UV Irradiation of Interstellar Medium : Production of Organic Materials
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UV Irradiation of Interstellar Medium : Production of Organic Materials
Evidence of Life in Meteorites: Origin of Life on Earth?
8th Dec 2006
Yuki Shiraji
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/98/3/815
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Current Common Theory: Chemical Evolution
Creation of Amino Acids from Inorganic Material
Miller-Urey Experiment:Electric Discharge
Methods Using Alternative Energy Sources:-Heat-Gamma rays -Infrared rays-Ultraviolet rays http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/BrauImNew/Chap28/FG28_02.jpg
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Scott A. Standford et al.: Creation of Organic Materials
under Their Emulated Interstellar Environment.
+Similar Organic Materials Have
Been Discovered in Meteorites.↓
Hypothesis: “Organic Materials Created in the Space Were Brought to the
Earth via Meteorites Which Was the Point of Origin of Life on Earth.”
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UV Irradiation of Simulated Interstellar Medium Resulted in…
1)Creation of Alcohols, Quinones, and Ethers.
2) Creation of Membrane-like Droplets.
Experiments Done by Scott A. Standford et al:
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Experiment #1:
PAH + H20 + UV Irradiation Results in the Production of Alcohols, Quinones, and Ethers
PAH = Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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Experiment#1: Materials and Methods
Methodology
1) H2O + PAHs compressed into Ice particle,
(H2O/PAH=800-3200)
2) Temperature = 10K
3) UV Irradiation at 2x10^15 Photons / sec (cm)
4) Irradiation Treatment for 200mins
5) Examine the Resulting RESIDUE
http://www.citycollegiate.com/benzene_orbital9.gif
Benzene
Materials
EX: Benzo[ghi]perylene
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Experiment #1: Methodologies Cont.Experiment #1: Methodologies Cont.
Result of UV radiation to PAH + H20Result of UV radiation to PAH + H20
http://www.astrochem.org/PDF/Bernsteinetal1999.pdf
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Experiment #1: Examining the Residue
Method #1: Infrared spectroscopy
Significance of Results:
Starting Material: PAHs Stable, Refractory, Unreactive
Resulting Product: Functional groups Gain of Reactive Nature; the Ability of the Molecule to React with Other Nucleophiles
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl
http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol
Result: Discovery of Addition of Functional Groups to the PAH1. >C=O (Carbonyl) 2. –O-H (Hydroxy)
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Experiment# 1: Examining the RESIDUE
http://www.astrochem.org/PDF/Bernsteinetal1999.pdf
Method #2: Mass Spectroscopy
Method: Compare Mass Spec. Results ofUV Radiated Benzo[ghi]pyrene And Control.
Results:- Residue from UV Radiated Sample Contain Additional Oxygen and Hydrogen Atoms
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Experiment #1: Analysis of ResultsSpecies Found in the Residue Belong to a Class of Molecules that Are Necessary Organic Compounds for Primordial Life:
Ex) Ketone +
Quinones: Made from Ketone Precursors. Quinones Are Crucial for Electron Transport in Simple Organisms
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinone
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Experiment #1: Analysis of Results
Mass Spec. of Corene (another type of PAH) shows Increased Deuterium Enrichment:
This Enrichment Profile Is Consistent with that of Organic Globules Found in Meteorites
Ex). Organic Globules Found in Tagish Meteorites: 2.5--9 Times Increase in D-enriched
http://www.astrochem.org/PDF/Bernsteinetal1999.pdf
Method #2: Mass Spectroscopy
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Experiment #2:
Gas-Mixture (H2O, CH3OH, NH3, CO) + UV Irradiation Results in the Production of Membrane-like Organic Droplets
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/98/3/815
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Experiment#2: Materials and Methods
1) Gas-mixture: H2O, CH3OH, NH3, CO (ratio of 100:50:1:1) was compressed into ice particle
2) Temperature = 15K
3) UV irradiation at 10^15 photons/sec
4) Isolate membrane-like materials use HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography)
5) Examine the RESIDUE (droplets)
Methodology
Materials Emulated Interstellar Gas-Mixture: H2O, CH3OH, NH3, CO
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Experiment #2: Observations, Data Results and Anaylsis
Observations-Starting Gas-Mixture (H2O, CH3OH, NH3, CO) Was Mostly Polar = Water Soluble. -But Droplets Water Insoluble
This INDICATES That, the Subunit Components Making Up the Lipids Found Are Amphiphilic
-Have Both Polar and Non-Polar Characteristic-Have Both Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic.
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/memb/bilayer.jpg
Conclusion: UV Irradiation Caused the Formation of Amphiphilic Molecules
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Experiment #2: Analysis of Droplet Structures
Method: Fluorescent Experiment
Hollow Structure Inside of droplets?? YES!
Explanation for This Finding:
Nakamura : “Formation of Lipid Wall Prevents Further UV to Reach Inside.”
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/98/3/815
Depth of Lipid Wall in Tagish Lake Meteorites =
Depth of UV penetration
(about 100-200 nm)
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*Conclusion*
1) UV Irradiation on emulated Interstellar PAHs Creates Complex Organic Compounds Crucial for Primordial Life on Earth (Such As Alcohols, Quinones, Ethers, etc),
2) UV Irradiation on Emulated Interstellar Gas-Mixture (H2O, CH3OH, NH3, CO) Creates Membrane-like Vesicle Droplets Which Highly Resemble Membranes Found in All Cells Today.
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So, Now It Is Proven That Organic Materials Found on Earth Can Be Created in an Artificial Interstellar Medium
↓
Justifies the Hypothesis: “Life on Earth Originated in Space , Reaching to Earth via Meteorites”
+Also in Reality, Organic Materials Are Discovered in Meteorites,
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Further ConsiderationsFurther Considerations
Organic Droplets Could Potentially Be the Precursors to the Very First Cells that Existed.
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E N D.
Thank you!
Works Cited1. Max P. Bernstein, Scott A. Sandford, Louis J. Allamandola, J. Seb Gillette,
Simon J. Clemett, Richard N. Zare, in Science 283, 5405, (1999), p. 1135-11362. Jason P. Dworkin, David W. Deamer, Scott A. Sandford, and Louis J.
Allamandola, in PNAS 98, 3, (2001), p. 815-8193. Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, Scott Messenger, Lindsay P. Keller, Simon J.
Clemett, Michael E. Zolensky, in Science 314, 5804, (2006), p. 1439-1442