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Medical Students Amnesia A transient selective loss of memory during an examthat prevents one from remembering the eponymically-named diseases discovered by old, dead doctors.

Addisons Disease 1. rimary adrenocortical deficiencyAddisonian Anemia !. ernicious anemia "antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells #$ %it &1! megaloblastic anemia'Albrights Syndrome (. olyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, caf) au lait spots, short stature, young girlsAlports Syndrome *. +ereditary nephritis ith nerve deafness

Al heimers . rogressive dementiaArgyll-/obertson upil 0. oss of light reflex constriction "contralateral or bilateral'

2. 3 rostitutes 4ye5 6 accommodates but does not react7. athognomonic for ( Syphilis8. esion pretectal region of superior colliculus

Arnold-9hiari Malformation 1:. 9erebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum ; see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele&arretts 11. 9olumnar metaplasia of lo er esophagus " ris< of adenocarcinoma' - constant gastroesophageal reflux&artters Syndrome 1!. +yperreninemia&ec recall that ?M= lesion only affects lo er face'&ergers Disease 1 . #gA nephropathy causing hematuria in hepatomegaly> ascites> portal +L=> liver failure&uergers Disease !2. Acute inflammation of medium and small arteries of extremities painful ischemia gangrene

!7. Seen almost exclusively in young and middle-aged men ho smo

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9ushings ?lcer :. Acute gastric ulcer associated ith 9=S traumade Fuervains Lhyroiditis 1. Self-limiting focal destruction "subacute thyroiditis'DiOeorges Syndrome !. $ailure of (

rd@ *

thpharyngeal pouches formationJ Lhymus @ arathyroid

(. Lhymic hypoplasia L-cell deficiency*. +ypoparathyroidism Letany

Do ns Syndrome . Lrisomy !1 or translocation 6 Simian 9reaseDresslers Syndrome 0. ost-M# $ibrinous ericarditis autoimmuneDubin-Pohnson Syndrome 2. 9ongenital hyperbilirubinemia "con ugated' ; bilirubin transposrt is defective not con ugation

7. Stri

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esch-=yhan 82. +O /L deficiency87. Oout, retardation, self-mutilation

etterer-Si e 88. Acute disseminated angerhans cell histiocytosisibman-Sac infertility> obesity> hirsutism ; + secretionStevens-Pohnson Syndrome 1*0. 4rythema multiforme, fever, malaise, mucosal ulceration "often ! to infection ; mycoplasma or sulfa

drugs'

3

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Stills Disease 1*2. Puvenile rheumatoid arthritis "absence of rheumatoid factor'La 9ontralateralJ body pain @ tempaterhouse-$riderichsen 107. Adrenal insufficiency ! to D#9

108. D#9 ! to meningiococcemiaebers Syndrome 12:. aramedian #nfarct of Midbrain

121. #psilateralJ mydriasis> 9ontralateralJ ?M= paralysis "lo er face @ body'egeners Oranulomatosis 12!. =ecroti ing granulomatous vasculitis of paranasal sinuses, lungs,

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Auer /ods 180. Acute promyelocytic leu

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+ein &odies !*2. O0 D+ Deficiency+eterophil Antibodies !*7. #nfectious mononucleosis "4&%'+irano &odies !*8. Al heimers+ypersegmented M=s ! :. Megaloblastic anemia+ypochromic Microcytic /&9s ! 1. #ron-deficiency anemia or LhalassemiaParisch-+erxheimer /eaction ! !. Syphilis over-aggressive treatment of an asymptomatic pt. that causes symptoms ! to rapid lysisPoint Mice ! (. Bsteoarthritis "fractured osteophytes'Caussmaul &reathing ! *. Acidosis E Diabetic Cetoacidosis

Ceratin earls ! . SIuamous 9ell 9A of s

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/ash on alms @ Soles !82. ! Syphilis!87. /MS$!88. 9oxsac

