ag-Iv, \·, sh×, anSp¡v

\ma-hn-̀ -P\w:- \ma-§sf {Zhy-\m-aw, KpW-\m-aw, {Inbm-\maw F¶n-§s\ aq¶mbn Xncn-¡mw.

{Zhy-\m-aw þ hkvXp-hns\ Ipdn-¡p-¶Xv (acw, sNSn, ]pen, IÃv )

KpW-\m-aw þ KpW-s¯-¡p-dn-¡p-¶Xv (Ag-Iv, \·, sh×, anSp¡)

{Inbm-\maw þ {Inbsb ImWn¡p-¶Xv (I-fn, Nncn, Hm«w, Nm«w)

{Zhy-\m-as¯ kwÚ, kmam-\yw, kÀÆw, tabw F¶p \membn Xncn-¡mw.

kwÚm-\maw þ Hcp hyànsb {]tXyIw Ipdn-¡p-¶Xv

DZm : cma³, IrjvW³, cm[

kmam-\y-\maw þ Hcp {]tXyI hn`m-Ks¯ ImWn¡p-¶Xv

DZm : a\p-jy³, arKw, acw, sNSn

kÀÆ\maw þ FÃm-än-t\bpw ImWn-¡m³ D]-tbmKn¡p-¶Xv

DZm : Ah, Ch, Fh, F³, \n³

tab-\maw þ PmXn hyàn hyXym-k-an-Ãm-¯-Xns\ ImWn-¡m³

DZm : Pew,-hm-bp,-B-Im-iw,-kzÀ®w


{Inbm-hn-̀ -P\w

1. AÀ°s¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n kIÀ½-Iw, AIÀ½Iw

kIÀ½-Iw þ IÀ½-apÅ {Inb-IÄ

DZm : ASn-¡p-I, CSn-¡p-I, Xn¶p-I, sImÃpI

AIÀ½Iw þ IÀ½-an-Ãm¯ {Inb-IÄ

DZm : Ifn-¡p-I, Nncn-¡p-I, HmSp-I, NmSpI

2. {]Ir-Xnsb ASn-Øm-\-am¡n tIh-ew, {]tbm-PIw

tIh-e-{Inb þ IÀ¯mhv kz´w CjvS-{]-Imcw sN¿p¶ {Inb

DZm : HmSp-¶p, NmSp-¶p, ]Tn-¡p-¶p, \S-¡p¶p

{]tbm-P-I-{Inbþ ]c-t{]-c-W-sImv sN¿p¶ {Inb

DZm : HmSn-¡p-¶p, ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p, Ifn-̧ n-¡p-¶p.

3. cq]s¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n Imcn-Xw, AIm-cnXw

ImcnX-{In-b þ "¡v' {]Xybw tNÀ¶ {Inb-IÄ

DZm : Ifn-¡p-¶p, Nncn¡p¶p, \S-¡p¶p

AIm-cn-X-{Inbþ "¡v' {]Xybw tNcm¯ {Inb-IÄ

DZm : ]pIbp-¶p, Acbp¶p, adbp¶p

4. {]m[m-\y-a-\p-k-cn¨v apäp-hn-\, ]äp-hn\

apäp-hn\ þ aäp ]Z-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-s¸-SmsX \nÂ¡p¶ ]qÀ®-{Inb

DZm : sNbvXp, Ip, Ifn-̈ p, HmSn

]äp-hn\ þ ]qÀ® {Inb-tbmSv ]än-\nÂ¡p¶ A]qÀ® {Inb

DZm : sNbvXv, Iv. Ifn-¨v, Dcpv

]äp-hn-\sb hn\-sb¨w t]sc¨w F¶p cmbn Xncn-¡mw.

hn\-sb¨w þ ]äp-hn\ Hcp {Inbsb hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ hn\-sb¨w

DZm : HmSn-t¸m-bn, Iv \n¶p

t]sc¨w þ ]äp-hn\ Hcp \mas¯ hnti-jn-¸n-¨mÂ t]sc¨w

DZm : I ImgvN, ]dª Imcyw

]qÀ® {Inb-bnÂ "A' {]Xybw tNÀ¯mWv t]sc¨w Dm-¡p-¶Xv

DZm : -þ Idp¯p þ Idp¯

shfp¯p þ shfp¯

\op þ \o

]gp¯p þ ]gp¯


hn\-sb-̈ s¯ 5 Bbn Xncn¡mw

ap³hn-\-sb¨w , ]n³-hn-\-sb¨w, X³hn-\-sb¨w, \Sp-hn-\-sb-̈ w, ]m£n-I-hn-\-sb¨wF¶nh-bm-W-h.

ap³hn-\-sb¨w þ CXv `qX-Im-e-¯nse hnti-j-Ws¯Ipdn-¡p-¶p. DIm-cm--́̀ q-X-Im-e-§-fnÂ kwhr-tXm-Im-c-amWv CXnsâ {]Xybw.

DZm : Dv, Dcp-v, Iv, tI«v

]n³hn-\-sb¨w þ CXv `mhn-Im-e-¯nse hnti-j-Ws¯ ImWn-¡p-¶p.B³ F¶m-Wn-Xnsâ {]Xybw

DZm : Ifn-¡m³, ]Tn-¡m³, \S-¡m³

\Sp-hn-\-sb¨w þ CXv aq¶p Ime-§-tfbpw s]mXpsh Ipdn-¡p-¶p. A, I,DI F¶n {]Xy-b-§Ä

DZm : sN¿, sNbvI, sN¿pI

X³hn-\-sb-̈ w þ X\n-¨p-\nÂ¡p¶ \Sp-hn-\-sb¨w Xs¶ X³hn\sb¨w,F, Ath, F¶n-§s\ {]Xy-b-§Ä

DZm : sN¿nÂ, sNbvInÂ, sN¿p-InÂ

t`Z-I-§Ä

hmNymÀ°-apÅ hmN-I-§-fpsS aq¶v DÄ¸n-cn-hp-I-fmWv \maw, IrXn, t`Z-Iw. t`Zn-¸n¨v (hn-ti-j-Ww) ImWn-¡p-¶-hbmWv t`ZI-§Ä. {ZmhnU `mj-I-fnÂ \ma-§Ät]m-setbm, {Inb-IÄ t]msetbm Hcp {]tXyI hymI-c-W-hn-̀ m-K-aÃ t`Z-I-§-Ä F¶v ImÄUzÂKpÀ«v, jqÄ t»m¡v F¶n-hÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-v. {Zm-hn-U-¯nÂ t`Z-I-§Ä F¶phnfn-¡m-hp¶ {]tXyI hn`m-K-§-fn-sÃ¶pw KpW-hm-Nn-I-tfm, kw_-Ô-hm-Nn-Itfm Bb \ma-§-sf-̄ -s¶-bmWv \mw t`Z-ImÀ°-¯nÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-sX¶pw ImÄUzÂ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p-v. F¶mÂ tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-̄ nÂ CXnÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvX-amb \nco-£-W-amWv F.-BÀAh-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ \ma-hn-ti-j-W-§Â {]tXy-I-am-bpv F¶mWv At±lwhyà-am-¡p-¶Xv. i_vZ-hn-̀ m-K-̄ nÂ 7Dw t`Z-I-{]-I-c-W-¯nÂ 1Dw AS¡w BsI 8 hn`m-K-§-fmbn t`Z-I-§sf hn-`-Pn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

t`Z-I-§-fpsS DÄ]n-cn-hp-IÄ

1. ip²w : CXv [mXp-hnsâ X\n-kz-cq]w Xs¶-bm-Wv.

DZm : sNdp þ sNdp-]-bdv sNw þ sN´m-ac

Xncp þ Xncp-apJw \Â þ\·p¯v

2. kmÀÆ \manIw : CXv kÀÆ-\m-as¯ Xs¶ t`Z-I-am-bp-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.

DZm : AhnSw, ChnSw, Fhn-Sw,

3. kmwJyw : CXv Hcp kwJym-cq-]-amb t`Z-I-am-Wv.

DZm : Hcp ]ip, aqtem-Iw, A¿-¼³

4. hn`m-hIw : DXv Hcp hkvXp-hnsâ kz`m-hs¯ ImWn-¡p-¶p.


DZm : kaÀ°-\m-b, tIa-\m-b, anSp-¡-\mb

5. ]mcn-am-WnIw : CXv Af-hns\ Ipdn-¡p¶ t`Z-I-am-Wv.

DZm : \mgn-b-cn, cp-Xp-Sw, Hcp ]nSn

6. \mamw-KPw : t]sc- -̈s -̄¯s¶ t`Z-I-am-bp-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv.

DZm : Idp-¯, shfp-¯, sI«nb

7. {Inbmw-KPw : hn\-sb¨s¯ t`Z-I-am-bp-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

DZm : Dds¡, \osf, IqsS, apdpIn

8. hn`-àym-̀ ymkw : t`Z-I-{]-I-c-W-¯n-emWv CXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶Xv

DZm : Im«n-se, Ic-bn-se, shÅ-̄ nse

hnaÀi\w

{Zmhn-U `m-j-I-fnÂ ip²-amb t`Z-I-hn-̀ m-K-anÃ F¶ ]qÀÆ-\n-co-£-W-§Ä¡v hncp-²-ambn t`Z-I-NÀ¨ \S¯p-¶p-s-¦nepw \ma§Ä t]mse-tbm, {Inb-IÄ t]msetbm t`Z-I-§sf thÀXn-cn-¡m³ tIc-f-]m-Wn-\nbv¡v km[n-¨n-«n-Ã. hmNymÀ°-apÅ hmN-I-§fpsShn`m-K-amWv t`Z-I-§-sf-¦nepw \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ t`Z-I-§Ä¡v kzX-{´-amb AÀ°-tam,cq]tam CÃ. ip²w, kmwJyw, ]mcn-am-Wn-Iw, kmÀ-Æ-\m-anIw F¶n-h-bvs¡m¶pw hmN-I-Xz-an-Ã. "Hcp' F¶ kmwJy-¯n-epw, ]mcn-am-Wn-I-¯n-epw, kmÀÆ-\m-an-I-¯nepw hcp-¶p-v.]mcn-am-Wn-I-¯nse \mgn, cv F¶nh \ma-§ÄX-s¶-bm-Wv. \ma-¯n³taÂ Bb tNÀ¯vDm-¡p-¶-h-bmWv hn`m-h-I-§Ä. \mamw-K-Pw, {Inbmw-KPw F¶nh t]sc-̈ hpw hn\-sb-¨hpw Xs¶-bm-Wv. ]qÀ®-{In-b-bnÂ \n¶m-Wnh Dm-¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sImv Xs¶ t`Z-I-§-fpsS Imcy-̄ nÂ ImÄUzÂ, KpÀ«v F¶n-h-cpsS \nco-£-W-§Ä Xs¶-bmWv kzoIm-cy-sa¶p ImWmw.

tZymX-I-§Ä : hmNymÀ°-an-ÃmsX cv hmNymÀ°-§sf X½nÂ _Ôn-̧ n-¡m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-hbmWv tZymX-I-§Ä.

tZymX-I-§Ä cp hn[-am-Wv.

\n]mXw þ Ch BZyta Iev]-ItZymXI-§Ä Xs¶-bm-Wv.

DZm : Dw, Hm

Ahy-b-§Ä þ hmN-IXzw \jvS-s¸«v tZymX-I--§-fmbn amdn-b-h-bm-Wn-h.

DZm : cmh-W³ F¶ cm£-k³

ag-s]bvXp F¦nepw XWp-̄ n-Ã.

tZymX-I-§sf Ah-bpsS hym]m-c-a-\p-k-cn¨v KXn, LS-Iw, hymt£-]Iw F¶n-§s\aq¶mbn Xncn-¡mw.

KXn : hn`àn {]Xy-§Ä sImv AÀ°-]qÀ¯n hcm-¯n-S§-fnÂAhsb ]cn-jv¡cn¡m³ thn sNÀ¡p-¶-h-bm-Wn-h.

DZm : sImv, ]än, \n¶v, sh¨v, thn, hsc


LSIw : \n]m-X-§Ä Xs¶-bm-Wn-h. "Dw' F¶ kap-̈ -b-\n-]m-Xhpw HmF¶ hnI-ev]-\n-]m-Xhpw

DZm : cma-\pw, IrjvW\pw, Ifnbpw Nncnbpw

cmas\ IrjvW-t\m, Ifntbm Nncntbm

hymt£-]Iw : hmIymÀ°s¯ Xs¶ ImWn-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ sNdnb i_vZ§-fmWnh.

DZm : DÆv, At¿, lm, sO

KXn-IÄ tZymX-I-§tfm ?

hmNymÀ°-an-ÃmsX cp hmNymÀ°-§sf Iq«n-t¨À¡p¶ tZymX-I-§-fpsS Iq«-̄ n-emWv KXn-Isf DÄs¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¦nepw, KXn-IÄ¡v khn-ti-j-amb ]e AÀ°-§-sfbpw {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡m³ Ign-bp-sa¶v ImWmw.

DZm : Rm³ Ahs\ kvIqfnÂ Ip.

Rm³ Ahs\ kv¡qfnÂ sh¨v Ip.

cm-as¯ hmIy-¯nÂsh¨v F¶ KXn DÅ-Xn-\mÂ hmIy-̄ n-\Xv hyXy-kvX-ambAÀ°w e`n-̈ -Xmbn ImWmw. H¶mw hmIy-̄ nÂ Rm³ kvIqfnÂ Dm-h-W-sa-¶n-Ã.F¶mÂ cmw hmIy-̄ nÂ Rm³ kv¡qfnÂ Dm-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶v \nÀ_-Ô-am-Wv.C¯cw khn-tij AÀ°-§Ä Dm-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ KXn-Isf tZymX-I-§-fmbn Icp-Xp-¶-Xn\v bpàn-bn-Ã.

hymt£-]-I-§Ä : ]qÀW hmIy-§-fpsS AÀ°w {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡p¶ sNdnb i_vZ-§-fm-Wnh.

