UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) A new … · ... camphorated phenol and calcium hydroxide in...

18
UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl) UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) A new strategy in root canal therapy: there is a lot going on in endodontic disinfection van der Waal, S.V. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van der Waal, S. V. (2015). A new strategy in root canal therapy: there is a lot going on in endodontic disinfection ’s-Hertogenbosch: Boxpress General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Download date: 30 Jul 2018

Transcript of UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) A new … · ... camphorated phenol and calcium hydroxide in...

UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl)

UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)

A new strategy in root canal therapy: there is a lot going on in endodontic disinfection

van der Waal, S.V.

Link to publication

Citation for published version (APA):van der Waal, S. V. (2015). A new strategy in root canal therapy: there is a lot going on in endodonticdisinfection ’s-Hertogenbosch: Boxpress

General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s),other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).

Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, statingyour reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Askthe Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam,The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.

Download date: 30 Jul 2018

References

140 References

1. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Cleveland, Ohio, USA: CRC Press, 1975.2. Abdullah M, Ng YL, Gulabivala K, Moles DR, Spratt DA. Susceptibilties of two

Enterococcus faecalis phenotypes to root canal medications. J Endod 2005;31:30-36.3. Abu-Ghazaleh BM. Inhibition of Aeromonas caviae and A-sobria by sodium chloride,

citric acid, ascorbic acid, potassium sorbate and extracts of Thymus vulgaris. Jpn J Infect Dis 2000;53:111-115.

4. Adam LC, Fabian I, Suzuki K, Gordon G. Hypochlorous Acid Decomposition in the Ph 5-8 Region. Inorg Chem 1992;31:3534-3541.

5. Administration. USFaD. Volume 2012. www.fda.gov:Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic ACTA. 21 CFR parts 182, 184.

6. Ahlgren FK, Johannessen AC, Hellem S. Displaced calcium hydroxide paste causing inferior alveolar nerve paraesthesia: report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;96:734-737.

7. Akpata ES. Effect of endodontic procedures on the population of viable microorganisms in the infected root canal. J Endod 1976;2:369-373.

8. Anwar H, Strap JL, Chen K, Costerton JW. Dynamic Interactions of Biofilms of Mucoid Pseudomonas-Aeruginosa with Tobramycin and Piperacillin. Antimicrob Agents Ch 1992;36:1208-1214.

9. Aparecida Nicoletti M, Fernandes Magalhães J. [Influence of the container and environmental factors in the stability of sodium hypochlorite]. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1996;121:301-309.

10. Appelbe OK, Sedgley CM. Effects of prolonged exposure to alkaline pH on Enterococcus faecalis survival and specific gene transcripts. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2007;22:169-174.

11. Aranda-Garcia AR, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Faria-Júnior NB, et al. Antibacterial effectiveness of several irrigating solutions and the Endox Plus system - an ex vivo study. Int Endod J 2012;45:1091-1096.

12. Archer DL. Preservation microbiology and safety: Evidence that stress enhances virulence and triggers adaptive mutations. Trends Food Sci Tech 1996;7:91-95.

13. Arias-Moliz MT, Ferrer-Luque CM, Espigares-García M, Baca P. Enterococcus faecalis biofilms eradication by root canal irrigants. J Endod 2009;35:711-714.

14. Azabal-Arroyo M, Menasalvas-Ruiz G, Martín-Alonso J, Arroquia JJ, Vega-del Barrio JM. Loss of hydroxyl ions from gutta-percha points with calcium hydroxide in their composition: an in vivo study. J Endod 2002;28:697-698.

15. Badr AE, Omar N, Badria FA. A laboratory evaluation of the antibacterial and cytotoxic effect of Liquorice when used as root canal medicament. Int Endod J 2011;44:51-58.

16. Baker RW. Studies on the reaction between sodium hypochlorite and proteins: 1. Physico-chemical study of the course of the reaction. Biochem J 1947;41:337-342.

17. Barnhart BD, Chuang A, Lucca JJD, Roberts S, Liewehr F, Joyce AP. An in vitro evaluation of the cytotoxicity of various endodontic irrigants on human gingival fibroblasts. J Endod 2005;31:613-615.

18. Barthel CR, Zimmer S, Trope M. Relationship of radiologic and histologic signs of inflammation in human root-filled teeth. J Endod 2004;30:75-79.

19. Barthel CR, Zimmer S, Zilliges S, Schiller R, Göbel UB, Roulet JF. In situ antimicrobial effectiveness of chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide: gel and paste versus gutta-percha points. J Endod 2002;28:427-430.

141References

20. Baumgartner JC, Cuenin PR. Efficacy of several concentrations of sodium hypochlorite for root canal irrigation. J Endod 1992;18:605-612.

21. Bautista-Gallego J, Arroyo-López FN, Durán-Quintana MC, Garrido-Fernandez A. Individual effects of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium chloride salts on Lactobacillus pentiosus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth. J Food Protect 2008;71:1412-1421.

22. Bazire A, Diab F, Jebbar M, Haras D. Influence of high salinity on biofilm formation and benzoate assimilation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Ind Microbiol Biot 2007;34:5-8.

23. Beales N. Adaptation of microorganisms to cold temperatures, weak acid preservatives, low pH, and osmotic stress: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci F 2004;3:1-20.

24. Bender IB, Seltzer S. Roentgenographic and direct observations of experimental lesions in bone: I. JADA 1961;62:9.

25. Böttcher DE, Hirai VH, Da Silva Neto UX, Grecca FS. Effect of calcium hydroxide dressing on the long-term sealing ability of two different endodontic sealers: an in vitro study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110:386-389.

26. Boutsioukis C, Verhaagen B, Versluis M, Kastrinakis E, Wesselink PR, van der Sluis LWM. Evaluation of Irrigant Flow in the Root Canal Using Different Needle Types by an Unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics Model. J Endod 2010;36:875-879.

27. Brändle N, Zehnder M, Weiger R, Waltimo T. Impact of growth conditions on susceptibility of five microbial species to alkaline stress. J Endod 2008;34:579-582.