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Oround Olass Appearance "+yaline' (*7. Seen E rogressive Multifocal eu erspiration> alpitations>allorEDiaphoresis

Adrenal Medullary Lumor 69hildren

(81. =euroblastoma

Agent of severe viral encephalitis (8!. +erpes simplex

8

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Aggressive lung tumor (8(. Small cell or oat cellAssociated ith gallstones (8*. Adenocarinoma&acterial Meningitis 6 adults (8 . Strep pneumoniae @ in young adults ; =eisseria meningitidis&acterial Meningitis 6 elderly (80. =eisseria meningitidis&acterial Meningitis 6 ne borns (82. 4. coli E Oroup &Strep.&acterial Meningitis 6 toddlers (87. +ib&enign epithelial tumor of oralmucosa

(88. apilloma

&enign fallopian tube tumor *::. Adenomatoid&enign ovarian tumor *:1. Mature"=ative' Leratoma ; benign dermatoid&enign tumor of soft tissue *:!. ipoma&enign tumor of the breast Q! yoa *:(. $ibroadenoma&enign tumor of the liver *:*. +emangioma&enign tumor of the vulva *: . +idroadenoma&enign uterine tumor *:0. eiomyomaJ estrogen sinsitiveJ changes si e during pregnancy @ menopause&one Lumors *:2. Metasteses from &reast @ rostate&rain Lumor 6 9hild *:7. Medulloblastoma "cerebellum'&rain Lumor 6Adult *:8. Astrocytoma "including Olioblastoma Multiforme' thenJ mets, meningioma, Sch annoma&reast 9arcinoma *1:. #nvasive Duct 9arcinoma

&reast Mass *11. $ibrocystic 9hangeJ premenopausic omen "9arcinoma is the most common in post-menopausal omen'

&ug in Acute 4ndocarditis *1!. Staph aureus&ug in debilitated, hospitali edpneumonia pt

*1(. Clebsiella

&ug in 4piglottitis *1*. +ib&ug in O# Lract *1 . &acteroides "!

nd6 4. coli'

&ug in #% drug user bacteremia Epneumonia

*10. Staph aureus

&ug in #D *12. =. Oonnorrhoeae&ug in Subacute 4ndocarditis *17. Strep %iridans

9A of urinary collecting system *18. Lransitional cell 9A "assoc. E ben idine> naphthylamine> analine dyes> long term txt Ecyclophosphamide'9ardiac 1 ry Lumor 6 Adults *!:. MyxomaJ 3&all %alve59ardiac 1 ry Lumor 6 9hild *!1. /habdomyoma 6 associated E Luberous sclerosis9ardiac Lumor 6 Adults *!!. Metasteses9ardiomyopathy *!(. Dilated "9ongestive' 9ardiomyopathyJ Alcohol, &eri&eri, 9ocaine use, 9oxsac

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9ause of Dementia"! nd most common'

*(0. Multi-#nfarct Dementia

9ause of D arfism *(2. Achondroplasia9ause of $ood poisoning *(7. Staph aureus9ause of +ematosalpynga *(8. 4ctopic pregnancy9ause of +ypoparathyroidism **:. Lhroidectomy9ause of +ypothyroidism **1. 9orrective surgery #(1 treatment9ause of Cidney infections **!. 4. coli

9ause of iver disease in ?S **(. Alcohol consumption9ause of Malignancy in children ***. Acute leu

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+eart %alve in &acterial4ndocarditis

*28. Mitral

+eart %alve in &acterial4ndocarditis in #% drug users

*7:. Lricuspid

+eart %alve involved in /heumatic$ever

*71. Mitral then Aortic

+ereditary &leeding Disorder *7!. %on illebrands Disease+ormone secreted in ituitary

Adenoma

*7(. rolactin

#nherited disease of the Cidney *7*. Adult polycystic

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atient ithA E 9 E AM E 9M

17. A 6 9hild E 9 6 Adult over 0: E AM - Adult over 0: E 9M 6 Adult ( - :

atient ith Ooodpastures 18. Roung maleatient ith /eiters !:. Maleituitary Lumor !1. rolactinoma "!