DZm : \o AhnsS t]mtbm? F¶ tNmZy-̄ n\v DÆv F¶p-̄ cw ]d-ªmÂ Rm³ AhnsSt]mbn F¶m-WÀ°w. ]qÀW-hm-Iy-§-fpsS AÀ°w hsc {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶hymt£-]-I-§sf hmN-I-Xz-an-Ãm¯ tZymX-I-§-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn- -̈Xnepw \yq\-X-bp-v.


samUyqÄ þ 3

\ma-hn-`mKw

enwK-{]-I-cWw : temI-̄ nÂ kv{Xo ]pcp-j³ \]pw-kIw F¶ hn`-P-\-̄ n\p Xs¶-bmWvenwK-t`Zw F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. `mj-bnÂ a\p-jyÀ¡n-S-bnÂ am{Xta kv{Xo ]pcpj hyXym-k-ap-Åq. _m¡n-sbÃmw \]pw-k-I-§-fm-Wv. kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ \]pw-k-I-§Â¡p IqSnkv{Xo]p-cpj hyXymkw Iev]n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. A¯cw k¦oÀW-X-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯n-enÃ F¶Xvta·-bm-Wv.

{]Xy-b-§Ä : km[m-cW \ma-§-fnÂ A³, C, Aw F¶n-h-bmWv bYm-{Iaw ]pcp-j, kv{Xo,\]pw-kI {]Xy-b-§Ä.

DZm : tIa³, tIan, tIaw

IÅ³, IÅn, IÅw

kÀ-Æ-\m-a-§-fnÂ A³, AÄ, Xp F¶mWv {]Xy-bw.

DZm : Ah³, AhÄ, AXv

Ch³, ChÄ, CXv

Aw {]Xyb NÀ¨/\]pw-kI {]Xyb NÀ¨

{Zmhn-U-̀ mjm sshbm-I-c-W-cmb tdm_À«v ImÄUz-en-t\bpw, slÀ½³KpÀ«ns\bpw A\p-k-cn-̈ mWv ]e hnj-b-§-fnepw tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw \nco-£-W-§Ä Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ \]pw-k-I-{]-Xy-b-¯nsâ Imcy-¯nÂ ImÄUzent\mSv hntbm-Pn-̈ p-sImv kz -́amb Hcp A`n-{]mbw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bmWv F.-BÀ. sN¿p-¶-Xv. tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw 46,47,48 Imcn-I-I-fnÂ "Aw' F¶ \]pw-k-I-{]-Xy-s -̄¡p-dn¨v hniZ-ambn NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶p-v. 46-þmw---Imcn-I-bnÂ ImÄUz-ensâ A`n-{]m-b-§Ä kw{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw 47, 48 Imcn-I-I-fnÂ kz´-am-sbmcp \njv]-̄ n¡v {ian-¡p-I-bp-amWv At±-lw.

46-þmw Imcn-I-bnÂ ImÄUz-ensâ A`n-{]m-b-§sf C{]-Imcw kw{K-ln-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

`mj-bnÂ a\p-jy-c-Ãm- -̄sXÃmw \]pw-k-I-§Ä Bbn-cnt¡ \]pw-k-I-§sf ImWn-

¡m³ {]tXyIw {]Xy-b-§-fpsS Bh-iy-an-Ã. AXn-\mÂ acw, ]mew F¶n-h-bpsS A´y-¯nÂ hcp¶ "Aw' enwK-{]-Xy-b-aÃ AwK-{]-Xy-b-am-Wv. enwK-{]-Xy-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ hn`àn

{]Xybw tNÀ¶mÂ sXfn-tb--Xm-Wv. aI-tfm-Sv, aI-t\mSv F¶n-h-bnÂ HmSv F¶ hn`-àn-{]-

Xybw tNÀ¶-t¸mgpw AÄ, A³ F¶nh sXfn-bp-¶p-v. F¶mÂ ac-̄ nÂ ac-¯mÂ F¶n-

h-bnÂ Aw sXfn-bm- -̄Xn\v ImcWw AXv enwK-{]-Xy-b-a-Ãm-¯-Xp-sIm-m-Wv. am{X-a-Ã, A\-

¡w, B«w F¶n-h-bnÂ hcp¶ Aw enwK-{]Xy-btam AwK-{]-Xy-btam AÃ, {Inbm-\m-a-§sfDm-¡m-\pÅ IrXn-Ir¯v {]Xy-b-am-Wv.

ImÄUz-ensâ A`n-{]m-b-§Ä kw{K-ln-̈ -tijw AXn-t\mSv hntbm-Pn-̈ p-sImv 47þmw

ImcnIbnÂ F.-BÀ.-kzm-̀ n-{]mbw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.


\]pw-k-I-¯n\v {]Xybw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Aw F¶Xv `mj-bnse \]pw-k-I-{]-Xy-b-am-

Wv. AwK-{]-Xy-b-sa-¶mÂ {]Ir-Xn¡pw {]Xy-b-̄ n\pw CS-bnÂ htc--Xm-Wv. \mam-ý-§-fnÂ hcp¶ Aw AwK-{]-Xy-bamsW¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv bpàn-b-Ã. C§s\ hyàam¡n

ImÄUz-ensâ AwK-{]-Xyb hmZs¯ F.-BÀ.- \n-c-kn-¡p-¶p. ]n¶oSv Aw \]pwkI- {]-Xy-

bam-sW¶v Øm]n-¡p-I-bmWv At±-lw. ac¯nÂ, ac-̄ mÂ F¶n-h-bnÂ enwK-{]-Xy-b-

tijw Xs¶-bmWv hn`-àn-{]-Xybw hcp-¶-Xv. Aw sXfn-bm-̄ -Xn\v ImcWw Aw \v "A¯v'

BtZ-i-ambn hcp-¶Xv sImmsW¶v At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. "Aw'sâ BZn-cq]w A³ F¶pIcp-Xp¶ ]£w A³ Jcm-tZ-i-Zzn-Xz-§-fn-epsS A¯mbn amdn F¶p-d-̧ n-¡mw. `mj-bnÂ

A³>Aw amäs¯ ImWn-¡m³ Iqh-f-¯n³ thcv >Iqh-f-¯pw-thcv F¶p amdn-b-Xns\ DZm-

l-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

F¶mÂ A³ F¶-Xn-\-́ y-¯nse "³' hÀÕy-am-b-Xn-\mÂ AXv Jcm-tZ-i-Zzn-Xz-§-fn-

eqsS Zý-amb "A¯m'bn amdp-I-bn-Ã. Cu {]iv\-¯n-\qÅ ]cn-lm-c-am-bmWv 48-þmw Imcn-I-

Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]Zm-ý-¯nÂ c,d IÄ NnÃmbn \nÂ¡p-t¼mÄ Htc [z\n-bm-hp-¶-

t]mse Zý-hÀÕy-\-Im-c-§Ä¡pw Hmtc [z\nbmsW¶v ]d-bp-I-bmWv At±-lw. "A'wsâ

BZn-cq]w Zý-amb "A³' BsW¶v Øm]n-̈ mÂ AXv Jcm-tZ-i-Zzn-Xz-§-fn-eqsS A¯m-hp-

Ibpw A§ns\ acw, ]mew F¶n-h-bpsS Aý-¯nse Aw \]pw-kI {]Xy-b-am-sW¶v Dd-

¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

hnaÀi\w :þ

ImÄUz-ensâ AwK-{]-Xy-b-hm-Zs¯ \nc-kn-¡m³ Ign-sª-¦nepw Aw enwK-{]-Xy-am-

sW¶v Øm]n-¡m³ F.-B-dn\v Ign-ªn-«nÃ F¶p thWw Icp-Xm³. Xsâ hmZw Dd-¸n-

¡m³ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶ ]e hÀW-]-cn-Wma \nb-a-§fpw bpàn-c-ln-X-am-Wv. ]Zm-ý-¯nÂ"³' Zý-am-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv D¨m-c-W-im-kv{X-{]-Imcw icn-b-Ã. `mj-bnÂ Aw F¶Xv

kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-ambn \]pw-k-I-{]-Xy-am-sW¶v ]d-ªmÂ IÃv, ae, ]pen F¶nh \]pwk-I-§-f-Ãm-Xm-hpw. Hm«w, Nm«w, Dd¡w F¶o hym]m-c-§Ä \]pw-k-I-am-hp-Ibpw sN¿pw. `mj-bnÂ

enwK-t`Zw {]Xy-b-{]-am-W-aÃ AÀ°m-\p-km-cn-bmWv F¶ ap³Ime \nco-£-W-§Ä Xs¶-

bmWv C¡m-cy-̄ nÂ bpàn-k-l-sa¶v ImWmw.

hN-\-{]-I-cWw

\msamcp hkvXp-hn-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ AXv Ht¶m AXn-e-[n-Itam F¶v ImWn-¡m³ AXns\ Ipdn-¡p¶ i_vZ-¯nÂ hcp-̄ p¶ cq] t`Z-am-Ip¶p hN-\w. kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ GI-h-N-\w, Zznh-N-\w, _lp-h-N\w F¶n-§s\ aq¶p hN-\-§-fp-Å-t¸mÄ `mj-bnÂGI-h-N-\hpw _lp-h-N-\hpw am{X-ta-bp-Åp.

_lp-h-N\w aq¶mbn Xncn-bp-¶p. kenw-Kw, Aenw-Kw, ]qP-Iw. kv{Xo]p-cp-j-\-]pw-k-I-§-fnÂ GsX-¦nepw H¶nsâ _lp-Xz-amWv kenw-K-_-lp-h-N-\w. AXn\v amÀ F¶v {]Xy-bw.

DZm : anSp-¡-·mÀ , anSp-¡-̄ n-amÀ

kv{Xo]p-cp-j-·mÀ IqSn-h-cp¶ \ma-¯nsâ _lq-Xz-amWv Aenw-K-_-lp-h-N-\w. AXn\v AÀF¶p {]Xy-bw.

DZm : a\p-jyÀ, anSp-¡À


\-]pw-k-I-§-fpsS _lp-Xz-s -̄Iq-dn-¡p-¶-Xn\v IÄ F¶mWv {]Xy-bw.

DZm : ac-§Ä, IÃp-IÄ

GsX-¦nepw Hcp hyàn-bpsS _lp-am-\s¯ ImWn-¡m³ thn-bp-Å-XmWv ]qPI_lp-hN-\w.

DZm : kzman-IÄ, amcmÀ

hnaÀi\w : \]pw-k-I-{]-Xy-b-amWv IÄ F¶pw IÄ tNcp¶sXÃmw \]pw-k-I-am-sW¶pw]d-bp-¶-Xn\v bpàn-bn-Ã. kv{XoIÄ, Ip«n-IÄ, Bfp-IÄ F¶n-§s\ IÄhcp¶ [mcmfw _lp-h-N-\-cq-]-§-fp-v. Ch-sbm¶pw \]pw-k-I-§-f-Ã.

Hcp hyàn-bpsS _lp-am-\s¯ ImWn-¡p-¶-Xn\v _lp-h-N\w F¶pt]cp hnfn-¡p-¶Xpw icn-b-Ã. Hcp _lp-h-N-\-{]-Xybw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶pF¶Xv am{X-amWv Chn-Ss¯ khn-ti-j-X.

ImcnI 51 : kwJym hntijWw tNÀ¶mÂ ..............................

kwJym-hm-Nn-bmb Hcp hnti-jW i_vZ-ap-s-¦nÂ Poh-\n-Ãm¯ \]pw-k-I-§Ä¡v H¸w _lq-h-N-\-{]-Xybw tNÀt¡--Xn-Ã.

DZm : ]¯v tX§-IÄ F¶v ]d-tb--Xn-Ã,

Poh-\pÅ \]pw-k-I-am-sW-¦nÂ {]Xybw tNÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v hntcm-[-an-Ã.

DZm : ]¯v ]ip-¡Ä

a\pjyÀ¡msW-¦nÂ \nÀ_-Ô-ambpw {]Xybw tNÀt¡-XmWv.

DZm : ]¯v Ip«nIÄ

hn`àn

aäv ]Z-§-fp-am-bpÅ kw_-Ôs¯ Iqdn-¡p-¶-Xn\v thn \ma-§-fnÂ tNÀ¡p¶{]Xy-b-§Ä¡mWv hn`àn F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-¯n\v ap¼v ae-bm-f-hym-I-cWw cNn¨ FÃm-hcpw kwkvIr-X-hym-I-c-W-{K-Ù-amb ]mWn\n alÀjn-bpsS "AjvSm-[ym-bn'sb A\p-k-cn¨v {]Y-a, ZznXo-b, XrXob Ft¶m H¶mw hn`àn, cmw hn`àn Ft¶mt]cv \ÂIp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ CXnÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn kwkvIr-X-a-e-bm-f-hn-̀ -àn-I-fpsS hyXym-k-§Ä ]cn-K-Wn¨v {]Y-a, ZznXob F¶o t]cp-IÄ Dt]-£n¨v\nÀt±-in-I, {]Xn-{Km-lnI F¶o t]cp-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡p-I-bmWv F.-BÀ. sN¿p-¶-Xv.

t]cv amä-¯n-\-Sn-Øm-\-ambn {][m-\-ambpw 4Imc-W-§-fmWv At±lw Nqn-Im-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv.

1. kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ Hcp {]Xy-b-¯n\v H¶n-tesd AÀ°-§Ä DÅ-t¸mÄ `mj-bnÂHmtcm {]Xy-b-¯n\pw Hmtcm AÀ°w am{X-ta-bp-Åq.

DZm : cmaky ]pt{Xm PmXx þ cma\v ]q{X³ Dm-bn.

cmamb [\-a-ZmXv þ cma\v [\w sImSp-̄ p.

2. kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ HmcÀ°s¯ ImWn-¡m³ H¶n-tesd {]Xy-b-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ `mj-bnÂ Hmtcm AÀ°-̄ n\pw {]tXyIw {]Xy-b-§Ä Dv.

DZm : XrXo-bm-{]-Xy-b-amb "tX\'bv¡v Btdmfw AÀ°-§Ä Dv.


ChnsS HcÀ°s¯ ImWn-¡m³ jjvTnbpw NXpÀ°nbpw D]-tbm-Kn-̈ -t¸mÄ ae-bm-f¯nÂ Dt±-in-I-am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-̈ mÂ aXn.

3. kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ shdpw {]Xy-b-§Â am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ `mj-bnÂKXn t]mepÅ Ahyb i_vZ-§-sf-IqSn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

4. kwkvIr-X-¯nepw ae-bm-f-̄ nepw hn`-àn-I-fpsS F®w Ggv Xs¶-sb-¦nepwAÀ°-¯nsâ Imcy-¯nÂ Ah tbmPn-¡p-¶n-Ã. kwkvIr-X-̄ nse ]©-an¡v Xpey-amb Hcp {]Xybw `mj-bn-enÃ.

Cu hyXym-k-§Ä Dm-bn-cnt¡ kwkvIr-Xs¯ AÔ-ambn A\p-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-sImv Imcy-an-sÃ¶v At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. ]n¶oSv AÀ°s¯ A\p-k-cn¨v \nÀt±-inI, {]Xn-{Km-lnI F¶n-§s\ t]cp-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw bYm-{Iaw {]Xyb-§fpwImc-I-_-Ôhpw \nÀt±-in-¡p-I-bp-am-Wv.

hn -̀àn-IÄ {]Xy-b-§Ä Imc-I-§Ä

1. \nÀt±-inI-þH¶mw hn`-àn, Cu hn`àn IÀ¯m-hns\ Ipdn-¡p-¶p. {]Xybw H¶p-an-Ã.\nÀt±-in-I-bnÂ IÀ¯mhv cv Xc-¯nÂ hcp-¶p-v. hmIy-¯nse {][m-\-\maw F¶ \ne-bnepw {Inbm-hym-]m-cm-{ibw F¶ \ne-bnepw

DZm : cma³ F¶ cmPmhv ({]-[m\ \maw)

cma³ cmh-Ws\ sIm¶p (hym-]m-cm-{i-bw)

2. {]Xn-{Km-lnIþ CXv IÀ½s¯ Ipdn-¡p-¶p. F F¶v {]Xy-bw. {Inb-bpsS ^em-{i-b-amWvIÀ½w

DZm : cma³ cmh-Ws\ sIm¶p

3. kwtbm-PnIþCu hn`-àn¡v HmSv F¶v {]Xy-bw. km£n-Im-cIw IÀ¯mhv Xm³ sN¿p¶{Inb¡v klm-bntbm {]Xn-tbm-Kntbm Bbn hcp-¶-XmWv km£n.

DZm : A½ Ip«n-tbmSv IY ]d-ªp.

4. Dt±-inI þ Dt±-in-I¡v kzman-Im-c-Iw, ¡v, Dv, F¶n-§s\ {]Xy-b-§-Ä. IÀ¯mhv Xm³sN¿p¶ {Inb BÀ¡v D]-I-cn-¡-W-sa¶v Icp-Xp-¶pthm B D±n-jvS-^e-̄ nsâkzoIÀ¯m-hmWv kzman.

DZm : cmPmhv {_mÒ-Wav ]ip-hns\ Zm\w sImSp-¯p.

5. {]tbm-PnIþBÂ {]Xy-bw, tlXp-Im-cIw tlXp-I-cW (D-]-I-c-Ww) ambpw Imc-W-ambpwhcmw.

DZm : hSn-bmÂ ASn¨p (I-c-Ww)

`mKy-̄ mÂ Pbn¨p (ImcWw)

6. kw_-ÔnIþDsS {]Xybw þ (Imc-I-an-Ã)

DZm : Ahsâ ]pkvXIw

Ah-fpsS A½


7. B[m-cnIþCÂ, IÂ {]Xy-b-§Ä þ A[n-I-cW ImcIw

DZm : ac-̄ nÂ sI«p¶p

hnaÀi\w :

hn`-àn-IÄ¡v AÀ°-a-\p-k-cn¨v t]cv \ÂIm³ F.-BÀ. Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶ bpàn-IÄ]eXpw bpàn cln-X-§-fm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu {]Xy-b-¯n\v H¶n-te-sd -AÀ°-§Ä `mj-bnepw hcm-dp-v.

DZm : I¸Â bm{X-bmbn (\nÀt±-inI)

I¸Â \nÀ½n¨p ({]Xn-{Km-lnI)

I¸Â Ibdn (B-[m-cn-I)

\nÀt±-in-I-bn-emWv aq¶p hmIy-§-sf-¦nepw AÀ°w aäv hn`-àn-I-fn-em-Wv.

HcÀ°-s -̄Im-Wn-¡m³ H¶n-tesd {]Xy-b-§fpw Cu `mj-bn-ep-v.

DZm : Nph-cnÂ Nmcn \nÂ¡p¶p. (B[m-cnI)

Nph-cn-t\mSv Nmcn \nÂ¡p¶p (kwtbm-PnI)

Nph-cn\v Nmcn \nÂ¡p¶p (D-t±-in-I)

aq¶p hn`-àn-I-fnÂ {]tbm-Kn-s -̈¦nepw AÀ°-¯nÂ FÃmw B[m-cn-I-bm-Wv.

kwt_m-[\m hn`àn

ap³sNm¶ Ggv hn`-àn-IÄ IqSmsX kwt_m-[\ Fs¶mcp hn`àn IqSn-bp-s¶v61-þmw Imcn-I-bnÂ ]d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ F«m-as¯ hn`-àn-bm-sbm¶pw AXns\ kzoI-cn- -̈Xmbpw ImWp-¶n-Ã. CXn\v {]Xy-btam Imc-I-_-Ôtam CÃ. \mam- -́kz-cs¯ \o«p-Itbm"G'{]-Xybw tNÀ¡pItbm BWv CXnsâ coXn.

DZm : cmam, cma-t\, tZho, tZhntb ........................

kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ {]Y-a-bpsS hI-t`-Z-am-bmWv kwt_m-[-\sb ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv.KpÀ«v AjvSan hn`-àn-bmbpw CXns\ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. eoem-Xn-e-Ihpw 8þmw hn`-àn-bmbnhnfnsb AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-v.

{]Xy-btam Imc-I-_-Ôtam CÃm¯ kwt_m-[-\sb hn`-ànbmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t¡--Xn-sÃ-¶mWv hnZ-KvZm-̀ n-{]mbw. kwt_m-[\m-cq-]-§Ä hmIy-L-S-\bv¡v ]pd¯v \nÂ¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. am{XaÃ, Hcp ]qÀW hmIy-¯nsâ AÀ°w DÄs¡m-Åp¶ sNdnb i_vZ-§-fp-am-W-h.

DZm : Ip«o, \o Ct§m«v hcq

ChnsS Ip«n F¶p hnfn-¨mÂ Xs¶ Ct§m«v hcp F¶ AÀ°w e`n-¡p-¶p-v. hn`-àn-bp-ambn _Ô-an-Ãm¯ kwt_m-[-\sb hn`-àn-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t¡--Xn-Ã.

kw_-ÔnI :

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw Bdm-as¯ hn`-àn-bm-bmWv kw_-Ôn-Isb DÄs¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. DsS F¶v {]Xy-b-ap-s-¦nepw CXn\v Imc-I-_-Ô-sam-¶p-an-Ã. asäÃm hn`-àn-Ifpw{Inb-I-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-̄ p-t¼mÄ kw_\v[nI-bnÂ \ma-¯n\v \ma-hp-am-bmWv _Ôw.


DZm : Ahsâ ]pkvXIw

Ah-fpsS A½

{Inbm-_-Ô-an-Ãm-̄ -Xp-sImmWv Imc-I-_-Ô-hp-an-Ãm-Xm-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. am{X-aÃ\mahpw \mahpw X½nse _Ôw kw_-Ôn-I-bnÂ hnti-j-W-hn-ti-jy-s¸m-cp-¯-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. C¯cw hmIy-§sf hn`ànbmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t¡--Xn-sÃ-¶mWv `mjm-im-kv{X-¯nsâ\nco-£-Ww.

ImcnI 62 : Icp-Xn-̄ m³ {]tbm-Kn¸q {]Xn-{Km-lnI

AtN-X-\-§-fmb \]pw-kI \ma-§-enÂ kzbta IÀ½mÀ° {]Xo-Xn-bp-Å-Xn-\mÂAh-bnÂ hopw IÀ½s¯ ImWn-I-Ip¶ {]Xn-{Km-lnI {]Xybw tNÀt¡--Xn-sÃ¶v ]d-bp-¶p.

DZm : shÅw IpSn-¡p¶p

]pkvXIw hmbn-¡p¶p

ktN-X-\-am-sW-¦nÂ \nÀ_-Ô-ambpw {]Xybw tNÀt¡--Xm-Wv.

an{i-hn-̀ àn : KXn tNÀ¶ hn`-àn-I-fmWv an{i-hn-̀ -àn-IÄ. hn`àn {]Xy-b-§Ä sImvAÀ°-]qÀ¯n-h-cm-¯n-S-§-fnÂ Ahsb ]cn-jv¡-cn-¡m³ thn tNÀ¡p-¶-h-bmWv KXn-IÄ.

DZm : D¸v sXm«v IÀ¸qcw hsc

ChnsS D¸ns\ sXm«v F¶v IÀ½m-t]-£-bp-Å-Xn-\mÂ {]Xn-{Km-lnI. IÀ¸qcw hscF¶v \nÀt±-in-I. \ma-§-fnÂ tNÀ¡p¶ {]Xy-b-§-fmWv hn`àn F¶v \nÀÆ-Nn-̈ -tijwKXn-Isf tNÀ¯p-m-¡p-¶-cq-]-§Ä¡pw hn`àn F¶ t]cv \ÂIp-¶Xv bpànbÃ.

kam-k-hn-`àn : \nan-¯w, aqew F¶o kzX-{ -́]-Z-§-tfmSv \mas¯ kam-kn-¨p-m-¡p-¶-h-bmWv kam-k-hn-̀ -àn-IÄ.

DZm : Ah³ \nan¯w

tlXp AÀ°w e`n-¡p-¶p-s-¦nepw kzX-{´-]-Z-§-tfmSv tNÀ¯p-m-¡p¶ cq]-§-sf-sbÃmw hn`àn F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶Xv hn`àn \nÀÆ-N-\-{]-Imcw Ipä-a-ä-X-Ã.

hn -̀àym-̀ mkw

aäp ]Z-§-fp-am-bpÅ kw_Ô-s -̄¡p-dn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn \ma-§-fnÂ tNÀ¡p¶{]Xy-b§fmWv hn`-àn-IÄ F¶p \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-Ibpw kwkvIr-X-hn-̀ -àn-I-fp-am-bpÅ hyXym-k-§Ä ]cn-K-Wn¨v \nÀt±-in-I, {]Xn-{Km-lnI F¶n-§s\ t]cv \ÂIp-Ibpw Chbv¡v bYm-{Iaw {]Xy-b-§fpw Imc-I-_-Ôhpw \nÀt±-in-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn\v tijw hne-£Whn`-àn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶p. hne-£W hn`-àn-I-fmWv hn`-àym-̀ m-k-§Ä. Jnew, ep]vXw,Cc-«n¸v F¶n-§s\ aq¶p hn[-¯n-emWv hn`àym-̀ m-k-§Ä hcp¶Xv.

Jnew : Nne hn`-àn-{]-Xy-b-§Ä {]Nm-c-̄ n-en-Ã. DZm-l-c-W-ambn B[m-cn-I-bpsS "IÂ' {]-Xybw F¶v s]mXpsh Jne-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]te-S-§-fnepw AXv Øe-\m-a-§tfm atämBbn Npcp-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

DZm : ]Sn-¡Â, hmXp-¡Â


ep]vXw : Nne hn`àn {]Xy-b-§Ä Nne \ma-§-fnÂ tem]n¨p t]mhp-¶p. tZiw, Imewkabw Zqcw F¶n-hsb ImWn-¡p¶ \ma-§-fnÂ B[m-cn-I-bpsS "CÂ' {]Xybw tem]n-¨p-t]mh-p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

DZm : Ime-¯v, ka-b-¯v, Zqc-¯v, Acn-I-¯v,

ag-b-¯v, shbn-e-¯v, tIm«-b¯v

Cc-«n¸v : hn`-àn¡v taÂ hn`àn hcp-¶-XmWv hn`-àym-̀ m-kw. B[m-cn-I-bv¡p-taÂ {]Xn-{Km-ln-I-bpsS "G' hcp-¶p. Im«nse XSn, Imäs¯ tXmWn

B[m-cn-Ibv¡v taÂ Dt±-inI hcp-¶Xpw Cc-«n-¸m-Wv.

shÅ-¯n-tebv¡v, Ic-bn-tebv¡v

B[m-cn-Ibv¡v taÂ kwtbm-Pn-I-bpsS "HmSv' Cc-«n-̈ p-h-cp-¶Xpw ImWmw.

shÅ-¯n-tebv¡v, Im«n-tem«v

G¡v, Hm«v F¶o {]Xy-b-§Ä hn`-àym-̀ m-k-a-sÃ¶pw e£y hn`àn F¶v hnfn-¡m-hp¶ Hcp khn-tij hn`àn cq]-am-sW¶pw tUm.-sI.-Fw.-{]-̀ m-I-c-hm-cn-bÀ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p-v.

