Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ......

27
Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspira.on and groundwater changes to determine anthropogenic water fluxes in land surface model Min-Hui Lo , R. G. Anderson, J. S. FamiglieF, S. Swenson, Q. Tang Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Na.onal Taiwan University, Taiwan 2016/09/29 @ the GEWEX workshop of Including Water Management in Large Scale Models

Transcript of Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ......

Page 1: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

Usingsatellite-basedes.matesofevapotranspira.onandgroundwaterchangestodetermineanthropogenicwaterfluxesinlandsurfacemodel

Min-HuiLo,R.G.Anderson,J.S.FamiglieF,S.Swenson,Q.TangDepartmentofAtmosphericSciences,Na.onalTaiwanUniversity,Taiwan

2016/09/29@theGEWEXworkshopofIncludingWaterManagementinLargeScaleModels

Page 2: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the
Page 3: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

Usingsatellite-basedes.matesofevapotranspira.onandgroundwaterchangestodetermineanthropogenicwaterfluxesinlandsurfacemodel

Min-HuiLo,R.G.Anderson,J.S.FamiglieF,S.Swenson,Q.TangDepartmentofAtmosphericSciences,Na.onalTaiwanUniversity,Taiwan

2016/09/29@theGEWEXworkshopofIncludingWaterManagementinLargeScaleModels

Page 4: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

LandSurfaceProcesses

Landsurfaceprocessesfunc.onas–  lowerboundarycondi.onin

AtmosphericModels–  upperboundarycondi.onin

HydrologicalModels–  interfaceforcoupled

Atmospheric/Hydrological/EcologicalModels

Page 5: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

A bucket model was developed as a lower boundary condition for a GCM by Manabe et al., [1965]

Soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) model[Dickinson et al, 1986 and Sellers et al., 1986.] Heterogeneity hydrologic processes [Famiglietti and Wood, 1991; 1994; Liang et al., 1994]

1965

1970

1980

1990

2000

Evolutions of Land Surface Model (LSM)

EarliestLSMs:prescribedsoilmoisturecondi.on

Detailedecologicalprocesses.[Bonan,1998]

2010

Subsurfaceprocess[YehandEltahir,2005;Niuetal.,2007;Loetal.,2008;Pokhreletal.,Campoyetal.,…]

I-GEM(ImpactofGroundwaterinEarthsystemModels)2015-2018betweenFranceANR(AgnèsDucharne)andTaiwanNSF(Min-HuiLO)

Page 6: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

Bonan(2008)

Physicalprocessesinlandsurfacemodel

Page 7: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

Irriga.onintensitymap(FAO)

Page 8: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

modifiedfromFauntetal.[2009]

CentralValleyAquifer

CentralValleySurfaceProcesses

GWR(184)

precipita.on(374)

evapora.on(607)

surfacewaterdeliveries(241)

groundwaterwithdrawal

(203)storagelose(33)

(units:mm/year)

California’sCentralValley(52,000km2)

waterbudgetinheavilyirrigatedsystem

usingCaliforniaasanexample

(Famiglie5etal.,2011;Andersonetal.,2012;LoandFamiglie5,2013;Loetal.,2013;Andersonetal.,2015)

Page 9: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

Cancurrentmodelssimulatereasonableevapora.on?

Page 10: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

50

100

Year

mm

/mon

(a) Evapotranspiration from 9 Land Model Simulations

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20090

100

200

300

400

500

Year

mm

/yr

(b) Observed Precipitation

canmodelssimulatereasonableevapora.on?