nd6 Somatotropic 3Acidophilic5 Adenoma'

lace for rimary SIuamous 9ell9A of esophagus

!!. Mid 1E(

lace for eptic ?lcer Disease !(. esser curvuture in antrum 6 associated E blood group Brimary &enign Salivary Lumor !*. leomorphic Adenoma "Mixed' 6 8: locali ed to the parotidrimary +yperparathyroidism ! . Adenomas "follo ed byJ hyperplasia, then carcinoma'rimary Malignancy of &one !0. Bsteosarcomarimary Malignancy of Small

#ntestine!2. ymphoma

t. ith +odg aphasias> motor @ sensory lossSite of Metastasis (2. /egional ymph =odesSite of Metastasis"! nd most common'

(7. iver

Sites of Atherosclerosis (8. Abdominal aorta V coronary V popliteal V carotidS

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orst rognosis in Lhyroid 9as 7. $ollicular 9A9ause of obar neumonia 8. Strep. neumoniae9ause of Death bEt !*-** yoa 0:. A#DS9ause of neumonia in 9ystic$ibrosis

01. seudomonas

9ause of Bsteomyelitis in #% Drug?sers

0!. seudomonas

9ause of #nfection in &urn ts 0(. seudomonas

Mental roblem in Males 0*. Specific phobia#ntelligence Lest 0 . Stanford &inet "ages 0 @ under'

00. # S# "ages *-0'02. #SC-/ "for ages 0-12'07. A#S-/ "for V 12 yoa'

araphilia 08. edophiliaMetabolite seen E

heochromocytoma2:. %MAJ vanillylmandelic acid "=4 metabolite'

Severe Shigella 21. Dysenteriae&ug in Btitis Media @ Sinusitis inCids

2!. Strep. neumoniae

9ause of a Solitary &rain Abscess 2(. A. #sraelli

9ause of &acterial Diarrhea in?.S.

2*. 9ampylobacter e uni

Shigella Lype 2 . S. Sonnei9ause of =on-Ohonococcal?rethritis

20. 9hlamydia trichomonas

neumonia 22. Strep. neumoniae?rethritis 27. =. ghonorrhea9ause of Olomerulonephritis 28. #gA =ephropathy ; &ergers Disease9ause of %iral neumonia 7:. /S% 6 infants

71. arainfluen a 6 "N' 9oombs test> complication to 9

#mmunodeficiency 8:. #gA Deficiency9ongenital O#L Anomaly 81. Mec

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&ethanechol 0. 9holinergic. O# @ &ladder motility.!"t atonic bladder post-opilocarpine 2. 9holinergic. upillary constriciton; miosis. 9iliary constriction; accomodation.

7. !"t acute glaucoma#soflurophate 8. Brganophosphate. #rreversible acetylcholinesterase "-'r

ralidoxime 1:. 3! AM5. /everses organophosphate binding to acetylcholinesterase=eostigmine 11. /eversible acetylcholinesterase "-'r

#$% !"t &yasthenia 'ravisMyasthenia Oravis 1(. Anitbodies to Ach-r. g muscular ea Direct acting vasodilators> "N'9holinergics1 @ +eart *(. "N'chronotropism ; +/.

**. "N'inotropism ; contractility> S%>9B> B! consumption.* . conduction velocity

henylephrine *0. 1 "N' =asal decongestant.!"N' Asma Drugs *2. Metaproterenol> Albuterol> Lerbutaline> /itodrine> Salmeterol

/itodrineELurbutaline *7. /elaxes myometrium used in pre-mature labor painshentolamine *8. 4pi reversal. &loc