28. Bryers JD. Biofilms II : process analysis and applications. New York: Wiley, 2000.29. Brynolf IA. A histological and roentgenological study of the periapical region of

human upper incisors. Odontol Revy 1967;18:177.30. Burg MB, Ferraris JD, Dmitrieva NI. Cellular response to hyperosmotic stresses.

Physiol Rev 2007;87:1441-1474.31. Byström A, Claesson R, Sundqvist G. The antibacterial effect of camphorated

paramonochlorophenol, camphorated phenol and calcium hydroxide in the treatment of infected root canals. Endod Dent Traumatol 1985;1:170-175.

32. Calder PC, Ahluwalia N, Albers R, et al. A consideration of biomarkers to be used for evaluation of inflammation in human nutritional studies. Br J Nutr 2013;109 Suppl 1:S1-34.

33. Camps J, Pommel L, Aubut V, et al. Shelf life, dissolving action, and antibacterial activity of a neutralized 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;108:e66-73.

34. Ceri H, Olson ME, Stremick C, Read RR, Morck D, Buret A. The Calgary Biofilm Device: new technology for rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of bacterial biofilms. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:1771-1776.

35. Chávez de Paz LE. Redefining the persistent infection in root canals: possible role of biofilm communities. J Endod 2007;33:652-662.

36. Chávez de Paz LE, Bergenholtz G, Dahlén G, Svensäter G. Response to alkaline stress by root canal bacteria in biofilms. Int Endod J 2007;40:344-355.

37. Chávez De Paz LE, Dahlén G, Molander A, Möller A, Bergenholtz G. Bacteria recovered from teeth with apical periodontitis after antimicrobial endodontic treatment. Int Endod J 2003;36:500-508.

38. Chen X, Stewart PS. Biofilm removal caused by chemical treatments. Water Res 2000;34:4229-4233.

142 References

39. Chu SD, Hawes JW, Lorigan GA. Solid-state NMR spectroscopic studies on the interaction of sorbic acid with phospholipid membranes at different pH levels. Magn Reson Chem 2009;47:651-657.

40. Ciric L, Pratten J, Wilson M, Spratt D. Development of a novel multi-triplex qPCR method for the assessment of bacterial community structure in oral populations. Env Microbiol Rep 2010;2:770-774.

41. Clarkson RM, Moule AJ. Sodium hypochlorite and its use as an endodontic irrigant. Aust Dent J 1998;43:250-256.

42. Clarkson RM, Moule AJ, Podlich HM. The shelf-life of sodium hypochlorite irrigating solutions. Aust Dent J 2001;46:269-276.

43. Clarkson RM, Podlich HM, Moule AJ. Influence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the active chlorine content of sodium hypochlorite solutions when mixed in various proportions. J Endod 2011;37:538-543.

44. Clarkson RM, Podlich HM, Savage NW, Moule AJ. A survey of sodium hypochlorite use by general dental practitioners and endodontists in Australia. Aust Dent J 2003;48:20-26.

45. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg PE. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 1999;284:1318-1322.

46. Crane A. A practicable root canal technic. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1920.47. Csonka LN. Physiological and Genetic Responses of Bacteria to Osmotic-Stress.

Microbiol Rev 1989;53:121-147.48. Csonka LN, Hanson AD. Prokaryotic Osmoregulation - Genetics and Physiology.

Annu Rev Microbiol 1991;45:569-606.49. Dahlén G, Samuelsson W, Molander A, Reit C. Identification and antimicrobial

susceptibility of enterococci isolated from the root canal. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2000;15:309-312.

50. De Cleen MJ, Schuurs AH, Wesselink PR, Wu MK. Periapical status and prevalence of endodontic treatment in an adult Dutch population. Int Endod J 1993;26:112-119.

51. de Lucena JM, Decker EM, Walter C, Boeira LS, Löst C, Weiger R. Antimicrobial effectiveness of intracanal medicaments on Enterococcus faecalis: chlorhexidine versus octenidine. Int Endod J 2013;46:53-61.

52. De Moor RJ, De Witte AM. Periapical lesions accidentally filled with calcium hydroxide. Int Endod J 2002;35:946-958.

53. de Paula-Silva FW, Wu MK, Leonardo MR, da Silva LA, Wesselink PR. Accuracy of periapical radiography and cone-beam computed tomography scans in diagnosing apical periodontitis using histopathological findings as a gold standard. J Endod 2009;35:1009-1012.

54. Deborde M, von Gunten U. Reactions of chlorine with inorganic and organic compounds during water treatment-Kinetics and mechanisms: a critical review. Water Res 2008;42:13-51.

55. Deng DM, Hoogenkamp MA, Exterkate RAM, et al. Influence of Streptococcus mutans on Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Formation. J Endod 2009;35:1249-1252.

56. Distel JW, Hatton JF, Gillespie MJ. Biofilm formation in medicated root canals. J Endod 2002;28:689-693.

57. Drucker DB, Lilley JD, Tucker D, Gibbs AC. The endodontic microflora revisited. Microbios 1992;71:225-234.

143References

58. Duggan JM, Sedgley CM. Biofilm formation of oral and endodontic Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod 2007;33:815-818.

59. Dutner J, Mines P, Anderson A. Irrigation trends among American Association of Endodontists members: a web-based survey. J Endod 2012;38:37-40.

60. Dutta A, Smith-Jack F, Saunders WP. Prevalence of periradicular periodontitis in a Scottish subpopulation found on CBCT images. Int Endod J 2014;47:854-863.

61. Eklund T. The Anti-Microbial Effect of Dissociated and Undissociated Sorbic Acid at Different Ph Levels. J Appl Bacteriol 1983;54:383-389.

62. Engström B. On duration of the antibacterial efficiency of four antiseptics used in root canal treatment in situ. Swed Dent J 1985;51:1-6.

63. Evans M, Davies JK, Sundqvist G, Figdor D. Mechanisms involved in the resistance of Enterococcus faecalis to calcium hydroxide. Int Endod J 2002;35:221-228.