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

50

100

Time

mm

/mon

(a) Evapotranspiration from 3 Estimations and 9 Land Model Simulations

model obs

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20090

100

200

300

400

500

Time

mm

/yr

(b) Precipitation from PRISM

2 4 6 8 10 12020406080

100120

Time

mm

/mon

(c) Same as (a), but for Climatology

model (279mm)obs (655mm)

Andersonetal.,2015

UnitedStatesAgriculturalMonitoring(USAM),Tangetal,2009

Thesurfaceenergybalancealgorithmforland(SEBAL),Andersonetal.,2012

Page 11: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

dSdt

= In −Out

650mm/yrvs280mm/yr

Howmuchwateratleastneedstobeapplied(ThedifferencebetweenactuallyET&modelET)

lowerenvelopees.mateofirrigatedwaterdemand

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

50

100

Time

mm

/mon

(a) Evapotranspiration from 3 Estimations and 9 Land Model Simulations

model obs

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20090

100

200

300

400

500

Time

mm

/yr

(b) Precipitation from PRISM

2 4 6 8 10 12020406080

100120

Time

mm

/mon

(c) Same as (a), but for Climatology

model (279mm)obs (655mm)

Page 12: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the
Page 13: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

GRACEes.matedgroundwaterpumpingrate

2004 2006 2008 2010−200

−100

0

100

200

Groundwater Storage

mm

Time

60mm/yrofGWdeclineinCV

100mm/yr

270mm/yr

dGWdt

=GWR− pumping

Surfacewaterusesta.s.cs(240mm/yr)fromStateWaterProject,USBureauofReclama.on,andcanalstreamflowdatafromCaliforniaDataExchange.Totalirrigatedwaterdemand(~400mm/yr)inCV,(Wisseretal.,2008)

FamiglieFetal.,2011

Page 14: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

100mm/yr

270mm/yr

representa.onofirriga.onfluxes

Andersonetal.,2015

re-conductprevioussimula.ons

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

50

100

Time

mm

/mon

Evapotranspiration from 3 Estimations and Land Model Simulation with Irrigation

model with irriobs

Page 15: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

•  Currentmodelshavesophis.catedphysicalparameteriza.ons.

•  HOWEVER,lackofanthropogenicprocessesleadstounderes.matedevapora.on.

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

50

100

Time

mm

/mon

(a) Evapotranspiration from 3 Estimations and 9 Land Model Simulations

model obs

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20090

100

200

300

400

500

Time

mm

/yr

(b) Precipitation from PRISM

2 4 6 8 10 12020406080

100120

Time

mm

/mon

(c) Same as (a), but for Climatology

model (279mm)obs (655mm)

recap

Page 16: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

Caveat:

•  Constantirrigatedwater?•  GWwithdrawalfromconfinedandunconfinedaquifersglobally?

NextStep:

•  Applythisapproachglobally•  CoupletoGCMtoseehumanfingerprintontheclimate

Page 17: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

Reageretal.,2016

FamiglieFetal.,2011 Vossetal.,2013 Rodelletal.,2009

Fengetal.,2013

!

!""# !""$ !""% !""& !""' !""( !")"

!!""

!)$"

!)""

!$"

"

$"

)""

)$"

!""

*+,-./0123+452,+163

77

8973

Figure 3

Groundwaterwithdrawal Irriga.onintensitymap(FAO)

GRACEtrendmap:

spaAaldistribuAonoflandwaterstoragechange(2003-2014)

Page 18: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

Caveat:

•  Constantirrigatedwater?•  GWwithdrawalfromconfinedandunconfinedaquifersglobally?

NextStep:

•  Applythisapproachglobally•  CoupletoGCMtoseehumanfingerprintontheclimate

Page 19: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

climatemodelsimula.ons

•  Model: –  NCAR AGCM (Community Atmosphere Model, 1.4 lat x 1.4 lon)

•  Experiments: –  Exp01 (CTR): CAM coupled land surface model –  Exp02 (IRRI): CAM coupled land surface model + Irrigation

•  Methodology: –  Both simulations are conducted for 90 years –  Analysis of the differences between Exp01 and Exp02 for the

west of US and for summer only.