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CardioDigoxin 1. A% nodal conductionE inh. =aECEAtpase ; inc. 9a conc. in heart cells ; inc. contraction forceDiltia em !. Lxt blac< men. Lxt A% nodal re entranceFuinidine (. A% nodal conduction. 9inchonism. Anticholinergic; aggravate MO. +ypotension; bloc 9a 9h."-'9lass## . "-' ris< fo reinfarction @ sudden death follo ing M#3Oray man5 0. AmiodaroneJ 9lass### antiarrhythmia&eperidil 2. 9a 9h"-'. imited clinical use due to Lorsades de ointesA94#s 7. %asodilate renal efferents V than afferent arteriolesJ O$/ @ $iltration pressure

8. Diabetic renal failure progressionAdenosine 0:. #ts receptor is bloc

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ropranolol !8. Social phobia -r (:. Spinal analgesia. 4uphoria. NNeuphoria. NNsedation. 9onstipation.-r (1. Supraspinal analgesia. Dysphoria. Nrespiratory depression. Nsedation.Morphine @ B! (!. Admin. is contraindicated to pts on morphine sedation; 9B ! sensitivity and B ! admin. can stop

breathing.Morphine ((. #9 ; do not give to pt. ith head traumaMorphine BD (*. 1.pinpoint pupils !. d respiraiton (.comaMeperidine ( . Anesthetic used during labor

+ydromorphone (0. "N' used in renal failureLramadol (2. Ambulatory txt for mod. to severe pain=aloxone (7. !"t opioid *D . /everses respiratory depression

enta ocine (8. art "N' @ part"-'&utorphenol *:. art "N' @ part"-'=albuphene *1. art "N' @ part"-' OA&A *!. sei ure focus; &arbs @ &DHs $ast =a 9h. *(. electrical activity spread ; henytoin @ 9arbama epineMethoxyflurane **. 9an be nephrotoxic. =eeds lo MA9 for anesthetic induction.4nflurane * . 9an cause tonicEclonic muscle spasms#soflurane *0. 9an cause bronchospasm

+alothane *2. 9an cause ventricular extrasystoles @ Malignant hyperthermia @ +epatitis=itric Bxide *7. =o effect on +/. =eeds high MA9 for anesthetic induction.Lhiopental *8. Short acting &arb.Centamine :. Dissociative anestheticDroperidol 1. 9an be used in combo E $entanyl for neuroleptoanalgesic effect

!. =euroleptic tranIuili er. +as mild alpha bloc 4dema

odocyte 4ffacement seen E 1*7. Minimal 9hange " ipoid nephrosis' diseaseASB seen in 1*8. Acute post-streptococcal O= "due to +OASrtep'

1 :. Anti streptolysin B9rescentic O= 1 1. /apidly progressive O= 6 nephritic syndrome

1 !. Associated E multi system disease or post-strepEpost infectious glomerular nephritis+ereditary =ephritis 1 (. Alports syndrome. K lin chronic infections> 9

1 0. See tram trac

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O= deposits 1 8. A Syphilis> &rucellosis and eprotic infections9ellulitis 18 . Spreading infection due to streptococcus

SA 180. rostate Specific Antigen ; elevated in prostatic 9A -+L 182. #n cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt E Methysergide " +L antagonist' $eto rotein 187. +epatocarcinoma

188. =eural tube defects94A !::. 9arcinoembryonic Antigen ; elevated in 9olon 9A9hromosome 1( !:1. /etinoblastoma9hromosome 11p !:!. ilms tumor of the

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ead poisoning !1(. Acid fast inclusion bodies!1*. urinary coproprophyrin!1 . AnemiaJ microcyticE hypochromic!10. Stippling of the basophils!12. Oingival line @ lead line in bonesJ x-ray!17. Mental retardation

+eroin BD, clinically !18. Massive pulmonary edema E frothy fluid from the nostrils$etal alcohol syndrome !!:. Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency, and hirsutismAtypical mycobacterium !!1. M. atelectasia> fibrinous pleuritis> empyema> fibrinous pericarditis>

otitis media&ronchiectasis ! :. ermanent dilatation of the bronchi 6 predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip

! 1. Supparation associated! !. o er lobe V than upper lobe involvement

9old Agglutinins ! (. $ound E Mycoplasma pneumoniaeanlobular 4mphysema ! *. 1 6 antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase ; compliance in the lung

&ulla ! . Associated E 4mphysema ; 3&leb5 ; outpouching - #f it ruptures causes neumothorax$armers ung ! 0. Due to Micropolyspora faeni "thermophilic actinomycetes'

&agassosis ! 2. Due to M. vulgaris "actinomycetes'! 7. #nhalation of sugar cane dustSilo-$illers ung ! 8. Due to =itrogen dioxide from nitrates in cornO0 D+ Deficiency !0:. Sex-lin

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olyarteritis =odosa !00. #mmune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel all!02. +alf of the immune complexes have +epatitis & Ag!07. 9an see fever> abd.pain> t> +L=> muscle aches

Sprue !08. 9eliac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy ; small intestine villi are blunted!2:. +igh titers of anti-gliadin Abs @ #gA levels

/egional 4nteritis !21. 9rohns Disease!2!. Association E Arthritis> ?veitis> 4rythema =odosum

hipples Disease !2(. #ntestinal ipodystrophy ; malabsorption syndromeCulchits O#L> ancreas

?lcerative 9olitis !2 . #nflammatory disease of the colon E colon 9A incidence!20. 9rypt abscess in the crypts of ieber Membranous O=> ipoid "Minimal 9hange' O=> Membranoproliferative

O=> +ep &> Syphilis> enicillamineSchistosoma +aematobium (1!. #nfection is assocaited E SIuamous cell 9A of the &ladder "most common &ladder 9A

is transitional cell type'(1(. Associated E portal +L= due to intrahepatic obstruction

enicillin /esistant #D (1*. #D is usually due to =. Oonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin thin< of&acteroides species

23

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Duret +emorrhages (1 . Severe in #9 E do n ard diplacement of cerebellar tonsils into $oramen Magnum causinga compression on the brainstem E hemorrhaging into the pons @ midbrain

(10. =early al ays associated E death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas+ypertensive +emorrhage (12. redilection for lenticulostriate arteries ; putamen @ internal capsule hemorrhages9erebral 4mbolism from (17. M# E Mural Lhrombi> Atrial $ib Lhrombi ; Marantic thrombi> -sided &acterial 4ndocarditis>

aradoxical 4mbolism of septal defect=eurosyphilis (18. Labes Dorsalis ; oint position sensation, pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl /obertson pupils

(!:. Syphilitic meningitis(!1. aretic neurosyphilis

p- (!!. 9ri di 9hatJ mental retardation> small head> ide set eyes> lo set ears> cat-li cleft lip @ palate> many fingers

Acute 9old Agglutinaiton (!*. Abs to # blood group Ag. Mediated by #gM Abs(! . 9omplication of 4&% or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections

9hronic 9old Agglutinaiton (!0. Associated Elymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination @ hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold.#gM Abs

/&9 Bsmotic $ragility (!2. +ereditary Spherocytosis=on-+odg17' bcl-! oncogene((:. arge 9ell((1. ymphoblasticJ high grade L cell lymphoma of pernicious anemia> autoimmune diseasesAntral "Lype &' Oastritis ((7. Associated E +elicobacter "9ampylobacter' pylori infection. 8: of duodenal ulcer

rimary &iliary 9irrhosis ((8. Autoimmune origin> middle aged omen> anti-mitochondrial Abs(*:. Paundice> itching> hypercholesterolemia "can see cutaneous xanthomas'

Acute ancreatitis (*1. pancreatic en ymes ; fat necrosis> sapponification ; hypocalcemia> serum amylase(*!. Severe epigastric ab pain> prostration> radiation to the bac NE- rotein> ymphocytesMarble &one Disease ( 2. BsteoporosisJ Albers-Schonberd Disease ; inspite of d bone density, many fractures ;

osteoclasts9 a ( 7. #nvolved in 9hemotaxis "for =eutrophils'9(b ( 8. #nvolved in Bpsoni ation "@ #gO'Anaphylotoxins (0:. 9(a @ 9 a "mediate +istamine release from &asophils @ Mast cells'%asoactive Mediators (01. %asoconstrictionJ LxA!> L9 *> LD*> L4*>PAF