64. Ewald A, Ihde S. Salt impregnation of implant materials. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;107:790-795.

65. Exterkate RA, Crielaard W, Ten Cate JM. Different response to amine fluoride by Streptococcus mutans and polymicrobial biofilms in a novel high-throughput active attachment model. Caries Res 2010;44:372-379.

66. Facklam RR. Comparison of several laboratory media for presumptive identification of enterococci and group D streptococci. Appl Microbiol 1973;26:138-145.

67. Fan B, Cheung GS, Fan M, Gutmann JL, Fan W. C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: Part II--Radiographic features. J Endod 2004;30:904-908.

68. Ferreira FB, Torres SA, Rosa OP, et al. Antimicrobial effect of propolis and other substances against selected endodontic pathogens. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007;104:709-716.

69. Figdor D, Davies JK, Sundqvist G. Starvation survival, growth and recovery of Enterococcus faecalis in human serum. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2003;18:234-239.

70. Figdor D GK. Survival against the odds: microbiology of root canals associated with post-treatment disease. Endod Topics 2011;18:62-77.

71. Fisher K, Phillips C. The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus. Microbiol-Sgm 2009;155:1749-1757.

72. Flemming HC, Wingender J. The biofilm matrix. Nature reviews Microbiology 2010;8:623-633.

73. Frais S, Ng YL, Gulabivala K. Some factors affecting the concentration of available chlorine in commercial sources of sodium hypochlorite. Int Endod J 2001;34:206-215.

74. Galassi F, Kaman WE, Anssari Moin D, et al. Comparing culture, real-time PCR and fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with or without peri-implant infections. J Period Res 2012;47:616-625.

75. Gambarini G, De Luca M, Gerosa R. Chemical stability of heated sodium hypochlorite endodontic irrigants. J Endod 1998;24:432-434.

76. Gambarini G, Plotino G, Grande NM, et al. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxicity of FotoSan light-activated disinfection on human fibroblasts. Med Sci Mon 2011;17:MT21-25.

77. Geddie JL, Sutherland IW. Uptake of Metals by Bacterial Polysaccharides. J Appl Bacteriol 1993;74:467-472.

144 References

78. Geesey GG, Wigglesworth-Cooksey B, Cooksey KE. Influence of calcium and other cations on surface adhesion of bacteria and diatoms: a review. Biofouling 2000;15:195-205.

79. Gerhardt DE, Williams HN. Factors affecting the stability of sodium hypochlorite solutions used to disinfect dental impressions. Quintessence Int 1991;22:587-591.

80. Gernhardt CR, Eppendorf K, Kozlowski A, Brandt M. Toxicity of concentrated sodium hypochlorite used as an endodontic irrigant. Int Endod J 2004;37:272-280.

81. Gilardi GL. Evaluation of Media for Differentiating Nonfermenting Gram-Negative Bacteria of Medical Significance. Appl Microbiol 1969;18:355-&.

82. Gomes MS, Blattner TC, Sant’Ana Filho M, et al. Can Apical Periodontitis Modify Systemic Levels of Inflammatory Markers? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endod 2013;39:1205-12017.

83. Green TL, Walton RE, Taylor JK, Merrell P. Radiographic and histologic periapical findings of root canal treated teeth in cadaver. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997;83:707-711.

84. Gubler M, Brunner TJ, Zehnder M, Waltimo T, Sener B, Stark WJ. Do bioactive glasses convey a disinfecting mechanism beyond a mere increase in pH? Int Endod J 2008;41:670-678.

85. Gundappa M, Ng SY, Whaites EJ. Comparison of ultrasound, digital and conventional radiography in differentiating periapical lesions. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol 2006;35:326–333.

86. Gutierrez C, Abee T, Booth IR. Physiology of the osmotic stress response in microorganisms. Int J Food Microbiol 1995;28:233-244.

87. Haapasalo HK, Siren EK, Waltimo TM, Ørstavik D, Haapasalo MP. Inactivation of local root canal medicaments by dentine: an in vitro study. Int Endod J 2000;33:126-131.

88. Haapasalo M, Ørstavik D. Invitro Infection and Disinfection of Dentinal Tubules. J Dent Res 1987;66:1375-1379.

89. Haapasalo M, Qian W, Portenier I, Waltimo T. Effects of dentin on the antimicrobial properties of endodontic medicaments. J Endod 2007;33:917-925.

90. Hancock HH, 3rd, Sigurdsson A, Trope M, Moiseiwitsch J. Bacteria isolated after unsuccessful endodontic treatment in a North American population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;91:579-586.

91. Hand RE, Smith ML, Harrison JW. Analysis of the effect of dilution on the necrotic tissue dissolution property of sodium hypochlorite. J Endod 1978;4:60-64.

92. Hess W. The Anatomy of the Root Canals of the Teeth of the Permanent and Deciduous Dentitions. New York, USA: William Wood & Co., 1925.

93. Ho CH, Khoo A, Tan R, Teh J, Lim KC, Sae-Lim V. pH changes in root dentin after intracanal placement of improved calcium hydroxide containing gutta-percha points. J Endod 2003;29:4-8.

94. Hong BY, Lee TK, Lim SM, et al. Microbial analysis in primary and persistent endodontic infections by using pyrosequencing. J Endod 2013;39:1136-1140.

95. Hülsmann M, Hahn W. Complications during root canal irrigation--literature review and case reports. Int Endod J 2000;33:186-193.

96. Ishiyama M, Shiga M, Sasamoto K, Mizoguchi M, He PG. A New Sulfonated Tetrazolium Salt That Produces a Highly Water-Soluble Formazan Dye. Chem Pharm Bull 1993;41:1118-1122.

145References

97. Jiang LM, Hoogenkamp MA, van der Sluis LWM, Wesselink PR, Crielaard W, Deng DM. Resazurin Metabolism Assay for Root Canal Disinfectant Evaluation on Dual-species Biofilms. J Endod 2011;37:31-35.