Imc-I-§Ä

(hn-̀ àn NÀ¨-bnÂ Imc-I-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v kqNn-̧ n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p) \mahpw {InbbpwX½nse tbmP-\-bmWv ImcIw F¶v \nÀÆ-Nn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. AYhm Hcp \ma-̄ -nÂ taÂhn`àn {]Xybw tNcp-t¼mÄ AXn\p ssIh-cp¶ khn-ti-jmÀ°w Xs¶-bm-W-Xv. {In-b-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-t¼m-gmWv \ma-¯n\v Cu AÀ°-§Ä ssIh-cp-¶-Xv. IÀ¯m-hv, IÀ½w,kzman, km£n F¶n-h-bmWv Imc-I-§Ä.

Ak-am-\m-[n-I-cW hn[n (hy-[n-I-cW hn[n)

Im-c-I-{]-I-c-W-̄ n-emWv CXv NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶-Xv. \mw F´n-s\-̧ än ]d-bp-¶pthm AXvDt±iyw. AXn-s\´v kw`-hn¨p F¶v ]d-bp-¶pthm AXv hnt[-bw. Dt±-iy-hn-t[-b-̀ mh§ÄHtc hn`-ànbnembmÂ kam\m-[n-I-c-W-hn[n

DZm : Im¡ Idp- -̄Xm-Ip-¶p.

F¶mÂ Dt±-iy-hn-t[-b-`m-h-§Ä cp hn`-àn-bnÂ h¶mÂ Ak-am-\m-[n-I-c-W-hn[n

DZm : Im¡¡v Idp¸pv.

C¯cw hmIy-§-fnse Dt±-i-amb ImcIw kzman-bm-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p.

IÀ¯mhv sN¿p¶ {Inb-bpsS D±n-jvS-̂ ew BcnÂ sN¶p tNcp-¶pthm AXnsâkzoIÀ¯m-hmWv kzman F¶v \nÀÆ-Nn- -̈tijw "¡v' {]Xybw tNcp-¶-sXÃmw kzman-Im-c-I-am-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv bpàn kl-a-Ã.


hnin-jvS-{Inb

^em-\p-Iq-e-amb hym]m-c-amWv {Inb. hym]m-cm-{ibw IÀ¯mhpw ^em-{ibw IÀ½-hp-am-Wv. km[m-c-W-bmbn Hcp {Inbbv¡v Hcp IÀ½-am-Wp-m-hp-I. A]qÀÆw Nne {Inb-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-̂ -e-ambn cp IÀ½-§Ä hcp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. IÀ½-¯mÂ hnti-jn-̧ n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ C¯cw {Inb-I-fmWv hnin-jvS-{In-b-IÄ.

DZm : ]d-I. F´v F¶ tNmZy-¯n-\p- -̄c-am.bn CXnÂ hcp¶ BZy-IÀ½-amWvIpäw F¶-Xv. Ipäw ]dI F¶Xv Hä-{In-b-bm-sb-Sp-¯mÂ Bsc F¶ tNmZy-̄ n-\p-̄ -c-ambn `mcysb F¶ cm-a-sXmcp IÀ½w IqSn hcp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. "`mcysb Ipäw ]dI'F¶ hmIy-̄ nÂ cv IÀ½-§Ä Ds-¶mWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

hnaÀi\w : Ipäw ]dI F¶Xv ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Hä-{In-b-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ `mcysbF¶ Hcp IÀ½w am{Xta bYmÀ°-¯nÂ Cu hmIy-̄ nÂ hcp-¶p-Åq.

\nKoÀW-I-ÀXrI {Inb : IÀ¯m-hn-s\tbm IÀXr-hym-]m-c-s¯tbm \nKncWw sN¿p¶ Xcw{Inb-I-fmWv \nKo-c-W-IÀXr-I-{In-b-IÄ.

DZm : th¬, In«pI

F\n-s¡mcp injys\ In«o-«p-v. ChnsS injys\ t\Sm³ IÀ¯m-hmb Rm³H¶pw sNbvXn-«n-Ã. injy³ kzbta h¶p-tNÀ¶-Xm-Wv. AXn-\mÂ IÀXr-hym-]mcw DÅ-S¡w sN¿-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.

X²n-X-§Ä:\ma-§-fnÂ \nt¶m, t`Z-I-§-fnÂ \nt¶m \njv]m-Zn-̧ n-¡p¶ i_vZ-§-fmWv X²n-X-§Ä

DZm : Zi-c-Ysâ ]p{X³ þ Zmi-cYn

_p²n-bp-Å-h³ þ _p²n-am³

hÀj-¯nÂ kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv þ hmÀjnIw

]cn-ØnXn kw_-Ô-am-bXv þ ]mcn-Øn-XnIw

\nan-j-¯nÂ kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv þ s\an-jnIw

kuµ-cyhpw kuI-cy-hp-amWv X²nX krjvSn¡v ]n¶nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. hf-¨p-sI«n ]d-bp-¶-Xn-\p-]-Icw kpµ-c-ambn Npcp-¡n-̧ -d-bp-I-bmWv X²n-X-§Ä¡v ]n¶n-ep-Å-Xv.ae-bm-f-¯nÂ 4 X²n-X-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv.

X·m{Xm X²nXw

AXp-am{Xw X·m-{Xw. Ht«sd [À½-§-fpÅ Hcp hkvXp-hnsâ KpW-hn-ti-j-§-sfÃmwH¶m-sb-Sp¯v Hcp t]cn«v hnfn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

DZm : kuµ-cyw, kuµ-cy-apv F¶p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ]e KpW-hn-ti-j-§-ep-sSbpwBsI-̄ p-I-bmWv Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv.

X·m{Xm {]Xy-b-§Ä : a, ¯w, Xcw, X\w, F¶n-h-bmWv X·m{Xm X²n-X-{]-Xy-b-§Ä.

DZm : ]pXp-a, ]g-a, t\Àa, \·, Xn·, sh×, \oen-a, timWn-a, Kcn-a, Kcn-a,-sX-fna

a-¯w, aT-b-¯w, s]m®-¯w, IÅ-̄ -cw, ap«m-f- -̄cw, thm-Xo-\w.


XZz-̄ -²nXw : AXp-Å-Xv, AXn-ep-Å-Xv, Ahn-sS-\n¶v hcp-¶Xv Fs¶-Ãm-apÅ AÀ°-§-fnÂ{]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

DZm : Iq\p-Å-h³ þ Iq\³

anSp-¡p-Å-h³ þ anSp-¡³

sX¡³ Imäv, hS-¡³ `mj, ]me-¡m-S³, tImgn-t¡m-S³ F¶n-§-s\-sbÃmw XZz- -̄²n-X-§Ä hcp-¶p. CXnse A³, ]pÃnw-K-{]-Xy-b-am-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶p-v. F¶mÂ sX¡³Imäv, hS-¡³ `mj F¶n-h-bnÂ A³ ]pÃnw-K-{]-Xybw BIp-¶-sX-§-s\-bmWv ?

AXp-t]mse tXcm-fp-¶-h³ þ tX-cm-fnbpw, hnÃm-fp-¶-h³ þ hnÃm-fnbpw BWv. CF¶Xv kv{Xo{]-Xy-b-am-sW-¦nepw tXcm-fn,hnÃmfn F¶nh ]pcp-j-s\-bmWv ImWn-¡p-¶Xv.

\ma-\nÀ½mbn X²nXw: t]sc-̈ w, kw_-Ôn-Im-hn-̀ -àn, B[m-cn-Im-̀ mkw F¶n-h-bnÂ A³, AÄ, Xp {]Xybw tNÀ¯mWv CXp-m-¡p-¶-Xv.

DZm : I-h³, I-hÄ, Ftâ-h³

]qcWn X²nXw : kwJym-hmNo i_vZ-§-fnÂ "Aw' {]Xybw tNÀ¯mWv CXp-m-¡p-¶-Xv.

DZm : H¶v þ H¶mw

cv þ cmw

tZiw, Imew, Afhv F¶n-hsb ImWn-¡m³ Nps«-gp-̄ p-IÄs¡m¸w §v, ¶v, {XF¶o {]Xy-b-§sf tNÀ¯pw X²n-X-§Ä Dm-¡m-dp-v.

DZm : A§v, A¶v, A{X

C§v, C¶v, C{X

F§v, F¶v. F{X

\ma-§-fnÂ \n¶pw t`Z-I-§-fnÂ \n¶pw \njv]m-Zn-̧ n-¡p¶ i_vZ-§Ä F¶v\nÀÆ-Nn-s¨-¦nepw ]qc-Wn- X-²n-X-̄ n\v \ÂInb DZm-l-cWw kmwJy-t`-Z-I-¯n-sâXpXs¶-bm-Wv.


samUyqÄ þ 4

{Inbm hn`mKw

Imew: Imew Hcp {Inb-\-S-¡p¶ ka-bs¯ Ipdn-¡p-¶p. Ign-ªXp `qXw \S-¡p-¶Xv hÀ¯-am\w hcm-\p-ÅXv `mhn C§s\ aq¶p Ime-§Ä. Chbv¡v bYm-{Iaw C, D¶p,Dw F¶n-§s\ {]Xy-b-§-fp-v.

DZm : FgpXn Fgp-Xp¶p FgpXpw

HmSn HmSp¶p HmSpw

an¶n an¶p¶p an¶pw

`qX-Im-e-{]-Xy-b-§Ä ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ .

ae-bm-f-¯nÂ `qX-Ime {]Xy-b-§Ä hyXykvX [mXp-¡-fnÂ hyXy-kvX-§-fmbn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p-v. `qX-Ime {]Xy-b-§Ä Ah-bpsS i_vZ ]cn-k-c-§-fmÂ {]h-N-\o-b-amtWmF¶ At\z-j-W-amWv F.-BÀ. \S-¯p-¶-Xv.

1. [mXp-hy-RvP-\m- -́am-bmÂ {]Xybw "C' Bbn-cn¡pw

DZm : IpdpIv þ IpdpIn

hnekv þ hnekn

2. [mXp-hn-\´yw kzctam NntÃm BbmÂ {]Xybw "Xp' Bbn-cn¡pw

DZm : I¬ + Xp þ Ip

tIÄ + Xp þ tI«p

3. ImcnX [mXp-¡-fnÂ "Xp' Cc-«n¨v "¯p' F¶m-hp¶p.

DZm : sImSp-¡pI þ sImSp¯p

FSp-¡pI þ FSp¯p

4. AIm-cnX [mXp-¡-fnÂ {]Xy-b-¯n-\p-ap¼v "\'Imcw BK-an-¡pw.

DZm : tNcpI þ tNÀ´p þ tNÀ¶p

Cb-epI þ Cb´p þ Cb¶p

5. HmjvTym-́ -amb ImcnX [mXp-¡-fnepw "\'Im-cm-Kaw ImWp-¶p.

DZm : IS þ IS´p þ IS¶p

\S þ \S´p þ \S¶p


6. "D'Im-cm´ AIm-cnX [mXp-¡Äs¡m¸w ip²-amb "Xp' tNcpw

DZm : sXmgp þ sXmgpXp

Dgp þ DgpXp

7. "I',"d-',"S' Ch-bn-e-h-km-\n-¡p¶ [mXp-¡Äs¡m¸w "Xp'{]-Xy-bw tNcp-Ibpw I,-d,S ChCc-«n-¡pIbpw sN¿p-¶p.

DZm : ]pIv þ ]p¡p

Adv þ Aäp

hnSv þ hn«p

8. `qX-Im-e-¯nÂ "d' NnÃ-Ã. d Imcm´ [mXp-¡Äs¡m¸w "C' {]Xy-b-amWv hcp-¶-Xv.

DZm : amdv þ amdn

Aadvv þ Aadn

9. `qX-Im-e-̄ nÂ "b' NnÃ-mbn s]cp-am-dp-¶p.

DZm : sNbv þ sNbvXp

s\bv þ s\bvXp

10. c,f Ch NnÃmbpw hyRvP-\-ambpw s]cp-am-dp-¶p.

DZm : "c' NnÃv þ tNcv þtNÀ¶p

"c' hyRvP\wþ hmcv þhmÀ¶p

"f' NnÃv þ Dcpfv þDcpp

"f' hyRvP\wþ aqfv þaqfn

hnaÀi\w

ae-bm-f-¯nse `qX-Im-e-{]-Xy-b-§Ä Hcp \nba-̄ n-sâbpw ]cn-[n-bnÂ hcmsX {]h-N-\m-Xo-X-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw tIc-f-]m-Wn-\ob \nb-a-§Ä¡v Ht«sd A]-hm-Z-§Ä `mj-bnÂ ImWp-¶p-v.

1. [mXz´w NnÃm-bmÂ "Xp' am{X-a-Ã, "C'bpw hcp-¶p.