(0!. %asodilationJ O#! > OD! > O4! > O$! > &radyPAF(0(. d %ascular ermeabilityJ +ist.> +L> OD! > O4! > O$! > L9*> LD*> L4*> &radyPAF

24

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latelet Aggregation (0*. AD > Lhrombin> LxA!> collagen> 4pinephrine> A$latelet Antagonist (0 . rostacyclin " O#! '

#ntrinsic ath ay (00. $ K## "+agman'J A LL 4xtrinsic ath ay (02. $ %##J L

ines of Hahn (07. Aterial thrombi ; pale red colored "dar< red is venous thrombi'9urrant Pelly appearance (08. ost mortem clots4migrationJ 9hemotaxis (2:. Margination

(21. avementing

(2!. Adhesion(2(. 9hemotaxis(2*. hagocytosis(2 . #ntracellular microbial olyarteritis =odosa> S 4> #mmune 9omplex MediatedOlomerular Disease

*11. !ype 20 "Delayed ; 9ell mediated immunity'J Delayed hypersensitivity. #nvolves memory cells.Lransplant /e ections *1!. +yperacute /e ection ; occurs Ein minutes of transplant. Ab mediated.

*1(. Acute /e ection ; occurs Ein days to months of transplant. ymphocytes @ macrophages. Bnlyre ection type that can be treated E therapy.

*1*. 9hronic /e ection ; occurs months to years of transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage.&lood Metastasis *1 . Sarcoma, exception 6 renal cell 9AJ early venous invasion

ymph Metastasis *10. 9arcinoma, exception 6 renal cell 9AJ early venous invasion

25

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Aflatoxin *12. Seen E Aspergillus. ris< for +epatocellular 9A9left ip *17. #ncomplete fusion of maxillary prominence E median nasal prominence9left alate *18. #ncomplete fusion of lateral palatine process E each other @ median nasal prominence @

medial palatine prominence9raniopharyngioma *!:. ituitary tumor - usually calcified

ateral Oeniculate =ucleus #nolved in %ision relayMedial Oeniculate &ody #nvolved in +earing relay

ung Development OlandularJ -12 fetal ee

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aves Alert> A a Active mind 6 also seen in /4M, therefore e say 3paradoxical sleep5#rreversible Olycolysis 4n ymes +exo

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Signature Drug LoxicitiesAgranulocytosis *!1. 9lo apine, 9hloramphenicalAplastic Anemia *!!. 9hloramphenicol

*!(. =SA#Ds*!*. &en ene

Atropine-li

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S. viridans *8. Dextran mediated adherenceBbligate Aerobes :. seudomonas @ MycobacteriumBbligate Anaerobes 1. 9lostridium, Actinomyces, &acteroidesStaph aureus !. A rotein, 9atalase NE 9oagulase NSpirochetes (. Lreponema, &orrelia, eptospira=on Motile Oram "N' /ods *. 9orenybacterium D @ =ocardiaAcid $ast Brganisms . Mycobacterium> 9ryptosporidium> =ocardia "partially'> egionella micdadei> #sospora

igment roducing &acteria 0. Serratia 6 red "can cause pseudohemoptysis'2. seudomonas A 6 piocyanin blueEgreen7. Staph Aureus 6 yello 6 rotein A8. Mycobacteria 6 photoEscoto chromogenic 6 caritinoid 6 yello Eorange

0:. 9orneybacterium D 6 blac

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=on Motile &acilli @ 9lostridium 1:!. &. Anthracis @ 9. erfringens&loody diarrhea agents 1:(. 4#49 6 4+49 6 Shigella - Rersenia enterocolitica 6 4ntaemeba histolytica 6 Salmonella 6

9ampylobacter e uniR -1( 9A 1:*. =. meningitidis vaccine capsualr polysaccharide strains#ndian #n< 1: . 9ryptococcus neoformans=aegleria causes 1:0. 9oloni ation in the nasal passages after s imming=eed 9ysyeine for gro th 1:2. 34lla li

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o enstein-Pensen medium 1 (. M. tuberculosis #D9at Scratch Disease 1 *. &artonella henselae. eion can resemble Caposis sarcoma.