Page 20: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

Loetal.,2013

changesinlocalsurfaceenergybudget

increaseinlatentheatfluxdecreaseinsurfacetemperature

Page 21: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

asymmetricresponsesinrainfall

LoandFamiglieF,2013 Loetal.,2013

Page 22: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011120

20

40

60

80

100

120

Time, mon

mm

/mon

ET Climatology from IRRI and CTR runs

IRRICTR

CMIP5modelsaverages

applica.onsoncurrentclimatemoels

simulatedcostalstratocumulusmightbeoveres.mated?simulatedUSsouthwestrainfallmightbeunderes.mated?

Page 23: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

•  GRACEtrendmapprovidesaninvaluableinforma.on–  Someofthosenega.veregionsindicatetheanthropogenicac.vi.es

–  Howtobestu.lizetheGRACEdatainclimatemodels?

•  Whencouplingtotheclimatemodel,–  theresultsshowtheimportanceofsubsurfacehydrologicalandanthropogenicprocessesintheclimateandwatercycle.

summary

Page 24: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

[email protected]

Page 25: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

ET Estimate

TheMODISdataincludeLandCoverType,SurfaceReflectance,LandSurfaceTemperature/Emissivity,Vegeta.onIndices,andAlbedo.

Surfaceradia.oncomponentsareobtainedfromSurfaceRadia.onBudgetData.

UnitedStatesAgriculturalMonitoring(USAM)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

20

40

60

80

100

120

Time

mm

/mon

Average ET for Central Valley

MODISSEBAL

Thesurfaceenergybalancealgorithmforland(SEBAL)

Inputdata:SurfaceT,surfaceemissivity,vegindices,andalbedofromMODIS.Incomingsolar,airhumidity,netlongwaveradia.on,andairtemperaturedatafromCIMIS(TheCaliforniaIrriga.onManagementInforma.onSystem)

FromRayAnderson

Page 26: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

Andersonetal.,2015

Page 27: Using satellite-based es.mates of evapotranspiraon and ...60 mm/yr of GW decline in CV 100 mm/yr ... , 2016 FamiglieF et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2013 ... – How to best u.lize the

0 2 4 6 8 10 120

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Month

Evap

otra

nspi

ratio

n, m

m/m

onth

Climatological Evapotranspiration, Averaged in Central Valley

obsCMIP5

fromAndersonetal.,2015

Simula.onsofEvapotranspira.oninCMIP5


Termochemical 2 biomass processing · 2020. 11. 24. · Biorefin. 2012, 6 (1), 73−87. Capital costs from $99 MM to $112 MM and operating costs from $70 MM/yr to $90 MM /yr . Hydrotreatment

Termochemical 2 biomass processing · 2020. 11. 24. · Biorefin. 2012, 6 (1), 73−87. Capital costs from $99 MM to $112 MM and operating costs from $70 MM/yr to $90 MM /yr . Hydrotreatment

DESCRIPTION 1 Yr/ 2 Yr/ 3 Yr/ 3 Yr/ 3 Yr/ 5 Yr/ 7 Yr/ 8 Yr ... · PDF fileDESCRIPTION 1 Yr/ 2 Yr/ 3 Yr/ 3 Yr/ 3 Yr/ 5 Yr/ 7 Yr/ 8 Yr/ 12,000 24,000 36,000 50,000 ... Dodge or Jeep

DESCRIPTION 1 Yr/ 2 Yr/ 3 Yr/ 3 Yr/ 3 Yr/ 5 Yr/ 7 Yr/ 8 Yr ... · PDF fileDESCRIPTION 1 Yr/ 2 Yr/ 3 Yr/ 3 Yr/ 3 Yr/ 5 Yr/ 7 Yr/ 8 Yr/ 12,000 24,000 36,000 50,000 ... Dodge or Jeep

ANNETTE T. HOLLINGSHEAD , STEVEN BUSINGER , ROLAND … · 2003. 6. 30. · Point and inland Kona areas have relatively less precipitation (500–2000 mm yr−1) (Giambelluca et al.,

ANNETTE T. HOLLINGSHEAD , STEVEN BUSINGER , ROLAND … · 2003. 6. 30. · Point and inland Kona areas have relatively less precipitation (500–2000 mm yr−1) (Giambelluca et al.,

Topography and the Spatial Distribution of Groundwater ... · Groundwater recharge ranges from 380 mm/yr on the peaks to 760 mm/yr in the valleys (Percolation rate = 4x10-8 m/s).