DZm : F¬ þ F®n

an³ þ an¶n

2. Imcn-X- [m-Xp-¡Äs¡m¸w Cc-«n¨ Xp am{X-aÃ Cbpw hcmw.

DZm : aS¡pI þ aS¡n

Cd-¡pI þ Cd¡n


3. HmjvTym´ [mXp-¡-fnepw sshhn-[y-§-fpv

DZm : hogv þ hoWp

Xmgv þ XmWp

4. "b'Im-cs¯ {]Xy-bm-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ NnÃmbn ]cn-K-Wn-̈ Xv icn-bm-bnÃ

`qX-Im-e-{]-Xy-b-§Ä sshhn-[y-t¯m-sS-bmWv `mj-bnÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

"e' ´§-fmb [mXp-¡Ä cv coXn-bnÂ hcp-¶p-v.

DZm : sNmevv þ sNm¶p, sNmÃn

sImev þ sIm¶p

"g' ´§-fmb [mXp-¡fnepw sshhn-[y-§fp-v.

DZm : hogv þ hoWp

Xmgv þ XmWp

Bgv þ Bgv¶p, Bp

C¯cw sshhn-[y-§Ä DÅ-Xp-sIm-m-hWw 101 Imcn-I-bnÂ Bbn, t]mbn, N¯pFs¶Ãmw hyXy-kvX-X-IÄ Ds¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. C{]-Imcw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ ae-bm-f-¯nse `qX-Im-e-{]-Xy-b-§Ä {Inbm-[m-Xp-¡-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯ntem kao-]-kz-\§fpsSkzm[o-\-̄ ntem {]h-N-\o-b-aÃ F¶p a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

`mhn-{]-Xy-b-§Ä

hcm-\n-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv `mhn. `mhn cp Xc-¯nepv. ioe-̀ m-hn, Ah-[m-cI`mhnF¶nhbmWh. ]Xn-hv, ioew F¶n-h-sImv Dd-̧ n-¡-s¸« `mhn-bmWv ioe-̀ m-hn. CXn\v"Dw' F¶mWv {]Xybw.

DZm : kqcy³ Ing¡v DZn-¡pw. ]Sn-ªmdv AkvXan-¡pw. D]-tZ-imÀ°-¯n-epw, Ah-[mc£aamb Imcy-§Ä ]d-bp-¶n-S¯pw `mhn kqN\ DÅ-Xn-\mÂ AXns\ Ah-[m-c-I-̀ mhnF¶p ]d-bp-¶p. CXnsâ {]Xybw "Du' F¶mWv ioe-̀ m-hn-bpsS A\p-kzmcw Dt]-£n¨v "D'ZoÀLn-̧ n-̈ -XmWv Cu {]Xy-bw.

DZm : cmat\ cmh-Ws\ sImÃq.

B[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ `mhnsb ImWn-¡m³ hÀ¯-am-\-{]-Xy-bhpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-v.

DZm : DS³ Xpd¶v {]hÀ¯-\-am-cw-̀ n-¡p-¶p.

hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e-{]-Xybw

ae-bm-f-¯nse hÀ -̄am-\-Im-e-{]-Xy-b-¯nsâ \njv]-¯n-sb-¡p-dn¨v `mjm-im-kv{X-Im-c-·mÀ `n¶m`n{]m-b-¡m-cm-Wv. s{]m^.-{KmÂ, ImÄUzÂ, B{µ-t\mhv XpS-§nb {Zmhn-U`mjm imkv{X-Im-c-·mÀ¡v Cu hnj-b-¯nÂ hyXykvX \nco-£-W-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv.


{KmÂ : s{]m^.-{Km-ensâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ Xan-gnÂ ]mc-¼-cy-kz-¯mbn hÀ¯-am\{]Xybw Dm-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ¶pw `mhn-{]-Xy-b-¯nsâ ]cn-Wm-a-amWv Inâp F¶hÀ¯-am-\-{]-Xybw F¶pw ImWmw.

B{µ-t\mhv : {Zmhn-U-̀ m-j-I-fnÂ hÀ¯-am-\-{]-Xybw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ coXn CsÃ¶ A`n-{]m-b-amWv B{µ-t\m-hn\pw DÅ-Xv. "InÂ' F¶ {]mNo\ `mhn {]Xy-b-̄ nsâ]cn-Wn-X-cq]amWv Inâv F¶ hÀ¯-am-\-{]-Xy-bsa¶v B{µ-t\mhv ]d-bp-¶p.

ImÄUzÂ : Xangv ae-bm-f-§-fnse hÀ¯-am\ {]Xybw H¶p-X-s¶-bm-sW¶ A`n-{]m-b-amWv ImÄUz--en-\p-Å-Xv. Xan-gnÂ t]mInâm³, t]mIn-dm³ F¶n-§s\ cphÀ¯-am\ cq]-§-fp-v. CXnÂ {]mNo\w Inâp BsW¶v At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.ae-bm-f-¯nse D¶p Inâp-hnÂ \n¶p-m-b-Xm-sW¶v At±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

Inâp "I'Im-c-tem-]-̄ mÂ Câp F¶pw A\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-k-c-¯mÂ C¶pF¶pw kzc-am-ä-¯mÂ D¶p F¶pw amdn hcn-I-bm-sW¶v At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.

cmPcm-P-hÀ½ : ImÄUz-en-t\mSv hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e-{]-Xy-¯nsâ Imcy¯nÂ hntbm-Pn-̧ mWvF.-B-dn-\p-Å-Xv. ImÄUz-ensâ \nco-£-W-¯nÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-ambnkz´am-sbmcp \njv]-¯n-¡mWv At±lw {ian-¡p-¶Xv .

Ime-¯nsâ t]m¡v F¶À°-apÅ Xan-gnse Cd F¶ [mXp-hnÂ \n¶mWv At±lwD¶p-hns\ \njv]m-Zn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. Cd A\p-{]-tbm-Kn-̈ mWv Xan-gnÂ hcp-In-td³ F¶{]tbmKw Dm-b-Xv. hcv + Iv + Cd + G³ F¶-XnÂ Iv CS-\ne am{X-amWv. Cd ]n¶oSvA\q-\m-knI kwkÀ¤-¯mÂ Câ F¶pw Ah-[m-c-I-̀ mhn {]Xybw tNÀ¶v Câp F¶pwA\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-k-c-¯nÂ tNÀ¶p F¶pw kz-c-am-ä-¯mÂ D¶p F¶pw amdn h¶-Xm-sW¶v At±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

FÂ.-hn.-cm-a-kzman A¿-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ a[y-Ime Xan-gnse `qX-Ime {]Xy-b-amb Inâv F¶ cq]-amWv D¶p Bbn amdn-b-sX¶v ImWp-¶p.

tUm.-kn.-FÂ.-BâWn ]qÀÆ-X-angv ae-bm-f-Im-e-̄ p-m-bn-cp¶ "DXv' F¶ hÀ¯-am\hn\-sb -̈¯nÂ \n¶mWv D¶p-hns\ \njv]m-Zn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

A\p-\m-knI kwkÀ¤hpw ZznXz--J-cm-tZ-i-\-bhpw

A\p-\mknI kwkÀ¤w : Ime-{]-Xy-b-§Ä¡v kw`-hn-¡p¶ amä-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶Xn-¶n-S-bnÂ F.-BÀ.-A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶ Hcp s]mXp-\n-b-a-am-Wn-Xv. A\p-\m-kn-I-an-Ãm¯ Hcp{]Ir-Xn-bntem ]Z-¯ntem A\p-\m-kn-I-¯n\v Øm\w \ÂIp-¶-XmWv A\p-\m-kn-Ikw-kÀ¤w. i_vZm- -́hy-RvP-\-¯nÂ A\p-\m-knIw tNcp-t¼mÄ AXnsâ AÀ°w asäm-¶n-te¡pw hym]n-¡msX AXnÂ Xs¶ ebn¨p tNcp-¶p. kzmÀ° hn{im´n F¶-Xp-sImvCXmWv Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu khn-ti-jX DÅ-Xn-\mÂ t`Z-I-§-sfbpw IrXn-I-sfbpw \ma-am-¡m³ Cu \bw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp F¶ t`ZIw A\p-\m-knI kwkÀ¤-¯mÂ Hâp F¶pw A\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-k-c-̄ mÂ H¶v F¶v \ma-ambpw amdp-¶p. Ipdv F¶ {Inb A\p-\m-knIkwkÀ¤-¯mÂ Ipâv F¶pw A\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-k-c-¯mÂ Ip¶v F¶v \ma-ambpw amdp-¶p.


tUm.-kn.-FÂ.-BâWn tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-̀ m-jy-¯nÂ Cu \bs¯ hnaÀin-¡p-¶p-v.At±lw H´p, Ip´v \bs¯ F¶n-h-bnÂ \n¶mWv H¶v, Ip¶v F¶o \ma-§sf \njv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

ZznXz-J-cm-tZ-i-\bw

i_vZmý A\p-\m-kn-I-̄ nÂ Jcm-tZiw sNbvXn-c-«n-̈ mÂ AXnsâ AÀ°w asäm-¶n-te¡v hym]n-̧ n-¡m³ Ign-bpw. ]c-kw-{Imń F¶-Xp-sImv CXm-Wp-t±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. \ma-§-fnÂ\n¶p t`Z-I-§-fp-m-¡m-\pw, AIÀ½-I-§sf kIÀ½-I-§-fm-¡m\pw Cu \bw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

DZm : sN¼v þ sN¸p-¡pSw

Bv þ B«-̧ n-d-¶mÄ

AIÀ½Iw kIÀ½-I-am-Ip-¶-Xn\v

DZm : s]m§pI þ s]m¡pI

ImWpI þ Im«pI F¶n-hbpw DZm-l-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.

Cu \bhpw Ipä-a-ä-X-sÃ¶v kn,-FÂ,-BâWn A`n-{]m-bs¸-Sp-¶pv. ChnsS Jcm-tZ-ihpw Cc-«n¸pw Hcp-an¨v kw`-hn-¡p¶nÃ F¶mWv At±lw ]d-bp¶Xv. Jcm-tZiw am{X-ta-bpÅq Cc-«n¸v kzm`m-hn-I-am-bp-Å-Xm-sW¶v At±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

]qÀW-{In-bm-\n-jv]m-Z-\-̄ nÂ Xangv ae-bm-f-§Ä X½n-epÅ hyXymkw

Imem-Zn-Isf kw_-Ôn¨ s]mXp-\n-b-a-§Ä NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶n-S¯v 105, 106 Imcn-I-I-fn-emWv F.BÀ. Cu Imcyw hni-Z-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

Xan-gnÂ {Inbm-[m-Xp-hn³taÂ Ime-{]-Xybw tNÀ¶mÂ hn\-sb-̈ hpw AXn³taÂ]pcp-j-{]-Xybw tNÀ¶mÂ ]qÀ®-{Inbbpw e`n¡pw.

DZm : h\v + Xp + B³ þ h¶m³

ae-bmfw AXnsâ hnIm-k-Z-i-bnÂ Cu coXn Dt]-£n-¡pIbmWp-m-b-Xv. {Inb-IÄ¡v taÂ ]pcp-j-{]-Xybw tNÀ¡p-¶Xv A\m-h-iy-am-sW¶p IcpXn ae-bmfw AXns\\nc-kn-¡p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ ]qÀW{Inbm \njv]m-Z\w asäm-cp-X-c-¯n-em-Wv.DIm-cm´ `qX-Im-e-§-fnÂ hn\-sb-̈ s¯ Dd-̧ n¨v D¨-cn-¡p-I-bmWv ]qÀW-{Inb Dm-¡m-\pÅ k{¼-Zm-bw. kwhr-X-am-bmÂ hn\-sb-̈ hpw Xpd-¶p-̈ -cn-̈ mÂ ]qÀW-{In-b-bp-am-Wv.

DZm : h¶v, Iv þ hn\-sb¨w

h¶p, Ip þ ]qÀW-{Inb

`qX-{]-Xybw C BsW-¦nÂ ]c-ambn hcp¶ BZy hyRvP\s¯ Cc-«n-̧ n¨v hn\-sb-̈ -hpw, ]Zmý C Imcs¯ ZoÀLn-̧ n¨v ]qÀW-{In-bbpw B-¡mw.

DZm : t]mbn¡p þ hn\-sb¨w

Ip t]mbn þ ]qÀW-{Inb


C Imc-¯nsâ ZoÀLo-I-cWw Fgp-¯nÂ ImWn-t¡--Xn-Ã. D¨m-c-W-¯nÂ am{X-ta-bpÅp.

{]Im-c-§Ä

Hcp [mXp Xsâ AÀ°s¯ GXv a«nÂ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶pthm AXmWv {]Im-cw.{]Imcw F¶mÂ a«v F¶m-WÀ°w. Ah³ t]mI-s«, kXyw ]d-b-Ww, \n\¡v t]mImwF¶o hmIy-§-fnÂ {InbmÀ°w IqSm-sX, \ntbm-Kw, imk-\, A\p-aXn F¶o AÀ°-§ÄIqSn e`n-¡p-¶p-v. CXv Xs¶-bmWv {]Im-c-§Ä.

ae-bm-f-¯nÂ \mev {]Im-c-§-fmWp-Å-sX¶v tIc-f-]m-Wn\n ]d-bp-¶p. \nÀt±-i-Iw,\ntbm-P-Iw, hn[m-bIw, A\pÚmbIw F¶n-h-bm-W-h. CXnÂ \nÀ-tZ-i-I-{]-Im-c-¯n\v{]tXyIw {]Xy-b-§-fn-Ã. Ime-cq-]-§Ä Xs¶-bm-W-Xv.