98. Johnson BR, Remeikis NA. Effective shelf-life of prepared sodium hypochlorite solution. J Endod 1993;19:40-43.

99. Jungbluth H, Marending M, De-Deus G, Sener B, Zehnder M. Stabilizing sodium hypochlorite at high pH: effects on soft tissue and dentin. J Endod 2011;37:693-696.

100. Jungbluth H, Peters C, Peters O, Sener B, Zehnder M. Physicochemical and pulp tissue dissolution properties of some household bleach brands compared with a dental sodium hypochlorite solution. J Endod 2012;38:372-375.

101. Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ. The Effects of Surgical Exposures of Dental Pulps in Germ-Free and Conventional Laboratory Rats. Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology 1965;20:340-349.

102. Kaptan RF, Haznedaroglu F, Kayahan MB, Basturk FB. An investigation of current endodontic practice in Turkey. Sci World J 2012;2012:565413.

103. Kara D, Luppens SBI, van Marle J, Özok R, ten Cate JM. Microstructural differences between single-species and dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella parvula, before and after exposure to chlorhexidine. Fems Microbiol Lett 2007;271:90-97.

104. Kerbl FM, DeVilliers P, Litaker M, Eleazer PD. Physical effects of sodium hypochlorite on bone: an ex vivo study. J Endod 2012;38:357-359.

105. Kim SK, Kim YO. Influence of calcium hydroxide intracanal medication on apical seal. Int Endod J 2002;35:623-628.

106. Kirkevang LL, Væth M, Wenzel A. Ten-year follow-up of root filled teeth: a radiographic study of a Danish population. Int Endod J 2014;47:980-988.

107. Kirkevang LL, Vaeth M, Wenzel A. Ten-year follow-up observations of periapical and endodontic status in a Danish population. Int Endod J 2012;45:829-839.

108. Koch M, Eriksson HG, Axelsson S, Tegelberg A. Effect of educational intervention on adoption of new endodontic technology by general dental practitioners: a questionnaire survey. Int Endod J 2009;42:313-321.

109. Kohanski MA, DePristo MA, Collins JJ. Sublethal antibiotic treatment leads to multidrug resistance via radical-induced mutagenesis. Molecular Cell 2010;37:311-320.

110. Kontogiannis TG, Tosios KI, Kerezoudis NP, Krithinakis S, Christopoulos P, Sklavounou A. Periapical lesions are not always a sequelae of pulpal necrosis: a retrospective study of 1521 biopsies. Int Endod J 2015;48:68-73.

111. Körstgens V, Flemming HC, Wingender J, Borchard W. Influence of calcium ions on the mechanical properties of a model biofilm of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Water Sci Technol 2001;43:49-57.

112. Krithikadatta J, Indira R, Dorothykalyani AL. Disinfection of dentinal tubules with 2% chlorhexidine, 2% metronidazole, bioactive glass when compared with calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicaments. J Endod 2007;33:1473-1476.

113. Kruse C, Spin-Neto R, Wenzel A, Kirkevang LL. Cone beam computed tomography and periapical lesions: a systematic review analysing studies on diagnostic efficacy by a hierarchical model. Int Endod J 2014.

146 References

114. Kvist T, Molander A, Dahlén G, Reit C. Microbiological evaluation of one- and two-visit endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: a randomized, clinical trial. J Endod 2004;30:572-576.

115. Lambrianidis T, Kosti E, Boutsioukis C, Mazinis M. Removal efficacy of various calcium hydroxide/chlorhexidine medicaments from the root canal. Int Endod J 2006;39:55-61.

116. Landys Borén D, Jonasson P, Kvist T. Long-term Survival of Endodontically Treated Teeth at a Public Dental Specialist Clinic. J Endod 2015;41:176-181.

117. Lee M, Winkler J, Hartwell G, Stewart J, Caine R. Current Trends in Endodontic Practice: Emergency Treatments and Technological Armamentarium. J Endod 2009;35:35-39.

118. Lee S, Elimelech M. Salt cleaning of organic-fouled reverse osmosis membranes. Water Res 2007;41:1134-1142.

119. Lee WS. Improved Procedure for Identification of Group D Enterococci with 2 New Media. Appl Microbiol 1972;24:1-&.

120. Leistner L. Basic aspects of food preservation by hurdle technology. Int J Food Microbiol 2000;55:181-186.

121. Li L, Hsiao WWL, Nandakumar R, et al. Analyzing endodontic infections by deep coverage pyrosequencing. J Dent Res 2010;89:980-984.

122. Liang YH, Li G, Shemesh H, Wesselink PR, Wu MK. The association between complete absence of post-treatment periapical lesion and quality of root canal filling. Clin Oral Invest 2012;16:1619-1626.

123. Lima RK, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Faria-Júnior NB, Tanomaru-Filho M. Effectiveness of calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. Int Endod J 2012;45:311-316.

124. Lin LM, Skribner JE, Gaengler P. Factors Associated with Endodontic Treatment Failures. J Endod 1992;18:625-627.

125. Lucarotti ME, Silver IA, White H, Leaper DJ, Deas J. Antiseptic Toxicity to Breast-Carcinoma in Tissue-Culture - an Adjuvant to Conservation Therapy. Ann Roy Coll Surg 1990;72:388-392.

126. Lück E. Food Applications of Sorbic Acid and Its Salts. Food Addit Contam 1990;7:711-715.

127. Macedo RG, Wesselink PR, Zaccheo F, Fanali D, Van Der Sluis LW. Reaction rate of NaOCl in contact with bovine dentine: effect of activation, exposure time, concentration and pH. Int Endod J 2010;43:1108-1115.

128. Marending M, Luder HU, Brunner TJ, Knecht S, Stark WJ, Zehnder M. Effect of sodium hypochlorite on human root dentine--mechanical, chemical and structural evaluation. Int Endod J 2007;40:786-793.