Topography and the Spatial Distribution of Groundwater ... · Groundwater recharge ranges from 380 mm/yr on the peaks to 760 mm/yr in the valleys (Percolation rate = 4x10-8 m/s).

HPGe: 82 mm dia. X 83 mm 2 Be 351 295 609 241 · Table of Contents Page -2- ˘ˇˆ 226Ra (1600 yr.) 7-2-2000 HPGe: 82 mm dia. X 83 mm

HPGe: 82 mm dia. X 83 mm 2 Be 351 295 609 241 · Table of Contents Page -2- ˘ˇˆ 226Ra (1600 yr.) 7-2-2000 HPGe: 82 mm dia. X 83 mm

Tectonics of the Aegean/Anatolian region · TECTONICS OF AEGEAN/ANATOLIAN REGION 5 westward, relative to the Eurasia, in eastern Turkey at approximately 40 mm/yr (Le Pichon et al.

Tectonics of the Aegean/Anatolian region · TECTONICS OF AEGEAN/ANATOLIAN REGION 5 westward, relative to the Eurasia, in eastern Turkey at approximately 40 mm/yr (Le Pichon et al.

Global sea level change: What drives the decadal variability? Analysis of near global altimetry data suggests a rise of 2.9 mm/yr (3.3 mm/yr after GIA.

Global sea level change: What drives the decadal variability? Analysis of near global altimetry data suggests a rise of 2.9 mm/yr (3.3 mm/yr after GIA.

Forest Dwellers’ Perception on Climate Change and Their Adaptive … · 2018-12-12 · mm/yr) greatly contributed by change in monsoon rainfall (+7.71 mm/yr) fol-lowed by summer

Forest Dwellers’ Perception on Climate Change and Their Adaptive … · 2018-12-12 · mm/yr) greatly contributed by change in monsoon rainfall (+7.71 mm/yr) fol-lowed by summer

Implementing The Next Accreditation System · APE APE Self- Study PROCESS Yr 0 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 APE APE Annual Program Evaluation (PR-V.C.) • Resident

Implementing The Next Accreditation System · APE APE Self- Study PROCESS Yr 0 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 APE APE Annual Program Evaluation (PR-V.C.) • Resident

Sea level change recent past, present, futurecci.esa.int/.../5_ESA_CCI_ColMeet_4Feb2014_bis.pdf · 1.7 +/- 0.3 mm/yr 3.2 +/- 0.4 mm/yr Sea level rise : 20th century and past 2 decades

Sea level change recent past, present, futurecci.esa.int/.../5_ESA_CCI_ColMeet_4Feb2014_bis.pdf · 1.7 +/- 0.3 mm/yr 3.2 +/- 0.4 mm/yr Sea level rise : 20th century and past 2 decades

Introduction - Earthquake Science Center · Web viewRight, sections with slip rates less than 10 mm/yr, binned in 0.5 mm/yr intervals. Note that bins without data are plotted as 0.

Introduction - Earthquake Science Center · Web viewRight, sections with slip rates less than 10 mm/yr, binned in 0.5 mm/yr intervals. Note that bins without data are plotted as 0.

, Grace Nield 1, Valentina Barletta , Andrea Bordoni ... · Modelled: 2.23 mm/yr Observed: 6.56 mm/yr Motivation Data Modelling Elastic Viscous Local effects Summary Modelled to spherical

, Grace Nield 1, Valentina Barletta , Andrea Bordoni ... · Modelled: 2.23 mm/yr Observed: 6.56 mm/yr Motivation Data Modelling Elastic Viscous Local effects Summary Modelled to spherical