DZm : Ifn-̈ p, Ifn-¡p-¶p, Ifn¡pw

\ntbm-P-I-{]-Im-c-¯n\v As« F¶v {]Xy-b-ap-v. \ntbmKmÀ°-s -̄bm-WnXv ImWn-¡p¶Xv.

DZm : ]d-b-s«, Ifn-¡-s«, t]mIs«

hn[n AYhm imk-\mÀ°s¯ Ipdn-¡p-¶-XmWv hn[m-b-I-{]-Im-cw. CXnsâ {]Xybw"AWw' F¶m-Wv.

DZm : ]d-b-Ww, Ifn-¡-Ww, t]mIWw

A\pÚ AYhm A\p-aXn AÀ°s¯ ImWn-¡p-¶-XmWv A\p-Úm-b-I-{]-Im-cw.CXn\v Bw F¶mWv {]Xy-bw.

DZm : ]d-bmw, Ifn-¡-mw, t]mImw

{]Im-c-{]-Xy-b-§-sfÃmw Nne `mhn-cq-]-§Ä ]cn-W-an-̈ p-m-b-Xm-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶p-v.

\ntbm-P-I-{]-Xy-b-amb "As«'; H«pI F¶-Xnsâ ioe-̀ m-hn-cq-]-amb "H«pw' F¶-XnÂ\n¶mWv \njv]m-Zn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. sNs¿m-«pw F¶-cq]w Xan-gn-ep-v. CtXm-sSm¸w "G'F¶\n]mXw tNÀ¶v sNs¿m«pta > sN¿s« F¶n-§s\ amdp-IbmWpm-b-Xv.

thp¶ F¶-Xnsâ ioe-̀ mhn cq]-amb thpw F¶-XnÂ \n¶mWv AWw F¶{]Xy-bs¯ \njv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. thpw "S'Imcw tem]n¨v thWpw "D'Imcw tem]n¨vthWw "h'Imcw tem]n¨v GWw {lkz-ambn FWw AWw F¶n-§s\ amdp-I-bm-Wv.

Bw {]Xybw, BIp¶ F¶-Xnsâ ioe-̀ m-hn-bmb "BIpw' F¶-XnÂ \n¶mWv\njv]m-Zn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. "Ip' tem]n¨v "Bw' F¶m-hp-I-bmWpmb-Xv.

hnaÀi\w:

Hcp [mXp Xsâ AÀ°s¯ GXv a«nÂ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xpw {]Im-c-amsW¶v \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-¶XnÂ A]m-I-X-bp-v. [mXp-hnsâ Hcp Xc-̄ n-epÅ shfn-s¸-S-emWv Imew. \nÀÆ-N-\-{]-Imcw Imehpw {]Im-chpw X½nÂ hyXym-k-an-Ãm-Xmhpw. \nÀt±-iI-{]-Imcw Ime-cq-]-


§Ä Xs¶ F¶p ]d-ªXpw icn-bm-bn-Ã. hÀ¯-am-\-̀ qX `mhn Ime-§-sf-{]-Imcw F¶p-hn-fn-¡p-¶Xv bpàn-b-Ã.

As«, AWw, Bw {]Xy-b-§Ä¡v bYm{Iaw \ntbm-Kw, hn[n, A\p-aXn AÀ°-§sfam{Xta ImWn-¡m³ Ignbq F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xnepw AbpIvXnbp-v.

DZm : Rm³ t]mIs«

Ah³ hcs«

\in-¡s«

\¶m-hs« F¶o hmIy-§Ä¡v \ntbm-KmÀ°-aÃ DÅ-Xv. AXp-t]mse

F\n¡v t]mIWw

Fgp-Xn-̄ -cWw

\¶mbn hcWw

F¶n-h-bn-sem¶pw imk-\mÀ°-hp-aÃ ImWp-¶-Xv.

\ap¡v t]mImw

I-dnbmw

ht¶¡mw F¶n-h-bnÂ A\p-aXn AÀ°-̄ nsâ kqN-\-t]m-ep-an-Ã. C¡mcywKpÀ«n-s\-t¸m-ep-Å-hÀ t\cs¯ hyà-am-¡n-b-Xm-Wv.

{]Im-c-§Ä bYmÀ°-¯nÂ Hcp hymI-c-W- Imcya-Ã. `mj-bnÂ am\-kn-I-̀ m-h-§sfAh-X-cn-̧ n-¡m-\pÅ Hcp coXn am{X-am-Wv. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n\v At\Iw LS-I-§-fp-v.BwKy-N-e-\-§Ä, CuWw, Du¶Â hyXn-bm-\-§Ä F¶n-hbv¡v AÀ°-hn-\n-a-b-̄ nÂ{][m\ ]¦m-Wp-Å-Xv. CsXm¶pw ]cn-K-Wn-¡msX Nne {]Xy-b-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv AÀ°-hn-\n-abw km[n-¡p-¶Xv F¶v hyà-am-¡p-¶n-S¯mWv {]Im-c-NÀ -̈bpsS \yq\X \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xv.

\ma-[m-Xp-¡Ä

kzX-th-bpÅ [mXp-¡Ä IqSmsX \ma-§-fnÂ \n¶pw aäpw [mXp-¡sf Dm-¡mdp-v. {Inbm-[m-Xp-hmbn \maw hcp-t¼m-gmWv \ma-[m-Xp.

DZm : IÃv þ IÃn-¡p¶p

Xpcp¼v þ Xpcp-¼n-¡p¶p

H¶v þ H¶n-¡p¶p

\ma-[m-Xp-¡sf Dm-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn Nne {]Xy-b§sf \nÀt±-in-̈ n-«p-v.1. C {]Xyb tbmKw

DZm : H¶v þ H¶n-¡p¶p

IÃv þ IÃn-¡p¶p

2. Imcn-Xo-I-cWw þ kzcm- -́\m-a-§sf [mXp-hm-¡m³ "¡v' {]XybwtNÀ¯mÂaXn.


DZm : ad þ ad¡p¶p

\c þ \c-¡p¶p

XSn þ XSn-¡p¶p

3. A]qÀÆw Nne \ma-§Ä {]Xy-b-sam¶pw tNcm-sXbpw [mXp-hmIpw

DZm : Icn þ Icnbp¶p

]pI þ ]pIbp¶p

s]men þ s]menbp¶p

4. Nne \ma-§sf "s]Sp-I'-tbmSv kam-kn¸n¨pw [mXp-hm-¡mw.

DZm: kpJw þ kpJ-s¸-SpI

`bw þ `b-s¸-SpI

ISw þ ISs¸-SpI

5. kwkvIr-X-̄ nÂ \n¶pw [mXp-¡sf kzoIcn-¡pt¼mÄ kwkvIrX {]kn-²ambKpWw sNbvXmÂ aXn.

C F Bbpw D, H Bbpw, E, Acv Bbpw amdp¶XmWv KpWw sN¿Â

DZm: hnZv þ thZn-¡p-¶p

lr þ lcn-¡¶p

Zriv þ ZÀin-¡p¶p

\ntj[w

hn[n-\n-tj-[-§sf ImWn-¡m³ FÃm-̀ m-j-IÄ¡pw Ah-bp-sS-Xmb k{¼-Zm-b-§-fp-v.ImÄUzÂ, s\K-äohv thmbvkv F¶pw KpÀ«v ad-hn\ F¶pw \ntj-[-̄ n\v t]cv \ÂInkwkvIr-X-a-S-¡-ap-ff Ctâmþbqtdm-̧ y³ `mj-I-fnÂ \ntj-[-¯n\v hyh-Ø-bn-Ã. {]Xy-b-§fpw kzX-{´-]-Z-§fpw hsc \ntj-[s¯ Ipdn¡m³ AhÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-v. {ZmhnU`mj-I-fnÂ \ntj-[s¯ ImWn-¡m³ {]tXyIw {]Xy-b-§Ä Xs¶-bpv F¶ A`n-{]m-bamWv ImÄUzen\p-Å-Xv.

ae-bm-f-¯nÂ A {]Xybw tNÀ¯mWv \ntj-[-ap-m-¡p-¶-sX¶v F.-BÀ ]d-bp-¶p.A {]Xybw FÃm [mXp-¡-tfmSpw tNcm-̄ -Xn-\mÂ AÃ. CÃ Ch A\p-{]-tbmKn¨pw \ntj-[mÀX-Ys¯ Dm-¡m-dp-v. B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-̄ ntebpw {]mNo\ ae-bm-f-¯ntebpw\ntj-[cq]-§Ä Cu {]tXy-IX {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶p.

Imew {]m.-a-e-bmfw B. ae-bmfw

hÀ -̄am-\w þ sN¿p¶p þ sN¿m-bp¶p þ sN¿p-¶nÃ

`qXw þ sNbvXp þ sN¿mªp þ sNbvXnÃ

`mhn þ sN¿pw þ sN¿m þ sN¿nÃ


B F¶ \ntj[ {]Xyb¯nsâ BK-a-\s¯ Ipdn¨pw hni-Z-ambn NÀ¨-sN-¿p-¶p-v.{]I-S-ambn "B' ImWm-\n-sÃ-¦nepw FÃm \ntj[ cq]-§-fnepw "B' bpsS Awi-ap-s¶vAt±-lw ]d-bp-¶p-v.

sNbv + B + D¶p þ sN¿m-bp¶p

sNbv + B + Xp þ sN¿mªp

sNbv + B þ sN¿m

Ch-bn-seÃmw s]mXp-hmbn hcp-¶Xv "B' {]Xy-b-am-Wv. AÃ, CÃ F¶n-h-bnÂ "A' {lkz-am-WtÃm F¶m-sW-¦nÂ CÃm-bva, hÃmbva F¶nhbnÂ ZoÀL-am-bn-Xs¶ hcp-¶p-s¶pw]d-bp-¶p. B F¶Xv A\p-{]-tbmK [mXpthm CS-\n-etbm AÃ- a-dn¨v {]Xy-b-wXs¶bmsW¶v At±lw kaÀ°n-¡p-¶pv.

{]mNo\ ae-bm-f-¯nse Nne \ntj[ cq]-§Ä am{Xta C¶s¯ `mj-bn-epffq.sN¿m-ªp, sN¿m-bp¶p t]mepÅ cq]-§Ä C¶s¯ `mj-bn-en-Ã. AÃ, CÃ, Acp-Xv,IqSm, Hem F¶n-§s\ A\p-{]-tbm-Kn-̈ mWv C¶v `mjbnÂ \ntj-[-cq-]-§Ä Dm-¡p-¶-Xv.

Ir¯p-¡Ä

{Inb-Isf Ah-bpsS ]qÀ¯o-I-c-W-a-\p-k-cn¨v kn²-{InS F¶pw km[y-{Inb F¶pwcmbn Xncn-¡mw. {Inbm]qÀ¯o h¶n-«n-Ãm¯ F¶mÂ ]qÀWX km[y-X-bpÅ {Inb-bmWv km[y-{In-b. {Inbm ]qÀ¯o h¶-XmWv kn²-{In-b. kn²n¨ -{Inb F¶v AÀ°w.DZm-l-c-W-ambn IqXn-c-tbm-Sn F¶v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ HmSn F¶ {Inb `qX-Im-e-̄ n-te-sX¦nepwHmSn¯p-S-§p-t¼mÄXs¶ {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶XnÂ sXän-Ã. {Inbm ]qÀ¯n h¶n-sÃ-¦nepw]qÀWX kzm`m-hn-I-am-sW¶ t_m[w Cu {Inb P\n-̧ n-¡p-¶p. HmSn F¶ {Inb km[y-{Inbbv¡v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

F¶mÂ IpXn-c-bpsS Hm«w Ip F¶ hmIy-̄ nÂ HmSn¡gn-ª-Xn-\p-ti-j-am-WvHm«w {]tbm-K-£-a-am-hp-¶-Xv. AYhm {Inbm ]qÀ¯n -kn-²n¨ {Inb-bm-Wn-Xv. C¯cw{InbIsf kn²-{In-b-IÄ F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. kn²-{Inb bYmÀ°-¯nÂ {Inb-b-Ã. hym]mcwAh-km-\n-̈ p- IgnªXn\mÂ- AXns\ {Inb-sb¶p hnfn-¡-\m-hn-Ã. C§s\ ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂHmSpI F¶ {Inb-bpsS \ma-amWv Hm«w F¶p ]d-bmw. C{]-Imcw {Inb-I-fnÂ \n¶p-m-¡p¶ {Inbm-\m-a-§-fmWv Hm«w, Nm«w apX-em-b-h. ChbpsS t]cmWv Ir¯p-¡Ä. Ir¯p-¡Ä {][m-\ambpw cp hn[-¯n-em-Wv. IrXn Ir¯p-¡Ä, ImcI Ir¯p-¡Ä F¶n-h-bm-Wh.

IrXn Ir¯p-¡Ä

CXv tIh-e-amb {Inbm-cq-]s¯ ImWn-¡p-¶p. CXmWv bYmÀ° {Inbm\maw. IrXnIr¯p-¡fp-m-¡m-\pÅ Ccp-]-tXmfw {]Xy-b-§sf F. BÀ. thÀXn-cn-¡-¶p-v. Cu Ccp-]Xv {]Xy-b-§sf kml-N-cy-a-\p-kn-cn¨v \ne-hm-c-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-bn-sÃ¶pw tNÀ¨-b-\p-k-cn¨v[mXp-¡Äs¡m¸w tNÀ¡pIbmWv sN¿m-dp-Å-sX¶pw ]d-bp-¶pv.