129. Marsh PD. Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease. Advances in dental research 1994;8:263-271.

130. Marsh PD. Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes? Microbiology 2003;149:279-294.

131. McGurkin-Smith R, Trope M, Caplan D, Sigurdsson A. Reduction of intracanal bacteria using GT rotary instrumentation, 5.25% NaOCl, EDTA, and Ca(OH)2. J Endod 2005;31:359-363.

147References

132. Menezes MM, Valera MC, Jorge AO, Koga-Ito CY, Camargo CH, Mancini MN. In vitro evaluation of the effectiveness of irrigants and intracanal medicaments on microorganisms within root canals. Int Endod J 2004;37:311-319.

133. Messer HH, Chen RS. The duration of effectiveness of root canal medicaments. J Endod 1984;10:240-245.

134. Milillo SR, Martin E, Muthaiyan A, Ricke SC. Immediate Reduction of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Viability via Membrane Destabilization following Exposure to Multiple-Hurdle Treatments with Heated, Acidified Organic Acid Salt Solutions. Appl Environ Microb 2011;77:3765-3772.

135. Mohammadi Z, Dummer PM. Properties and applications of calcium hydroxide in endodontics and dental traumatology. Int Endod J 2011;44:697-730.

136. Molander A, Reit C, Dahlén G, Kvist T. Microbiological status of root-filled teeth with apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 1998;31:1-7.

137. Möller AJ, Fabricius L, Dahlén G, Ohman AE, Heyden G. Influence on periapical tissues of indigenous oral bacteria and necrotic pulp tissue in monkeys. Scand J Dent Res 1981;89:475-484.

138. Moorer WR, Wesselink PR. Factors promoting the tissue dissolving capability of sodium hypochlorite. Int Endod J 1982;15:187-196.

139. Myers DR, Pashley DH, Lake FT, Burnham D, Kalathoor S, Waters R. Systemic absorption of 14C-glutaraldehyde from glutaraldehyde-treated pulpotomy sites. Pediat Dent 1986;8:134-138.

140. Nadkarni MA, Martin FE, Jacques NA, Hunter N. Determination of bacterial load by real-time PCR using a broad-range (universal) probe and primers set. Microbiol-Sgm 2002;148:257-266.

141. Nair PN, Henry S, Cano V, Vera J. Microbial status of apical root canal system of human mandibular first molars with primary apical periodontitis after “one-visit” endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005;99:231-252.

142. Nair PNR. Light and Electron-Microscopic Studies of Root-Canal Flora and Periapical Lesions. J Endod 1987;13:29-39.

143. Nakajo K, Komori R, Ishikawa S, et al. Resistance to acidic and alkaline environments in the endodontic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2006;21:283-288.

144. Netuschil L, Auschill TM, Sculean A, Arweiler NB. Confusion over live/dead stainings for the detection of vital microorganisms in oral biofilms--which stain is suitable? Bmc Oral Health 2014;14:1-12.

145. Neut D, Hendriks JGE, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and slime excretion on antibiotic-loaded bone cement. Acta Orthop 2005;76:109-114.

146. Ng YL, Mann V, Gulabivala K. Tooth survival following non-surgical root canal treatment: a systematic review of the literature. Int Endod J 2010;43:171-189.

147. Ng YL, Mann V, Gulabivala K. A prospective study of the factors affecting outcomes of non-surgical root canal treatment: part 2: tooth survival. Int Endod J 2011;44:610-625.

148. Nickel JC, Ruseska I, Wright JB, Costerton JW. Tobramycin Resistance of Pseudomonas-Aeruginosa Cells Growing as a Biofilm on Urinary Catheter Material. Antimicrob Agents Ch 1985;27:619-624.

148 References

149. Nicoletti MA, Siqueira EL, Bombana AC, Oliveira GG. Shelf-life of a 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution as determined by Arrhenius equation. Braz Dent J 2009;20:27-31.

150. Noda M, Komatsu H, Inoue S, Sano H. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria detected from the root canal exudate of persistent apical periodontitis. J Endod 2000;26:221-224.

151. Ørstavik D, Kerekes K, Molven O. Effects of extensive apical reaming and calcium hydroxide dressing on bacterial infection during treatment of apical periodontitis: a pilot study. Int Endod J 1991;24:1-7.

152. Özok AR, Persoon IF, Huse SM, et al. Ecology of the microbiome of the infected root canal system: a comparison between apical and coronal root segments. Int Endod J 2012;45:530-541.

153. Özok AR, Wu MK, Luppens SBI, Wesselink PR. Comparison of growth and susceptibility to sodium hypochlorite of mono- and dual-species biofilms of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus (micromonas) micros. J Endod 2007;33:819-822.

154. Pak JG, Fayazi S, White SN. Prevalence of periapical radiolucency and root canal treatment: a systematic review of cross-sectional studies. J Endod 2012;38:1170-1176.

155. Palmer NO, Ahmed M, Grieveson B. An investigation of current endodontic practice and training needs in primary care in the north west of England. British dental J 2009;206:E22; discussion 584-585.

156. Paqué F, Peters OA. Micro-computed Tomography Evaluation of the Preparation of Long Oval Root Canals in Mandibular Molars with the Self-adjusting File. J Endod 2011;37:517-521.

157. Patel S, Durack C, Abella F, et al. European Society of Endodontology position statement: The use of CBCT in Endodontics. . Int Endod J 2014;47:502-504.

158. Patrauchan MA, Sarkisova S, Sauer K, Franklin MJ. Calcium influences cellular and extracellular product formation during biofilm-associated growth of a marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. Microbiology 2005;151:2885-2897.

159. Peciuliene V, Rimkuviene J, Maneliene R, Ivanauskaite D. Apical periodontitis in root filled teeth associated with the quality of root fillings. Stomatol 2006;8:122-126.

160. Peters LB, Lindeboom JA, Elst ME, Wesselink PR. Prevalence of apical periodontitis relative to endodontic treatment in an adult Dutch population: a repeated cross-sectional study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011;111:523-528.

