Using PASCO sensors - the unoﬃcial guide€¢ PS-2159 PASPORT Digital Adapter Using PASCO sensors,...

Using PASCO sensors - the unofficial guide v11 July 2012PASCO includes a huge range of resources both with itrsquos sensors and on itrsquos web site at wwwpascocom By necessity the materials on the site must try and cover both the beginning user and the advanced user As PASCO is the major supplier of electronic measure to Universities around the world some times the advice meets those needs and as a technician or teacher at Primary or Secondary the details we need get buried amongst that greater detail

This unofficial guide is intended to assist the Primary or Secondary school user get started more quickly with PASCO sensors It avoids where ever possible technical jargon and addresses general day to day issues that we are frequently asked or have come across in our own experience in classrooms and workshops over more than 20 years The notes are relatively extensive but try to avoid unnecessary detail Browse or search through for the sensor or device specific information you require

Please note This guide is provided as general assistance in good faith In using this guide you acknowledge and understand that the information on the PASCO web site at all times takes precedence that specifications and details may change at any time without notice that this information may not be complete and is subject to change and that any results damage or other issues arising from using this guide are the sole responsibility of the school and the userUnderlined text includes hyperlinks to the PASCO web site Click on a link to open your web browser and go directly to that content on-line (requires an active internet connection)

General BackgroundPASCO has two separate ldquoprobewarerdquo collections - the original black Science Workshop series of digital and analogue sensors and the newer PASPort (largely) blue pure digital sensors The majority of this guide relates to the PASPort range however general advice re electrode care and calibration and other notes applies across both ranges

ScienceWorkshop ProbewareScience Workshop sensors are basically transducers only - exactly what other manufacturers are still making They convert a signal to a voltage that varies within a range of +10 V and -10V The interface or connection (such as the Science Workshop 750USB) then contains a DA (DigitalAnalogue) converter that transforms the signal to one that can be understood

Analogue sensors have a round multi-pin DIN connector They can be used with the PASPort system using a PASPort Analogue Adaptor However they wonrsquot be detected automatically - you must choose the sensor yoursquove connected within the software yoursquore using As many PASPort sensors have significant user and performance benefits please consider carefully before continuing with older sensors Wersquod be pleased to advise

Digital sensors such as photogates have a 6 mm stereo jack and produce a signal that is only on or off blocked or unblocked Many of these digital sensors such as photogates time-of-flight pad and the like are recommended for use with PASPort through the Digital Adaptor

Note The PASPort Analogue Adaptor can also be used along with an additional adaptor piece to support a broad range of sensors from other manufacturers that have the same voltage characteristics as PASCO

Science Workshop sensors are NOT automatically detected The user must choose the sensor within the PASCO software Science Workshop sensors will work with other manufacturerrsquos systems with appropriate connectors

Using PASCO sensors the unofficlal guide page 1 v11 July 2012

PASPORT Probeware

PASPORT Probeware is the best choice for most school needs mdash offering more than 70 sensors to measure virtually anything plus software support for some additional external USB devices The PASPORT sensor line is all-digital each sensor a computing device of its own complete with digital chip on board This gives you plug-and-learn simplicity plus unmatched sensor capabilities No other manufacturer produces sensors with these features

PASPORT also features MultiMeasure Sensorstrade mdash many different sensor measurements in one convenient sensor box Makes classroom and equipment management easier and saves money IF you select carefully and will use all of the sensor measurements

With PASPORT your students can collect data

bull Using a standalone optionbull Directly to a computerbull As a remote data loggerbull Wirelessly to a computer

PASPort sensors are automatically detected by all PASCO software They will not work with any other manufacturerrsquos systems There are adaptors that will allow selected sensors from other manufacturers to work with PASPort interfacesconnections

Working with sensors

What works with what

The PASPort system is based on the concept that all sensors should work with all interfacesconnectionsdataloggers This is another unique feature of the PASPort system You do not need to purchase a particular device in order to use a particular sensor The general rule is to purchase and use the cheapest and simplest connection for the particular device and purpose you propose investigating There are some minor exceptions to this rule

bull The 2-channel 1 MHz voltage sensor is intended for use with the Xplorer GLX and 850 Universal Interface Data capture speeds are limited to 1 Hz with other interfaces