ON/OFF Y 70 5gr/Yr 5gr/Yr 6gr/Yr 6gr/Yr 3gr/Yr R407C R22 ...ON/OFF Y 70 5gr/Yr 5gr/Yr 6gr/Yr 6gr/Yr 3gr/Yr R407C R22 R404A RI 34 A 25gr/Yr 25gr/Yr 30gr/Yr 30gr/Yr 17gr/Yr 17gr/Yr 17gr/Yr

ON/OFF Y 70 5gr/Yr 5gr/Yr 6gr/Yr 6gr/Yr 3gr/Yr R407C R22 ...ON/OFF Y 70 5gr/Yr 5gr/Yr 6gr/Yr 6gr/Yr 3gr/Yr R407C R22 R404A RI 34 A 25gr/Yr 25gr/Yr 30gr/Yr 30gr/Yr 17gr/Yr 17gr/Yr 17gr/Yr

ACTIVE DEFORMATION OF MAKRAN (SOUTHEASTERN IRAN) … · convergence between the Arabian and Iranian plates (i.e. 23-26 mm/yr, see Vernant et al., 2004) about 12-19 mm/yr shortening

ACTIVE DEFORMATION OF MAKRAN (SOUTHEASTERN IRAN) … · convergence between the Arabian and Iranian plates (i.e. 23-26 mm/yr, see Vernant et al., 2004) about 12-19 mm/yr shortening

Active Deformation of the San Francisco Bay Areaburgmann/EDUCATION2/Bay_area_def.… · 2.5 ± 3.9 mm/yr 17.1 ± 5.1 mm/yr 9.9 ± 2.5 mm/yr 22.7 ± 1.7 mm/yr Geodesy Measures Active

Active Deformation of the San Francisco Bay Areaburgmann/EDUCATION2/Bay_area_def.… · 2.5 ± 3.9 mm/yr 17.1 ± 5.1 mm/yr 9.9 ± 2.5 mm/yr 22.7 ± 1.7 mm/yr Geodesy Measures Active

LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP NSTA Web Seminar … · 1993-2003 sea level rise Antarctica 0.20 mm/yr Greenland 0.21 mm/yr Glaciers and Ice Caps 0.77 mm/yr Total 1.18 mm/yr

LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP NSTA Web Seminar … · 1993-2003 sea level rise Antarctica 0.20 mm/yr Greenland 0.21 mm/yr Glaciers and Ice Caps 0.77 mm/yr Total 1.18 mm/yr

MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SUBMARINE ARC ......53 mm yr⁻¹ at 34˚S, to 67 mm yr⁻¹ at 26˚30’S (Bird, 2003; Figure 1A. Rifting in ) the Havre Trough between the Kermadec microplate

MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SUBMARINE ARC ......53 mm yr⁻¹ at 34˚S, to 67 mm yr⁻¹ at 26˚30’S (Bird, 2003; Figure 1A. Rifting in ) the Havre Trough between the Kermadec microplate

Abstract - White Rose University Consortiumeprints.whiterose.ac.uk/81296/1/2013-Boithias-STOTEN-Man... · Web viewExtreme values of 3,000 mm yr-1 in the Pyrenees and

Abstract - White Rose University Consortiumeprints.whiterose.ac.uk/81296/1/2013-Boithias-STOTEN-Man... · Web viewExtreme values of 3,000 mm yr-1 in the Pyrenees and

1gesun/WordExample.doc  · Web viewThe simulation model suggests that removal of conifer forests in the study region may reduce ET immediately by 113-30 mm/yr ... model use manual

1gesun/WordExample.doc  · Web viewThe simulation model suggests that removal of conifer forests in the study region may reduce ET immediately by 113-30 mm/yr ... model use manual

Late Pleistocene and Holocene sea-level change and coastal ... · from tide gauge over the last 50 yrs is +1.8 ± 0.3 mm yr−1 (Nerem et al., 2006; Church et al., 2013). However

Late Pleistocene and Holocene sea-level change and coastal ... · from tide gauge over the last 50 yrs is +1.8 ± 0.3 mm yr−1 (Nerem et al., 2006; Church et al., 2013). However