AÂ þ Xp¸Â, sN¿Â, ImWÂ, hnS-cÂ

XÂ þ sISp-XÂ, adn-̈ Â, hnSpXÂ


¸v þ tX¸v, InS-̧ v, XoÀ¸v

hv þ I\nhv, Adn-hv, t\mhv, \n\hv

N þ XmgvN, hogvN, tNÀ¨

Xn þ AdpXn, hdp-Xn, sISpXn

¯p þ s\bv¯v, sImbv¯v, s]bv¯v

¯w þ ]Tn-¯w, ]nSn-¯w, sXfn-¨w, shfn¨w

A þ \ne, sIme, \S

C þ thfn, tXmÂhn, tIfn, Ifn, Nncn

Aw þ Hm«w, Nm«w, Dd-¡w, A\-¡w, B«w

a þ HmÀa, Xmgva, t\Àa, Kcna

hn þ ad-hn, ]nd-hn, tXmÂhn

CÂ þ shbnÂ, XpbnÂ

]Sn þ \S-]Sn

Xe þ adp-X-e, Xdp-Xe

am\w þ tXbvam-\w, hcp-am-\w, Xocp-am\w

Sp þ NpaSv

¼v þ sISp-¼v, Ipdp¼v

hmcw þ X§mcw

F. Bdn-\p- ap¼v hymI-cWw cNn- -̈ ]-ecpw IrXn Ir¯p-¡sf {][m\ hn`m-K-am¡n]cn-K-Wn-̈ n-«p-v. KpÀ«v Ccp-]-̄ n-aq-t¶mfw {]Xy-b-§Ä \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p-v.

Ccp-]Xv {]Xy-b-§sf hn[n-̈ -Xn\v tijw Ah-bv¡p-m-hp¶ sshhn-[y-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p. GXv [mXp-hn-s\m-̧ hpw "B' tNÀ¯ \ntj-[-ap-m-¡n-bmÂ Ah-bvs¡m¸w a tNÀ¯v IrXn Ir¯p-¡fp-m-¡mw.

DZm: CÃm-bva, thmbva, hÃm-bva, t]mcm-bva. AÂ {]Xybw an¡ [mXp-¡Äs¡m¸hpw hcpw.

DZm: tXm¶Â, Xp¸Â, X«Â,-ap-«Â, s]m¡Â.

ImcnX {Inb-IÄs¡m¸w ¸v {]Xy-b-amWv tNcp-I.

DZm: Ccn-̧ v, , \S-̧ v, \nÂ¸v, hncn-̧ v.

c, e, f, g Ch-bvs¡m¸w N BWv hcp-¶-Xv.


DZm: IhÀ¨, AIÂ¨, DcpÄ¨, hogvN.

"M' Imcm´t¯msSm¸w ¡v, Aw F¶nh hcpw.

DZm: ]nW-¡w, CW-¡w, hW-¡w.

kq£va]cn-tim-[-\-bnÂ Hcp {]tXyI [mXp-hnÂ Xs¶ ]e {]Xy-b-§Ä hcp-¶Xpw{]Xy-b-§Ä¡\p-k-cn¨v AÀ°-hy-Xymkw hcp-¶Xpamb IrXn-Ir-¯p-¡Ä ImWp-¶p-v.

DZm: Xocv þ XoÀ¸v, XoÀ¨, Xocp-am\w

DZm: ]Icv þ ]IÀ¨, ]IÀ¸v, ]Icw

DZm: thÄ þ thfn, thgvN.

Imc-I-Ir-̄ p-¡Ä

Ir¯p-¡-fpsS cm-as¯ hn`m-K-amWv Imc-I-Ir-¯p-¡Ä. Ch {Inbsb A{]-[m-\hpw hnti-j-W-§fpw B¡n amäp-¶p. A, C F¶n-h-bm-Wn-Xnsâ {]Xy-b-§Ä.

DZm: \pW þ \pWb þ \pW-b³

NXn þ NXnb þ NXn-b³

IÀ½Wn {]tbmKw

tIcf ]mWn-\o-b-̄ nÂ aebm-f-̄ nse IÀ½-Wn {]tbmK-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p-v. `mjbv¡v kz -́ambn IÀ½-Wn-{]-bm-K-an-sÃ¶pw Ct¸mÄ C]-bm-Kn-̈ p-h-cp-¶XvkwkvIrX XÀÖ-P-a-bv¡p-thn Ir{Xn-a-ambn FÀs¸-Sp-¯nb k{¼-Zm-b-am-sW¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. kwkvIr-Xs¯ A\p-I-cn-̈ mWv `mj-bnÂ IÀ½Wn {]tbm-K-§Ä cq]w-sIm-XvF¶mWv F. Bdnsâ \nco-£-Ww.

{ZmhnU `mj-IfnÂ IÀ½Wn {]bm-K-anÃ F¶ A`n-{]m-b-amWv ImÄUz-en\pÅ-Xv.

C¶v {Inb-s¡m¸w s]SpI F¶v kam-kn-¸n-̈ mWv IÀ½Wn {]tbmKw Dm-¡p-¶-Xv.

F¦nepw "]ip ]pÃv Xn¶p¶p' F¶-ÃmsX "]pÃv ]ip-hn-\mÂ Xn¶-s¸-Sp¶p' F¶ a«n-epÅ{]tbm-K-§Ä `mjbv¡v kzoIm-cy-a-Ã.

{ZmhnU-¯nÂ IÀ½Wn {]tbm-K-an-sÃ-¶mWv ImÄUzÂ ]d-bp-¶-sX-¦nepw {]mNo\Xan-gnÂ "F¶mÂ DssS´p' F¶ {]tbmKw IÀ½WnbmWv. "F¶mÂ DS-b-s¸«p' F¶mWvCXn\À°w.

{Inb-s¡m¸w "s]Sp-Isb' kam-kn-̧ n-̈ mWv C¶v IÀ½Wn {]tbmKw Dm¡p¶Xv.IÀ¯-cn-tb-¡mÄ IÀ½-Wn-bmWv \ÃXv F¶ tXm¶epw CXn\p ]n¶n-ep-v. ]{X-̀ m-j-bnepw kÀ¡mÀ tcJ-I-fnepw A\m-h-iy-amb IÀ½Wn {]tbm-K§Ä ImWm-dp-v. Cw¥o-jp-am-bpÅ _ÔamWv C¶v IÀ½Wn {]tbmK-§Ä¡v {][m\ Imc-Ww. DNn-X-ambn {]tbm-Kn-̈ mÂ IÀ½-Wn-{]-tbmKhpw `mjbv¡v kuµcyw \evIp-sa¶ A`n-{]mbw F. Bdn-\p-v."hnam-\-]-I-S-̄ nÂ ]¯p-t]À sImÃ-s¸«p' t]mep-Å -{]-tbm-K-§Ä `mj-bnÂ thcq-¶n-¡-gnªn«pv. AÀ°-¯nsâ Xo{hX t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯m³ CXn\p Ign-bp-¶p-v. F¦nepw"Ip«n-bmÂ ]pkvXIw hmbn-¡-s¸«p' F¶ a«nepÅ {]tbmK-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡p-¶-Xp-X-s¶-bmWv `mjbv¡v \Ã-Xv.


A\p-{]-tbmKw

aäv [mXp-¡sf klm-bn-¡m-\mbn AXn-\-Sp¯v ]c-ambn {]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ [mXp-hmWvA\p-{]-bmKw. Hcp {Inb-bpsS AÀ° t`Ztam AÀ°-]qÀ¯n-tbm, Ime-¯n-epÅ ss\c- -́cytam Ipdn-¡m³ Ht¶m A[n-Itam {Inb-Isf ]n¶nÂ tNÀ¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. ap¶nÂ\nÂ¡p¶ {][m\ {Inbbv¡v {]mIv {]tbmKw F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. Imew, {]Imcw, ktµlwXpS-§nb hnhn-[-§-fmb AÀ°-§sf A\p-{]-tbmKw hgn-Im-Wn-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶p.

A\p-{]-tbm-K-§Ä aq¶p-hn-[-am-Wv.

1. t`Z-Im-\p-{]-tbmKw: Ime kqN\bps-¦nepw AÀ°-t`-Z-¯n-\mWv {]m[m-\yw.

1. sImÅpI þ kzbw {]]r-¯n, tkzm]-tbm-Kw, Npa-X-e, hn\-bw, ss\c-ćyw,k½Xw F¶o AÀ°-§Ä.

\nt¶m-sSm¸w h¶p-sIm-Åp¶p þ kzbw {]hr-¯n.

Imcyw Rm³ km[n-¨p- sImÅmw þ Npa-Xe

hnh-cw-Xn-cp-a-\Êv DWÀ¯n-̈ p-sIm-Åp¶p þ hn\bw

\n§Ä t]mbvs¡mÅq þ k½Xw

Ah³ Fgp-Xn-s¡m-n-cn-¡¶p þ ss\c-ćyw.

2. CSv þ kzmÀ°-¯n\pw ZrVo-I-c-W-¯n\pw

th¸nsâ Ibv]v ian-ö-Sptam þ kzmÀ°w.

\n§Ä h¶n«v thWw F\n¡v t]mIm³ --þ ZrVo-I-c-Ww.

3. shbv þ kzIrXyI-c-Ww, ktµ-lw, emL-hw, XmÂ¡m-enI hncm-awF¶o AÀ°§Ä.

[À½s¯ ]men-t¨-¡pI þ kzIr-Xy-I-cWw

]d-tª¨v t]m¶p þ ktµlw

Rm³ ht¶¡mw þ emLhw

hnkvXmcw \ndp-¯n-sh-bv¡p¶p þ XmÂ¡m-enI hncmaw

4. hnSv þ ZqXyw, £Wn-IX Ch ImWn-¡p-¶p.

Bfv ]dªp hn«p þ ZqXyw

]eXpw X«n-hn«p þ £Wn-IX

5. If þ \ntÈ-j-X, kml-kw, A\m-bm-kw, A\mØ

\in-̧ n¨p Ifªp þ \ntÈ-jX

6. AcpÄ þ _lp-am-\w, BNmcw Ch ImWn-¡p¶ ]gb {]tbm-Kw.

Zp:Jw XoÀ -̄cp-fpI


7. Na þ AhØm kqNIw

Imcy-§Ä h¶p Naªp

8. t]mhv þ A{i-² A¼-c-̧ v, ]cn-Wm-aw,

IÅw ]dªp t]mbn þ A{i²

angn-̈ n-cp¶p t]mbn þ A¼-çv

tXmäp-t]mbn þ ]cn-Wmaw

9. hcv þ ]Xn-hv, {Ia-hr²n Chsb ImWn-¡p-¶p.

DÕhw \S-¯n-h-cp¶p þ ]Xnhv

hf-cp-t´mdpw _p²n hnI-kn¨p hcp¶p þ {Ia-hr²n

10. t]mcv þ ]Xn-hv, ê-{]-Xo£

kqcy³ Ing¡v DZn-̈ pt]m-cp¶p þ ]Xnhv

]d-ªp-t]mcmw þ ê-{]-Xo£

11. IqSv þ iàn, {Inbm-k-am-]vXn, \ntbmKw

Imcy-§Ä A§s\ h¶p-IqSn þ{In-bm-h-km\w

ann-¡qSm þ iàn

aSn-̈ p-\n-¶p-IqSm þ \ntbmKw

12. Ign þ {Inbm-h-km\w, kmaÀ°yw

]d-ªp-I-gnªp þ {Inbm-h-km\w

AXv sN¿m³ Ignbpw þ kmaÀ°yw

Imem-\p-{]-tbmKw þ Ime-{X-b-§-fnÂ Nne Xmc-X-ay-§sf IqSn ImWn-¡m³ CXn\p Ign-bp-¶p.`qX-Im-e-̄ nÂ {Inb Ft¸m-gmWv \S-¶-sX¶v ImWn-¡m-\pw, hÀ -̄am-\-Im-e-¯nse ss\c-ćy-s -̄Ip-dn-¡m\pw CXp-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

1. Ccn-[m-Xp-hns\ A\p-{]-tbm-Kn¨v Ime-̄ nÂ hcp¶ sNdn-b-hy-Xym-k-§sf ImWn-¡m³ Ign-bpw.

Ah³ t]mbn-cp¶p þ `qXw

Ah³ h¶n-cn-¡p¶p þ hÀ¯-am\w

Ah³ t]mbn-cn¡pw þ `mhn

2. C«pÄ þ êm-\p-hr¯n þ Bk-¶-̀ q-X-Imew

hymI-cWw ]Tn-̈ n-«pv þ êm-\p-hr¯n

Ah³ F¯n-bn-«pv þ Bk-¶-̀ q-X-Imew

3. sImÄ + Ccn : {Inbm-\p-_Ôw


Fgp-Xn-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p

Fgp-Xn-sIm-n-cp-¶p

Fgp-Xn-sIm-n-cn-¡p-w

4. B + Ccn : Duls¯ ImWn-¡p¶p

]d-b-W-am-bn-cn¡pw

]d-ªm-bn-cn¡pw

]d-bp-am-bn-cn¡pw

]qc-Wm-\p-{]-tbmKw : F®-̄ nÂ Ipd-hm-sW-¦nepw Jne-[m-Xp-¡sf ]qcn-̧ n-¡m³ CXm-Wp-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.

