Utility Interconnection and System Protection...Transformer Inrush and Reactance • Upon initial...
Transcript of Utility Interconnection and System Protection...Transformer Inrush and Reactance • Upon initial...
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Utility Interconnection andSystem Protection
Alex SteselboimPresident,
Advanced Power Technologies, Inc.
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Utility paralleling vs. isolatedoperation.
• Isochronous kW load sharing• Reactive power (VAR) sharing
– Voltage droop– Cross current compensation
• Active synchronizing– fast and slow synchronizing
• Voltage matching
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Utility paralleling - modes ofoperation
• Base Load mode of operation• Import/Export mode of operation• Soft loading operation
– dual dynamic loading control• Bumpless load transfer operation• Automatic stand-by with closed transition
return operation• 100 mS closed transition transfer
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Interconnection protection
• Loss of utility before connection– utility undervoltage (3 phase, device 27 and 47)– start inhibit– synch inhibit– circuit breaker closing inhibit– utility disconnect device operation is required
before putting generator on-line
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Interconnection protection
• Loss of utility while interconnected– utility reclosing– 200 mS requirement– hot bus reclosing inhibit– high speed frequency protection (device
81O/U)– utility disconnect device operation - human
error
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
More terminology
• Circuit Breakers vs. Switches• Interrupting Rating• Available Fault Current• Wye vs. Delta Systems• Transformer Inrush and Reactance• Voltage Class 5kV, 15kV, and Higher• Grounding
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Circuit Breakers vs. Switches
• Disconnect switches are devices capable ofconnecting or disconnecting a no loadcircuit.
• Load break switches are devices capable ofinterrupting load current.
• Circuit breakers are devices capable ofinterrupting fault currents.
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Available Fault Current
• Available fault current is the maximumamount of fault current the system (utilityand generators) is capable of producing.
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Interrupting Rating
• The amount of fault current the circuitbreaker is capable of interrupting at definedvoltage.
• Calculated available fault current should beless than the interrupting rating of thecircuit breaker.
• System X/R ratio should be considered.
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Wye vs. Delta Systems• Two most common connections schemes for
3 phase transformers and generators.• Wye connected system allows for neutral to
be grounded, generating ground fault uponconnection of line to ground. Most flexible.
• Delta connection has no neutral, can beuseful from harmonics control standpoint,requires different ground fault detectionmethod.
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Transformer Inrush andReactance
• Upon initial energization, transformer canrequire up to 12 times of it’s rated currentfor the initial 0.1 sec.
• Transformer reactance is the parameter usedby the power systems engineers to calculatethe available fault current.
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Voltage Classes 5kV, 15kV, andHigher
• Medium voltage classes:– 5 kV - any voltage between 600 V and 4.76 kV– 15 kV - any voltage between 4.76 kV and 15
kV– 27 kV - any voltage between 15 kV and 27 kV
• High voltage class: any voltage above 27kV
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Grounding
• Equipment grounding– safety considerations– neutral conductor ampacity should be 15% of
the phase conductors ampacity• Neutral grounding
– system considerations– safety considerations
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Utility Interconnect Systems
• Common Substation Tie–In Methods– Individual Load Break Switch & Transformers– Large Substation Tie-In, >15 KV– Feeder Circuit Tie-In, 15 KV
• Typical Industrial User Utility Tie-In
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Utility Interconnect SystemsIndividual Load Break Switch & Transformer
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Utility Interconnect SystemsLarge Substation Tie-In, >15 KV
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Utility Interconnect SystemsFeeder Circuit Tie-In, 15 KV
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Utility Interconnect SystemsTypical Industrial User Utility Tie-In
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
System Protection• Generator Protection
– Time Over Current / Instantaneous (50/51)– Reverse Power Protection (32)– Over / Under Voltage (59/27)– Reverse VARs (40)– Current Balance (40)– Over / Under Frequency Protection (81)– Generator Differential Protection (87)– Ground Fault Protection (50/51G)
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
System Protection
Equipment and personnel protection
• Grounding Grid
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
System Protection
• Typical Utility Protective Requirements
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Caterpillar utility grade andutility convertible switchgear
Utility grade switchgear• Draw-out main circuit breaker• Distribution transformer, 480/240-120V• Dedicated metering• Reverse VARs, undervoltage and ground fault
protection
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Caterpillar utility grade andutility convertible switchgear
Utility convertible switchgear• Fixed main circuit breaker• Shore power plugs• Integrated metering• Overvoltage and reverse power protection only• Standby/Peak Shave selector switch
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net
Scope of Responsibilities
• Power System Supplier• Utility Company• Consultant• Contractor• Commissioning Agent• System Integrator
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Site Electrical Commissioning• Cable and Transformer Insulation• Genset Start• Switchgear and Generator Functionality• Phase Rotation• Synchronizing• Impact of added generation on utility voltage
level.• Transfer Tripping• Trouble Shooting• Relay Settings Adjustment