161. Peters LB, van Winkelhoff AJ, Buijs JF, Wesselink PR. Effects of instrumentation, irrigation and dressing with calcium hydroxide on infection in pulpless teeth with periapical bone lesions. Int Endod J 2002;35:13-21.

162. Peters LB, Wesselink PR. Periapical healing of endodontically treated teeth in one and two visits obturated in the presence or absence of detectable microorganisms. Int Endod J 2002;35:660-667.

163. Peters OA, Boessler C, Paqué F. Root Canal Preparation with a Novel Nickel-Titanium Instrument Evaluated with Micro-computed Tomography: Canal Surface Preparation over Time. J Endod 2010;36:1068-1072.

164. Pichereau V, Bourot S, Flahaut S, Blanco C, Auffray Y, Bernard T. The osmoprotectant glycine betaine inhibits salt-induced cross-tolerance towards lethal treatment in Enterococcus faecalis. Microbiol-Uk 1999;145:427-435.

149References

165. Pişkin B, Türkün M. Stability of Various Sodium-Hypochlorite Solutions. J Endod 1995;21:253-255.

166. Portenier I, Haapasalo H, Rye A, Waltimo T, Ørstavik D, Haapasalo M. Inactivation of root canal medicaments by dentine, hydroxylapatite and bovine serum albumin. Int Endod J 2001;34:184-188.

167. Portenier I, Waltimo T, Ørstavik D, Haapasalo M. The susceptibility of starved, stationary phase, and growing cells of Enterococcus faecalis to endodontic medicaments. J Endod 2005;31:380-386.

168. Prado M, Santos Júnior HM, Rezende CM, et al. Interactions between irrigants commonly used in endodontic practice: a chemical analysis. J Endod 2013;39:505-510.

169. Radcliffe CE, Potouridou L, Qureshi R, et al. Antimicrobial activity of varying concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on the endodontic microorganisms Actinomyces israelii, A. naeslundii, Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Int Endod J 2004;37:438-446.

170. Rajendran N, Sundaresan B. Efficacy of ultrasound and color power Doppler as a monitoring tool in the healing of endodontic periapical lesions. J Endod 2007;33:181–186.

171. Ramsey M, Hartke A, Huycke M. The Physiology and Metabolism of Enterococci. In: Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, Shankar N, (eds). Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection. Boston, 2014.

172. Ranta K, Haapasalo M, Ranta H. Monoinfection of Root-Canal with Pseudomonas-Aeruginosa. Endodontics & dental traumatology 1988;4:269-272.

173. Razavi A, Gmur R, Imfeld T, Zehnder M. Recovery of Enterococcus faecalis from cheese in the oral cavity of healthy subjects. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2007;22:248-251.

174. Record MT, Courtenay ES, Cayley DS, Guttman HJ. Responses of E-coli to osmotic stress: Large changes in amounts of cytoplasmic solutes and water. Trends Biochem Sci 1998;23:143-148.

175. Reit C, Dahlén G. Decision making analysis of endodontic treatment strategies in teeth with apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 1988;21:291-299.

176. Reit C, Molander A, Dahlén G. The diagnostic accuracy of microbiologic root canal sampling and the influence of antimicrobial dressings. Endodontics & dental traumatology 1999;15:278-283.

177. Remington J. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 21 ed. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.

178. Ricucci D, Siqueira JF, Jr., Bate AL, Pitt Ford TR. Histologic investigation of root canal-treated teeth with apical periodontitis: a retrospective study from twenty-four patients. J Endod 2009;35:493-502.

179. Ricucci D, Siqueira Jr. JF. Biofilms and Apical Periodontitis: Study of Prevalence and Association with Clinical and Histopathologic Findings. J Endod 2010;36:1277-1288.

180. Rossi-Fedele G, Guastalli AR, Dogramaci EJ, Steier L, De Figueiredo JA. Influence of pH changes on chlorine-containing endodontic irrigating solutions. Int Endod J 2011;44:792-799.

181. Russell NJ, Evans RI, terSteeg PF, Hellemons J, Verheul A, Abee T. Membranes as a target for stress adaptation. Int J Food Microbiol 1995;28:255-261.

150 References

182. Rutala WA, Cole EC, Thomann CA, Weber DJ. Stability and bactericidal activity of chlorine solutions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;19:323-327.

183. Safari A, Habimana O, Allen A, Casey E. The significance of calcium ions on Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms - a structural and mechanical study. Biofouling 2014;30:859-869.

184. Sarkisova S, Patrauchan MA, Berglund D, Nivens DE, Franklin MJ. Calcium-induced virulence factors associated with the extracellular matrix of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. J Bacteriol 2005;187:4327-4337.

185. Sarkisova SA, Lotlikar SR, Guragain M, et al. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa EF-hand protein, EfhP (PA4107), modulates stress responses and virulence at high calcium concentration. PloS one 2014;9:e98985.

186. Sathorn C, Parashos P, Messer HH. How useful is root canal culturing in predicting treatment outcome? J Endod 2007;33:220-225.

187. Savani GM, Sabbah W, Sedgley CM, Whitten B. Current trends in endodontic treatment by general dental practitioners: report of a United States national survey. J Endod 2014;40:618-624.

188. Schäfer E, Al Behaissi A. pH changes in root dentin after root canal dressing with gutta-percha points containing calcium hydroxide. J Endod 2000;26:665-667.

189. Scheres N, Laine ML, de Vries TJ, Everts V, van Winkelhoff AJ. Gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts differ in their inflammatory response to viable Porphyromonas gingivalis. J of periodontal research 2010;45:262-270.

190. Schröder U. Effects of calcium hydroxide-containing pulp-capping agents on pulp cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. J Dent Res 1985;64 Spec No:541-548.

191. Scully FE, Hartman AC, Rule A, Leblanc N. Disinfection interference in wastewaters by natural organic nitrogen compounds. Environ Sci Technol 1996;30:1465-1471.

192. Sedgley C, Buck G, Appelbe O. Prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis at multiple oral sites in endodontic patients using culture and PCR. J Endod 2006;32:104-109.

193. Sedgley C, Nagel A, Dahlén G, Reit C, Molander A. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and culture analyses of Enterococcus faecalis in root canals. J Endod 2006;32:173-177.

194. Sedgley CM, Lennan SL, Clewell DB. Prevalence, phenotype and genotype of oral enterococci. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:95-101.

195. Sedgley CM, Nagel AC, Shelburne CE, Clewell DB, Appelbe O, Molander A. Quantitative real-time PCR detection of oral Enterococcus faecalis in humans. Archives Oral Biol 2005;50:575-583.

196. Seltzer S. Long-term radiographic and histological observations of endodontically treated teeth. J Endod 1999;25:818-822.

197. Seltzer S, Bender IB, Smith J, Freedman I, Nazimov H. Endodontic failures--an analysis based on clinical, roentgenographic, and histologic findings. II. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1967;23:517-530.

198. Sharma S, Hackett R, Webb R, Macpherson D, Wilson A. Severe tissue necrosis following intra-arterial injection of endodontic calcium hydroxide: a case series. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008;105:666-669.

199. Shuping GB, Ørstavik D, Sigurdsson A, Trope M. Reduction of intracanal bacteria using nickel-titanium rotary instrumentation and various medications. J Endod 2000;26:751-755.

151References

200. Simbula G, Dettori C, Camboni T, Cotti E. Comparison of tetraacetylethylendiamine + sodium perborate and sodium hypochlorite cytotoxicity on L929 fibroblasts. J Endod 2010;36:1516-1520.

201. Simões LC, Simões M, Vieira MJ. Influence of the diversity of bacterial isolates from drinking water on resistance of biofilms to disinfection. Applied Environ Microbiol 2010;76:6673-6679.

202. Siqueira Jr JF, Rôças IN, Favieri A, Lima KC. Chemomechanical reduction of the bacterial population in the root canal after instrumentation and irrigation with 1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. J Endod 2000;26:331-334.

203. Siqueira Jr. JF, Lopes HP. Mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide: a critical review. Int Endod J 1999;32:361-369.

204. Siqueira Jr. JF, Rôças IN. Polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of microorganisms associated with failed endodontic treatment (vol 97, pg 85, 2004). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;97:293-293.

205. Sirén EK, Haapasalo MPP, Ranta K, Salmi P, Kerosuo ENJ. Microbiological findings and clinical treatment procedures in endodontic cases selected for microbiological investigation. Int Endod J 1997;30:91-95.

206. Sjögren U, Figdor D, Persson S, Sundqvist G. Influence of infection at the time of root filling on the outcome of endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 1997;30:297-306.

207. Sjögren U, Figdor D, Spångberg L, Sundqvist G. The Antimicrobial Effect of Calcium Hydroxide as a Short-Term Intracanal Dressing. Int Endod J 1991;24:119-125.

208. Slaus G, Bottenberg P. A survey of endodontic practice amongst Flemish dentists. Int Endod J 2002;35:759-767.

209. Stewart PS, Murga R, Srinivasan R, Debeer D. Biofilm Structural Heterogeneity Visualized by 3 Microscopic Methods. Water Res 1995;29:2006-2009.

210. Stewart PS, Rayner J, Roe F, Rees WM. Biofilm penetration and disinfection efficacy of alkaline hypochlorite and chlorosulfamates. J Appl Microbiol 2001;91:525-532.

211. Stojičić S, Shen Y, Haapasalo M. Effect of the source of biofilm bacteria, level of biofilm maturation, and type of disinfecting agent on the susceptibility of biofilm bacteria to antibacterial agents. J Endod 2013;39:473-477.

212. Stuart CH, Schwartz SA, Beeson TJ, Owatz CB. Enterococcus faecalis: Its Role in Root Canal Treatment Failure and Current Concepts in Retreatment. J Endod 2006;32:93-98.

213. Stuart KG, Miller CH, Brown CE, Newton CW. The Comparative Antimicrobial Effect of Calcium Hydroxide. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1991;72:101-104.

214. Sundqvist G, Figdor D, Persson S, Sjögren U. Microbiologic analysis of teeth with failed endodontic treatment and the outcome of conservative re-treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;85:86-93.

215. Syed SA, Loesche WJ. Survival of human dental plaque flora in various transport media. Appl Microbiol 1972;24:638-644.

216. Tavares PB, Bonte E, Boukpessi T, Siqueira Jr. JF, Lasfargues JJ. Prevalence of apical periodontitis in root canal-treated teeth from an urban French population: influence of the quality of root canal fillings and coronal restorations. J Endod 2009;35:810-813.

152 References

217. Ter Beek A, Keijser BJF, Boorsma A, et al. Transcriptome analysis of sorbic acid-stressed Bacillus subtilis reveals a nutrient limitation response and indicates plasma membrane remodeling. J Bacteriol 2008;190:1751-1761.

218. Theron MM, Rykers JF. Organic Acids and Food Preservation: Lues CRC Press, 2010.219. Thomas LV, Wimpenny JWT, Davis JG. Effect of 3 Preservatives on the Growth of

Bacillus-Cereus, Vero Cytotoxigenic Escherichia-Coli and Staphylococcus-Aureus, on Plates with Gradients of Ph and Sodium-Chloride Concentration. Int J Food Microbiol 1993;17:289-301.

220. Thompson H BV, Dewhirst F, Wade W. An in-vitro model system for the cultivation of previously uncultured human oral bacteria. International Human Microbiome Congress Paris, France, 2012.

221. Toté K, Horemans T, Vanden Berghe D, Maes L, Cos P. Inhibitory Effect of Biocides on the Viable Masses and Matrices of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Appl Environ Microb 2010;76:3135-3142.

222. van der Waal SV, de Soet JJ, Wesselink PR, Crielaard W. Susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms after a calcium hydroxide treatment submitted.

223. van der Waal SV, Connert T, Laheij AMGA, de Soet JJ, Wesselink PR. Free available chlorine concentration in sodium hypochlorite solutions obtained from dental practices and intended for endodontic irrigation: are the expectations true? Quintessence Int 2014;45:467-474.