1 . Loxoplasmosisin< 4ye 1 0. Adenovirus "type 7'

Lrue +emaphrodite 1 2. Lestes @ Bvaries are presentseudo +emaphrodite 1 7. 4xternal genitalia does not coincide E gonads

Male seudo +emaphrodite 1 8. Lesticular $emini ation+ A Oenes ocation 10:. 0p

arvovirus &18 101. $ifth DiseaseJ 4rythema #nfectiosum "ssD=A'. in Actinomyces> Streptomycesisteria contaminates 120. Mil

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#nfection by Anopheles MosIuito !:(. MalariaLropho oites E 3$ace- i4cho>Rhino>+oxsacHep A

+emorrhagic $evers $ilovirus @ &unyavirus "+antavirus'Segmented viruses All are /=AJ Brthomyxo> Arena> &unya> /eo4clipse hase =o internal virus. 1 total virus per cell

atent hase =o external virus. 4xtracellular virus found=a

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A#DS regulatory prots Lat, rev, nefA#DS gp*1 env prot LransmembraneA#DS gp1!: env prot SurfaceA#DS p12 gag prot MatrixA#DS p!* gag prot 9apsidA#DS p2p8 gag prot =ucleocapsidD=A %iruses A ; Adeno

4 &ric

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lasmodium ife 9ycle Sporo oitesJ from blood to liverrimary tissue schi ont

Lropho oitesJ in /&94rythrocytic schi ontMero oiteJ ruptured /&9Oameto yteHygoteJ inside the mosIuito

Acanthamoeba St ar shaped cystsMucor, /hi opus, Absidia =onseptate, filamentous, 8: degree branching, indian in, capsular halos

9ryptococcus =eoformans Monomorphic9andida Reast normally, pseudo @ true hyphae in tissue infectionsAspergillus $umigatum * degree branching point, asocd E cystic fibrosis @ burns pt9occiodes +yphae in ild. Artroconidia. Arthocondida @ +yphae. Sherules E endospores+istoplasma 9ap +yphae in ild. Microcondida E tuberculate macrocondida. $ac intracellular. #n the tissue its a

yeast E a small nec

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9yto

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/enal &lood $lo ; ERPF 1 Hct

$ree ater 9learance ; %el ?rine - Urine (osm ) xVel (urine )

P (osm )

+ARD2*:

9B ; +/ x S% 9B ; O 2(consumed )

PulmonaryA VO2differenceulse ressure ; Systolic 6 Diastolic

MA ; Diastolic N 1E( ulse ressure 9B ; MAP

TPRMA ; L / x 9B $ ;

P 1 P 2 R

78/'S:

AB! ; "20: 6 *2' $B ! -

hereJ

PACO 2 R

CO 2 produced $B ! ; B! G A9B ! ; Alv. ress. Bf 9B ! / ; /esp. 4xchange /atio

O2consumed .7 or 1

$lo ; O 2consumed

AtoVO 2difference%elgas Diffusion ;

AreaT ic!ness

x Oas Diffusion 9onstant x Difference of artial ress

%entLot ; %ent Lidal x Zof /espirations %ent Alv ; "%entLidal 6 %entDead' x Z of /espirations

9ompliance ; Vol Pr ess

Tension ;

Radius1.: ; % aEF Diffusing 9apacity ;

COupta!e PACO 2

/esp DoublesJ 1 :mm+g @ *:mm+g =e 9B ! ; !: =e B ! ; 12: