v d Z ( ] l ] } u ] v À Ç } v Z } Á } P ] v } } v Á ... · Primate Cladogram Dichotomous Keying...

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LCHS Science Reaching out to everyone and let you know about the plan for the future. The first task is to remind everyone how to get into contact with us: David Adkins: Livegrades and [email protected] Debbie Adkins: Livegrades and [email protected] Brandi Ashley: Livegrades and [email protected] Jonathan Escue: Livegrades and [email protected] Kayla Adkins: Livegrades and [email protected] Tiffany Baker: Livegrades and [email protected] Office Hours: The science department has chosen Wednesday to be science day. We will make sure we are available between 10-2 during that day. Don’t forget we check our messages every day and many times several times a day. Several of you have heard back from us at different times during the day. We just wanted everyone to know Science is Wednesday. The assignments: Each of the staff members has a digital option (livegrades, office 365, schoology, Edmodo, remind101, etc) so they will be sharing out the assignments digitally. The goal is to have the assignments returned in a way that is best for you. We have multiple options, pictures, emails, word documents, notebook paper. The returning of hard copies of the assignments will be coordinated through the help of the central office. Do the best you can on the assignments. Ask us questions. Give it a try. Try to turn in something each week this helps us keep in contact with you, just remember do the best you can and get it to us when you can. The future: Many of the staff of the science department will be experimenting with new types of instruction over the next month or so. Don’t be surprised if you are asked to participate in a virtual meeting through Teams on office 365, or have a discussion board to post comments to. We are in this together and we will be better when this is over. Thank you LCHS Science Department We miss you.

Transcript of v d Z ( ] l ] } u ] v À Ç } v Z } Á } P ] v } } v Á ... · Primate Cladogram Dichotomous Keying...

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LCHS Science

Reaching out to everyone and let you know about the plan for the future.

The first task is to remind everyone how to get into contact with us:

David Adkins: Livegrades and [email protected]

Debbie Adkins: Livegrades and [email protected]

Brandi Ashley: Livegrades and [email protected]

Jonathan Escue: Livegrades and [email protected]

Kayla Adkins: Livegrades and [email protected]

Tiffany Baker: Livegrades and [email protected]

Office Hours:

The science department has chosen Wednesday to be science day. We will make sure we are available between 10-2 during that day. Don’t forget we check our messages every day and many times several times a day. Several of you have heard back from us at different times during the day. We just wanted everyone to know Science is Wednesday.

The assignments:

Each of the staff members has a digital option (livegrades, office 365, schoology, Edmodo, remind101, etc) so they will be sharing out the assignments digitally. The goal is to have the assignments returned in a way that is best for you. We have multiple options, pictures, emails, word documents, notebook paper. The returning of hard copies of the assignments will be coordinated through the help of the central office.

Do the best you can on the assignments. Ask us questions. Give it a try. Try to turn in something each week this helps us keep in contact with you, just remember do the best you can and get it to us when you can.

The future:

Many of the staff of the science department will be experimenting with new types of instruction over the next month or so. Don’t be surprised if you are asked to participate in a virtual meeting through Teams on office 365, or have a discussion board to post comments to. We are in this together and we will be better when this is over.

Thank you

LCHS Science Department

We miss you.

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Biology Packet 3

In this packet, you will be learning about Classification, Taxonomy, and the use of various Diagrams that are used in

classifying organisms. Please utilize the following check lists to help you stay on track when completing this packet.

Complete the following tasks in order:

Part I:

o Read Classifications Outline Part I

o Complete the Guided Notes Handout for Part I

o Complete and Submit Activity 1

Part II:

o Read Classifications Outline Part II

o Complete the Guided Notes Handout for Part II

o Complete and Submit Activity 2

Part III:

o Read Classifications Outline Part III

o Complete and Submit the Guided Notes Handout for Part III

o Complete and Submit Activity 3

Please note the following will be submitted for grading:

o Activity 1

o Activity 2

o Activity 3

o Classifications Guided Notes

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Classification Outline Part I

Species of Organisms

There are 13 billion known species of organisms

This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!

New organisms are still being found and identified

What is Classification?

Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities

Classification is also known as taxonomy

Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

Benefits of Classifying

Accurately & uniformly names organisms

Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish

Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names

Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

Latin Names Are Understood by all Taxonomists

Early Taxonomists

2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist

Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals

He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers

John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming

His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant

Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778

18th century taxonomist

Classified organisms by their structure

Developed naming system still used today

Called the “Father of Taxonomy”

Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature

Two-word name (Genus & species)

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Standardized Naming

Binomial nomenclature used:

Genus species

Latin or Greek

Italicized in print

Capitalize genus, but NOT species

Underline when hand written

Binomial Nomenclature Which two bears are more closely related?

(Hint: Notice the similarities in their scientific name)

Rules for Naming Organisms

The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms

All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress)

This prevents duplicated names

Activity 1-Naming Common Organisms Scavenger Hunt Instructions: This activity can be completed by getting outside or using the internet. The task is to gather pictures of 10 common living organisms where you live (deer, turkey, flowers, etc.) and identify their common names and scientific names. The same 10 organisms will be used again in the next activity. To share that you completed this activity, create a presentation or video sharing your organisms, their common name, and scientific name. Submit your presentation to your teacher. If you are completing this on paper, simply title your paper Activity 1 and create a 2 column list with your organism’s common name on the left and scientific name on the right.

Common Name:

American Robin

Scientific Name:

Turdus migratorius

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Classification Outline Part II

Classification Groups

Taxon (taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed

There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific o Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups

Hierarchy Levels: o Domain (Broadest Category) o Kingdom o Phylum (Division – used for plants) o Class o Order o Family o Genus o Species

Mnemonic to help you remember: o Dumb o King o Phillip o Came o Over o For o Gooseberry o Soup!

Domains

Broadest, most inclusive taxon

Three domains o Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) o Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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ARCHAEA

Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA

Probably the 1st cells to evolve

Live in HARSH environments

Found in: o Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) o Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) o Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid o Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) – Halophiles

Pictured is the Archean Methanosarcina mazei

BACTERIA

Kingdom - EUBACTERIA

Some may cause DISEASE

Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones

Important decomposers for environment

Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

Pictured is the Bacteria Escherichia coli o A common bacteria found in the intestines of animals

Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms

Protista (protozoans, algae…)

Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)

Plantae (multicellular plants)

Animalia (multicellular animals)

Kingdom: Protista

Most are unicellular

Some are multicellular

Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic

Aquatic

Kingdom: Fungi

Multicellular, except yeast

Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)

Cell walls made of chitin

Kingdom: Plantae

Multicellular

Autotrophic

Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis

Cell walls made of cellulose

Kingdom: Animalia

Multicellular

Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies)

Feed on plants or animals

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Taxons

Most genera contain a number of similar species

The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans)

Classification is based on evolutionary relationships

Activity 2-Scavenger Hunt Wrap Up

Instructions:

Using the same 10 species you found in the first activity. Complete the following information for each organism:

o Domain o Kingdom o Phylum (If it’s a plant) o Class o Order o Family o Genus o Species

You can complete this research by googling the common name or scientific name followed by taxonomy levels. For

example, if I wanted to know the taxonomic level for a human I would enter the following in the search engine: Human

Taxonomy Levels. Like the first activity, you can create this is a presentation or video or simply create a paper document

title Activity 2. Submit your completed work to your teacher.

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Classifications Outline Part III

Basis for Modern Taxonomy is based on Simularities

Homologous structures (same structure, different function) o The image below shows the similarities of the bones in the forelimb in mammals:

Similar embryo development

o The image below shows the similarities in Vertebrate Embryos:

Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins

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Use of Diagrams: Cladogram

Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales

Primate Cladogram

Dichotomous Keying

Used to identify organisms

Characteristics given in pairs

Read both characteristics on number 1 and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism that is listed. Practice using the pictures and dichotomous key below.

Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/images/v25/i4/jellyfish_1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v25/i4/nobrain.asp&h=228&w=150&sz=11&hl=en&start=16&tbnid=-72dSqAv0dIUCM:&tbnh=108&tbnw=71&prev=/images?q%3Djellyfish%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3DGGIC,GGIC:2006-38,GGIC:en
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Activity 3-Alien Identification

Taxonomy, Classification, and Dichotomous Keys:

Help! Scientists have discovered quite a few new creatures on planet Pamishan. They need your help to identify

and classify them. Use the dichotomous key on the next page to identify these creatures. Remember to always start at

number one and follow the directions step by step to identify the alien. Write their scientific names on a separate sheet

of paper titled Activity 3, don’t forget the rules to hand writing scientific names! Be sure to submit your work to your

teacher when you are done.

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A Key to New Pamishan

1. a. The creature has a large wide head............................go to 2

b. The creature has a small narrow head..........................go to 11

2. a. It has 3 eyes ................................................go to 3

b. It has 2 eyes ................................................go to 7

3. a. There is a star in the middle of its chest....................go to 4

b. There is no star in the middle of its chest ..................go to 6

4. a. The creature has hair spikes .................................Broadus hairus

b. The creature has no hair spikes...............................go to 5

5. a. The bottom of the creature is arch‐shaped ....................Broadus archus

b. The bottom of the creature is M‐shaped .......................Broadus emmus

6. a. The creature has an arch‐shaped bottom .......................Broadus plainus

b. The creature has an M‐shaped bottom...........................Broadus tritops

7. a. The creature has hairy spikes ................................go to 8

b. The creature has no spikes....................................go to 10

8. a. There is a star in the middle of its body ....................Broadus hairystarus

b. The is no star in the middle of its body .....................go to 9

9. a. The creature has an arch shaped bottom .......................Broadus hairyemmus

b. The creature has an M shaped bottum ..........................Broadus kiferus

10. a. The body is symmetrical ......................................Broadus walter

b. The body is not symmetrical...................................Broadus anderson

11. a. The creatrue has no antennae .................................go to 12

b. The creature has antennae ....................................go to 14

12. a. There are spikes on the face .................................Narrowus wolfus

b. There are no spikes on the face ..............................go to 13

13. a. The creature has no spike anywhere ...........................Narrowus blankus

b. There are spikes on the right leg ............................Narrowus starboardus

14. a. The creature has 2 eyes.......................................go to 15

b. The creature has 1 eye........................................Narrowus cyclops

15. a. The creature has a mouth......................................go to 16

b. The creature has no mouth.....................................go to 17

16. a. There are spikes on the left leg .............................Narrowus portus

b. There are no spikes at all ...................................Narrowus plainus

17. a. The creature has spikes ......................................go to 18

b. The creature has no spikes ...................................Narrowus georginia

18. a. There are spikes on the head .................................go to 19

b. There are spikes on the right leg.............................Narrowus montanian

19. a. There are spikes covering the face ...........................Narrowus beardus

b. There are spikes only on the outside edge of head ............Narrowus fuzzus

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Classifications Guided Notes

Name: ______________________________________

Directions: Use the Classifications Outline or Power Point to complete the following guided notes questions. Submit your work to your teacher when it is completed.

Classification (Part I)

1. How many known species are there?

2. What percent of all organisms that have ever lived is this?

3. Are all organisms on Earth today identified?

4. Define classification.

5. What is another term for classification?

6. What do you call scientists that study classification?

7. Classifying organisms makes naming organisms more _____________ and _____________.

8. Classifying prevents ____________ or inaccurate naming.

9. Give two examples of misnomers and explain why they aren't correct.

10. What language is used for scientific naming?

11. Sometimes, scientific names may be ___________ instead of Latin.

12. Why don't scientists around the world just use more simple, common names for organisms?

13.What language is universally used by scientists for naming?

14. Who was the first taxonomist and what two groups did he place organism in?

15. How did Aristotle subdivide his two groups?

16. Who was first to use Latin for scientific naming?

17. What was the problem with Ray's names?

18. What 18th century taxonomist developed the naming system still used today?

19. How did Linnaeus group his organisms?

20. Who is the "father of taxonomy"?

Binomial Nomenclature

21. What is Linnaeus's naming system called?

22. Explain binomial nomenclature.

23. Besides Latin, what other language is sometimes used for scientific names?

24. How do scientific names appear in print?

25. What must be done to a scientific name when you are writing it?

26. Give an example of a common and scientific name for an animal.

27. Where can you find the rules for naming organisms?

28. All scientific names must be approved by _______________ ___________ ______________.

29. Why do naming congresses have to approve names?

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Taxonomic Groups (Part II)

30. What is a taxon?

31. What is plural for taxon?

32.There is a ______________ of groups that goes from the broadest grouping to the most _____________ grouping.

33. Name the 8 taxon in order from broadest to most specific.

34. What is the NEWEST and BROADEST taxon?

35. Instead of the taxon phylum, what other taxon is used for plants at this level?

36. What is the most specific taxon?

37. Write the sentence used to help remember the 8 most important taxonomic levels.

38. Complete the following taxonomic table:

Classification for Humans

Taxonomic Level Taxon

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Domains of Organisms

39. How many domains are there?

40. Name the 3 Domains.

41. What are the main characteristics of Archaea and Eubacteria?

42. What are the main characteristics of the Domain Eukarya?

43. What Domain of organisms probably evolved first?

44. Where do Archaea live? Give some examples.

45.Name an Archaean.

46. Where are eubacteria found?

47. Some bacteria cause ______________ but many act as decomposers & are important to the ______________.

48. Some members of eubacteria live in the __________ of animals.

Kingdoms 49. The Domain Eukarya is divided into how many kingdoms?

50. List the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya and tell what organisms are in each group.

51. Which 2 kingdoms contain all multicellular members?

52. List the main characteristics of the Kingdom Protista.

53. Microscopic organisms found in pond water are most likely in the kingdom _______________.

54. All members of the Kingdom Fungi are _____________ except for unicellular ____________.

55. What type of heterotrophic organism are fungi?

56. Explain what it means to be an absorptive heterotrophic.

57. The cell walls of fungi are made of ______________.

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58. Members of the kingdom Plantae are all ________________ and _____________.

59. What do plants use as their energy to make food?

60. Name the food making process of plants.

61. Plant cell walls are made of _______________.

62. Members of the Kingdom Animalia contain all of the multicellular _____________ on Earth.

63. Animals are ______________ heterotrophs that feed on __________ or other __________.

64. Define ingestive heterotroph.

65. Complete the following table for characteristics of each kingdom:

Kingdom Organization Type of Nutrition Examples

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

66. A Genera may contain a number of different ___________.

67. What Genera is an exception to this?

68. Which Kingdom has the largest number of different kinds of organisms?

69. What two groups are in the plant kingdom?

Basis for Modern Taxonomy (Part III)

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70. List three examples of things used as a basis for modern taxonomy.

a.

b.

c.

71. What are homologous structures?

72. What is an embryo?

73. At the molecular level, similarities in ___________, __________, or the __________ __________ sequence of proteins can be a basis for grouping organisms together.

74. Give an example of homologous structures show similarities among organisms in the same taxon.

75. Name 5 organisms that have similar embryonic development. To what taxon do these organisms belong?

76. What is a cladogram?

77. Using the following cladogram, name the organisms that share 4 of the 5 characteristics.

78. What characteristic(s) do the grouper and lamprey share?

79. What characteristic is found in all the animals EXCEPT the lancelet?

80. What is a dichotomous key?

81. When using a dichotomous key, you should make sure you ___________ both characteristics and either ____________ the organism OR go to ____________ set of characteristics.

82. Use the following dichotomous key to identify the picture of each organism.

1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 6 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5


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