224. van der Waal SV, Crielaard W. Comment on: methods of diagnosis and treatment in endodontics by SBU. Int Endod J 2014;47:905-906.

225. van der Waal SV, Jiang LM, de Soet JJ, van der Sluis LW, Wesselink PR, Crielaard W. Sodium chloride and potassium sorbate: a synergistic combination against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms: an in vitro study. Eur J Oral Sci 2012;120:452-457.

226. van der Waal SV, Lappin DF, Crielaard W. Does apical periodontitis have systemic consequences? The need for well-planned and carefully conducted clinical studies. Br Dent J 2015; accepted.

227. van der Waal SV, Scheres N, de Soet JJ, Wesselink PR, Crielaard W. Cytotoxicity, interaction with dentine and efficacy on multi-species biofilms of a modified salt solution intended for endodontic disinfection in a new in vitro biofilm model. Int Endod J 2015;48:153-161.

228. van der Waal SV, van der Sluis LWM, Özok AR, et al. The effects of hyperosmosis or high pH on a dual-species biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an in vitro study. Int Endod J 2011;44:1110-1117.

229. van der Waal SV, van Dusseldorp NE, de Soet JJ. An evaluation of the accuracy of labeling of percent sodium hypochlorite on various commercial and professional sources: is sodium hypochlorite from these sources equally suitable for endodontic irrigation? J Endod 2014;40:2049-2052.

230. Vanhaecke E, Remon JP, Moors M, Raes F, Derudder D, Vanpeteghem A. Kinetics of Pseudomonas-Aeruginosa Adhesion to 304 and 316-L Stainless-Steel - Role of Cell-Surface Hydrophobicity. Appl Environ Microb 1990;56:788-795.

231. Vengerfeldt V, Spilka K, Saag M, et al. Highly Diverse Microbiota in Dental Root Canals in Cases of Apical Periodontitis (Data of Illumina Sequencing). J Endod 2014;40:1178-1183.

232. Vera J, Siqueira Jr. JF, Ricucci D, et al. One- versus two-visit endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: a histobacteriologic study. J Endod 2012;38:1040-1052.

153References

233. Vertucci FJ. Root-Canal Anatomy of the Human Permanent Teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1984;58:589-599.

234. Vidana R, Sillerström E, Ahlquist M, Lund B. Potential for nosocomial transmission of Enterococcus faecalis from surfaces in dental operatories. Int Endod J 2014.

235. Vogel A. A textbook of quantitative inorganic analysis. London, UK: Longmans, 1962.

236. Wade W. Unculturable bacteria--the uncharacterized organisms that cause oral infections. J Royal Soc Med 2002;95:81-83.

237. Waltimo T, Trope M, Haapasalo M, Ørstavik D. Clinical efficacy of treatment procedures in endodontic infection control and one year follow-up of periapical healing. J Endod 2005;31:863-866.

238. Wang ZJ, Shen Y, Haapasalo M. Effect of Smear Layer against Disinfection Protocols on Enterococcus faecalis-infected Dentin. J Endod 2013;39:1395-1400.

239. Weiger R, de Lucena J, Decker HE, Löst C. Vitality status of microorganisms in infected human root dentine. Int Endod J 2002;35:166-171.

240. Wijnker JJ, Koop G, Lipman LJA. Antimicrobial properties of salt (NaCl) used for the preservation of natural casings. Food Microbiol 2006;23:657-662.

241. Wilson CE, Cathro PC, Rogers AH, Briggs N, Zilm PS. Clonal diversity in biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis in response to environmental stress associated with endodontic irrigants and medicaments. Int Endod J 2015;48:210-219.

242. Wilson M, Patel H, Fletcher J. Susceptibility of biofilms of Streptococcus sanguis to chlorhexidine gluconate and cetylpyridinium chloride. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1996;11:188-192.

243. Winter J, Ilbert M, Graf PC, Özcelik D, Jakob U. Bleach activates a redox-regulated chaperone by oxidative protein unfolding. Cell 2008;135:691-701.

244. Witton R, Brennan PA. Severe tissue damage and neurological deficit following extravasation of sodium hypochlorite solution during routine endodontic treatment. British dental J 2005;198:749-750.

245. Wong DT, Cheung GS. Extension of bactericidal effect of sodium hypochlorite into dentinal tubules. J Endod 2014;40:625-629.

246. Wu MK, Dummer PM, Wesselink PR. Consequences of and strategies to deal with residual post-treatment root canal infection. Int Endod J 2006;39:343-356.

247. Wu MK, R’oris A, Barkis D, Wesselink PR. Prevalence and extent of long oval canals in the apical third. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;89:739-743.

248. Wu MK, Shemesh H, Wesselink PR. Limitations of previously published systematic reviews evaluating the outcome of endodontic treatment. Int Endod J 2009;42:656-666.

249. Yoo M, Han SJ, Wee JH. Carbon dioxide capture capacity of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. J Environ Manage 2013;114:512-519.

250. Yoon SS, Hennigan RF, Hilliard GM, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa anaerobic respiration in biofilms: Relationships to cystic fibrosis pathogenesis. Dev Cell 2002;3:593-603.

251. Zamany A, Spångberg LS. An effective method of inactivating chlorhexidine. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002;93:617-620.

252. Zaura-Arite E, van Marle J, ten Cate JM. Conofocal microscopy study of undisturbed and chlorhexidine-treated dental biofilm. J Dent Res 2001;80:1436-1440.

154 References

253. Zehnder M. Root canal irrigants. J Endod 2006;32:389-398.254. Zehnder M, Guggenheim B. The mysterious appearance of enterococci in filled root

canals. Int Endod J 2009;42:277-287.255. Zhang K, Kim YK, Cadenaro M, et al. Effects of different exposure times and

concentrations of sodium hypochlorite/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the structural integrity of mineralized dentin. J Endod 2010;36:105-109.