1. DÄ : Dv, Dm-bn, Dm-Ipw, Dm-IWw


samUyqÄ þ5

hmIy-hn-Nmcw

kam-k-§Ä : hn`-àn-{]-Xy-b-§-fpsS klm-b-an-ÃmsX cv ]Z-§sf Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶-XmWvkamkw. ctm AXn-e-[n-Itam ]c-§Ä tNÀ¶p-m-Ip-¶-XmWv kamkw F¶mWv s]mXp-sh-bpÅ \nÀÆN\w. tPmÀÖv am¯³, tij-Kn-cn-{]`p F¶n-h-sc-Ãmw kam-ks¯\nÀÆNn¡p¶Xn§s\bm-Wv.

hn`-àn-¡pdn IqSmsX

]Z-tbmKw kam-kamw þ F¶v F.-BÀ. \nÀÆ-Nn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. Xe-bnse thZ\ F¶-Xn\v]Icw Xe-th-Z\ F¶m-bmÂ kam-k-am-bn.

LS-I-]-Z-§-fpsS {]m[m-\y-a-\p-k-cn¨v ae-bm-f-¯nÂ kam-k-§sf aq¶mbn Xncn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p

1. D -̄c-]-ZmÀ°-{]-Zm\w þ XÂ¸p-cp-j³

DZm : Xe-th-Z\

2. A\y-]-ZmÀ°-{]-[m\w þ _lp-{holn

DZm : Xmac-¡-®³

3. LS-I-]-Z-§Ä¡v Xpey {]m[m\yw þ Zzµz³

DZm : ssIIm-ep-IÄ

XÂ¸p-cp-j³ hn{K-ln-¡p-t¼mÄ tNÀ¡p¶ {]Xyb-a-\p-k-cn¨v ]e-Xmbn hcp-¶p-v.

1. \nÀt±-in-Im-XÂ¸p-cp-j³ : CXn\v IÀ½-[m-c-b³ F¶pw t]cp-v. hn{K-ln-¡p-t¼mÄ"Bb' F¶-{]-Xybw tNÀ¡p-¶p.

DZm : aª-¡n-fn, sIm¶-s¯§v, \oe-taLw

2. {]Xn-{Kmln-Im-XÂ¸p-cp-j³ : hn{K-ln-¡p-t¼mÄ "F'{]-Xybw tNcp-¶p.

DZm : ]m¡p-sh-«n, Imen-ta-bv¡Â, tImgn-h-fÀ¯Â

3. kwtbm-Pn-Im-XÂ¸p-cp-j³ ; HmSv {]Xybw tNÀ¯v hn{K-ln¡pw

DZm : `mjm-kvt\-lw, i{Xp-hn-tcm-[w, ]pkvX-I-t{]an

4. Dt±-inI XÂ¸p-cp-j³ : ¡v, hv, {]Xybw tNcp¶p

DZm : ]S-¡p-Xn-c, IS-¯p-h-Åw, ]qP-̧ pc


5. {]tbm-PnI XÂ¸p-cp-j³ : BÂ {]Xybw tNcp¶p

DZm : Ccp¼v s]«n (sIm-p-Å) im]-{K-kvX³

6. kw_-ÔnI XÂ¸p-cp-j³ : DsS {]Xybw tNcpw

DZm : ]ip-¡p-«n, kap-{Z-Xo-cw, XSn-¡-j-Ww

7. B[m-cnI XÂ¸p-cp-j³ : CÂ, IÂ {]Xy-b-§Ä

DZm : Xe-apSn (C-se), ISÂ¡p-Xn-c, ho«p-the

8. D]-am-XÂ¸p-cp-j³ : "t]mepÅ' tNcpw

DZm : XfnÀta-\n, Xma-c-apJw

9. cq]I XÂ¸p-cp-j³ : "BIp¶' tNcpw

DZm : ]mZ-]-¦-Pw, apJ-I-aew

10. a[y-a-]Ztem]n : kam-kn-¡p-t¼mÄ a[y-]Zw tem]n¡pw

DZm : Xos¸«n ( Xo Dm-¡m-\p-Å)

aªp-sXm¸n (aªns\ XSp-¡p-¶)

11. ZznKp : hnti-j-W-Øm-\¯v kwJym-hmNn i_vZw h¶mÂ

DZm : aqtem-Iw, A¿¼v

hmIy-hn-Nmcw

i_vZ-§-fpsS thÀs¸-Sp-̄ m-\m-hm¯ ]c-kv]-c-_-Ô-amWv BImw-£. BImw-£-I-sfÃmw ]qÀ¯n-bm-Ipw-hn[w ]Z-§sf Iq«n-t¨À¯p-m-¡p-¶-XmWv hmIyw hmIy-c-N-\-bpsSkuµ-cyhpw, AÀ°-̀ w-Knbpw Bhn-jvIÀ¯m-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ, ]Z-§sf ASp-¡p-¶-Xnse hyh-Ø-I-fpw, s]mcp-̄ -§fpw hymI-cW NÀ¨-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. Cu hym-I-c-W-Im-cy-amWv hmIy-hn-Nm-c-̄ nsâ hnj-bw.

BJy-þ-A-JymXw

hmIy-¯n\v cv `mK-§-fp-v. F´n-s\--Ip-dn-̈ mtWm ]d-bp-¶Xv AXv BJy. AXn-s\´v kw`-hn¨p F¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv BJym-Xw. BJy FÃm-bvt]mgpw \ma-]-Z-am-bn-cn-¡pw. DZm-l-cW-ambn ]«n-I-Sn¨p F¶p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ]«n BJybpw ISn¨p BJym-X-hp-am-bn-cn-¡pw.BJymXw hmIy-¯nse {Inbmw-i-am-bn-cn-¡pw. hmIyw hep-Xmbn hcp-t´mdpw BJy-bvs¡m-¸hpw BJym-X-¯n-s\m-̧ hpw hnti-j-W-§fpw ]cn-hm-c-§-fp-ap-m-bn-cn¡pw. am§-hoWpF¶ sIm¨p-hm-Iy-¯nÂ "am§' BJybpw "hoWp' BJym-X-hp-am-Wv. CtX hmIyw "]gp¯


am§ amhnÂ \n¶p hoWp' F¶m-hp-t¼mÄ "]gp¯' BJy-bpsS hnti-j-Whpw "I¿nÂ\n¶v' BJym-X-¯nsâ hnti-j-W-hp-am-Ip-¶p. hnti-j-W-§-fp-s¦nÂ IÀ¯mhpw hnti-j-Whpw tNÀ¶-XmWv BJy. {Inbbpw hnti-j-Whpw tNÀ¶-XmWv BJymXw.

IÀ¯m-hv, IÀ½w, {Inb F¶mWv km[m-c-W-bmbn hmIy-¯nse ]Z-{I-aw. F¶mÂ{]m[m-\y-a-\p-k-cn¨v Chsb -{Iaw amäp-¶-Xn\pw hntcm-[-an-Ã. F¶mÂ hvtijW hnti-jy-s¸m-cp¯w hyXym-k-s¸-Sm-\n-S-bmI-cp-Xv.

DZm : "cma³ cmh-Ws\ sIm¶p' F¶ hmIy-̄ nÂ cma-\mWv {]m[m-\y-sa-¦nÂ "cmh-Ws\ cma³ sIm¶p' F¶v hmIyw amdp-t¼mÄ cmh-W\v {]m[m\yw ssIh-cp-I-bm-Wv.

enwK-h-N-\-s¸m-cp- -̄amWv {i²n-t¡ asämcp hkvXp-X. \ma-hn-ti-j-W-§Ä \ma-hp-ambn s]mcp-̄ -s¸-tS--Xm-Wv.

DZm : kpµ-c-\mb ]pcp-j³

kpµ-cn-bmb s]¬Ip«n

kuµ-cy-apÅ Bfp-IÄ F¶ coXn-bn-em-hWw hmIy-̄ nÂ {Iao-I-cn-t¡--Xv.kÀÆ-\m-a-s¸m-cp-̄ hpw Ime-s¸m-cp- -̄hp-saÃmw Zo£n-¨n-cn-¡-Ww. _lp-h-N\ kqN-\-bpÅ]Zw DÅ hmIyw Ah-km-\n-̈ mÂ kÀÆ-\maw AhÀ F¶p sh¨m-bn-cn-¡\w XpS-t§--Xv.

DZm : Ip«n-IÄ ]Tn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ¡v ]co-£-bm-Wv. ChnsS AhÄ Ft¶m Ah³Ft¶m Bh-cp-Xv.

hmIy-hn-̀ m-K-§Ä

aq¶p-hn[w hmIy-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv.

NqÀWn-I, k¦oÀW-Iw, alm-hm-Iyw, F¶n-h-bm-W-h.

NqÀWnI : Hcp IÀ¯mhpw Hcp {Inbbpw am{X-a-S-§p¶ Hcp AwKn-hmIyw am{X-amb hmIy-§-fm-Wn-h.

DZm : cma³ acw apdn-¨p.

CXnÂ IÀ¯mhpw Hcp ]qÀW {Inb-bp-am-Wp-Å-Xv.

k¦oÀWIw : Hcp AwKn-hm-Iyhpw F{X-sb-¦new AwK-hm-Iy-§fpw DÅ hmIy-am-Wn-Xv.]äp-hn-\-I-fmWv AwK-hm-Iy-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\w.

DZm : ]«n Ipc-t¨m-Sn-b-t¸mÄ cma³ N§e hn«p-I-f-ªp.

alm-hmIyw : H¶n-e-[nIw AwKn-hm-Iy-§Ä AS-§p-¶-XmWv alm-hm-Iyw. Ipd-ªXv cvAwKn-hm-Iy-§Ä F¦nepw alm-hm-Iy-¯nÂ Dm-th--Xm-Wv.


DZm : cma³ Iptd kabw Ifn-¡p-Ibpw ]n¶oSv ]m«v ]Tn-¡m³ t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

At]m-²mcw : hmIy-¯nse AwK, AwKn hmIy-§Ä Ip-]n-Sn¨v ]Z-§-fpsS _Ôw Ip-]n-Nn-¡p¶ k{¼-Zm-b-amWv At]m-²m-cw. AwK AwKn hmIy-§Ä Is¯n GXv XcwhmIy-am-sW¶v Xocp-am-\n-¡p-I-bpw, ]n¶oSv AwKn-hm-Iy-§-fnse BJybpw BJym-XhpwthÀXn-cn¨v hnti-j-Ww, IÀ¯m-hv, IÀ½w, hnti-j-Ww, {Inb F¶nh thÀXn-cn-¡p-IbpwsN¿p-¶-XmWv At]m-²m-cw.

hnhÀ -̄\-{]-{Inb

hnhÀ¯\ {]{Inb F¶mÂ hnI-k\ {]{Inb F¶m-WÀ°w. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n-\mbna\p-jy³ Is-̄ nb D]m-[n-bmWv `mj. BZn-bnÂ FÃm `mj-Ifpw hmsam-gn-IÄ am{Xam-bn-cp-¶p. Imem-´-c-¯nÂ AXnsâ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-emWv en]nbpw kmln-Xy-hp-saÃmw BhnÀ -̀hn-¡p-¶-Xv, C¶pw `qap-J-̄ pÅ `mj-I-fnÂ hnc-en-se-®m-hp-¶-h-bnÂ am{Xta en]nbpwkmln-Xy-hp-ap-Åq. BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ `mj-I-fnÂ hf-sc-¡p-d¨v {]tbm-K-§sf Dm-bn-cn-¡m-\n-S-bp-Åp. ]n¶oSv Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw s]cpIn hcn-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv, ]gb ]e {]tbm-K-§fpw A{]-Xy-£-am-hp-Ibpw ]pXn-bh ]eXpw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-v.

`mj-bpsS hnIm-k-Z-i-bn-emWv Cu ]cn-Wm-a-§Ä \S-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp hn¯v \«v apf¨vXSnbpw imtJm-]-im-J-I-fpapÅ Hcp hS-hr£w ]SÀ¶v ] -́en¨p \nÂ¡p-¶Xp t]mse-bmWv `mjm-hn-I-k\ k¦-ev]w. BZn-bnÂ ]eXpw GIm-£-c-[m-Xp-¡-fm-bn-cn-¡-Ww.]p¶oSv Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw {]Xy-b-§sf tNÀ¯v hnI-kn-̧ n-̈ mWv \mw D¶p ImWp¶ \ne-bn-se-¯p-¶-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn sNdp F¶ [mXp sNdp-Xv, sNdp-Xm-bn, sNdp-Xm-hp¶p, sNdp-Xm-hp-I-bm-Wv, sNdp-Xm-bn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p, sNdp-Xm-hp-¶pv F¶n-§s\ hnI-kn¨p hcn-I-bmWv sN¿p--¶-Xv.

AXp-t]mse hnSv F¶ [mXp-hnÂ \n¶v hnSp-I, hnS-cp-I, shSn-bp-I, sh«pI F¶n-hbpw Xncv F¶ [mXp-hnÂ\n¶pXs¶ Xncp-Ip-I, Xn-cn-bp-I, Xncn-¡p-I, Xncp-¼pI F¶n-hbpw hcp-¶-Xmbn ImWp-¶p-v.

hnhÀ -̄\-{]-{Inb {][m-\-ambpw aq¶p hn[-¯n-emWv \S-¡p-¶-Xv.

ZznXzw þ hdv þ häp¶p, s]mSv þ s]m«p¶p

ssZÀLyw þ adv þ amdp¶p, ]pIv þ ]qIp¶p

{]Xy-b-tbmKw þ ]dv þ ]d-¡p-¶p, \Sv þ \S-¡p¶p

s]cv þ s]cp-¡p¶p ho þ hoip-¶p.

V SEMESTER CORE COURSE14.139.185.6/website/SDE/BA_malayalam_malayala... · 2019. 4. 19. · School...

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