SPARKVue Lite (free version) for iOS has restricted support The following sensors are NOT supported

bull PS-2158 PASPORT Analog Adapterbull PS-2159 PASPORT Digital Adapter


bull PS-2166 Alpha Beta Gamma Radiation Sensorbull PS-2165 GLX Voltage Probe

Sensors can not be calibrated with SPARKVue Lite for iOS Tech Note 1116 has details on how to work around this restrictionThe full featured ldquoSPARKVue HDrdquo for iPad does not have these restrictions

The following sensors have sufficiently high power consumption that they may exhibit problems if the AirLink2 charge drops below 80-90

bull PS-2109 Sound Levelbull PS-2110 CO2 Gasbull PS-2120 Rotary Motionbull PS-2127 4-Port Type K Temperature Sensorbull PS-2128 Visual Accelerometerbull PS-2151 Thermoclinebull PS-2175 GPS

Datasheets

PASPort sensors come factory calibrated and ready to use Uniquely they are actual computing devices and have some programmable memory space on board In many cases this is not user addressable meaning that itrsquos used purely for storing factory settings and communication with the software Each time a sensor is connected to an interface this datasheet handles the parameters for communication with the software

In a small number of sensors there is additional memory that can store user calibrations for example Carbon Dioxide Gas

From time to time the datasheet may become corrupted if communication between sensor and software is interrupted In these cases you may notice

bull the sensor stops operating or is undetected when other sensors are auto detectedbull an Xplorer shows the message ldquoBad DataSheetrdquobull a digital display in SPARKVue or DataStudio shows the message ldquoNANrdquo

A PASPort sensor can be reset with a new factory datasheet using DataStudiobull Plug the sensor into an interface and then into a computer with DataStudio installed on it Make

sure DataStudio is not runningbull If you see the small PASPortal window showing the message ldquoIrsquove found a new PASPort sensor

How would you like to use itrdquo choose the option to ldquoIgnore Sensorrdquobull Hold down the ctrl-sift-D keys all together and start DataStudio When prompted choose ldquoCreate

New Experimentrdquobull DataStudio will transfer a new datasheet on to the sensor and the sensor is now ready for use

If the sensor still fails to be detected or work correctly repeat the process once more to be sure then return it to Cider House Tech for checking

Ground LoopsIf two or more probes are simultaneously submerged in the same conductive liquid (eg tap water) then a ground loop or conductive interference can occur between the sensors This can result in changes in sensor readings when another sensor is placed within the same solution Using a USB Link SPARKLink or other device without an external power adaptor eliminates this effect as does separate battery powered interfacesAvoid using the DO electrode on the water quality sensor at the same time as the other quantities on the water quality sensor in the same solution

Types of sensorsThere are over 70 sensors in the expanding range of PASPort sensors and several other USB based devices that are detected through the PASCO software The range as at May 2012 is detailed by curriculum category below


Click on any of the sensor names to visit the PASCO web site for full manuals and user instructions Some sensors are shown more than once where they apply to two or more categories

Acceleration

bull Acceleration Sensor (2-axis) ( PS-2118 )bull Acceleration Sensor (3-axis) ( PS-2119 )bull Visual Accelerometer ( PS-2128 )bull 3-Axis AccelerometerAltimeter ( PS-2136 )bull GPS Position Sensor ( PS-2175 )bull Photogate and Pulley System ( ME-6838A )

Chemistry

bull pH Sensor ( PS-2102 )bull Conductivity Sensor ( PS-2116A )bull Colourimeter Sensor ( PS-2121 )bull High Accuracy Drop Counter ( PS-2117 )bull Oxidation Reduction Potential Probe ( CI-6716 )bull High Precision pHTemperature with ISEORP Amplifier ( PS-2147 )bull Chemistry Sensor ( PS-2170 )

ElectricityMagnetism

bull Magnetic Field Sensor ( PS-2112 )bull Voltage-Current Sensor ( PS-2115 )bull Charge Sensor ( PS-2132 )bull Chemistry Sensor ( PS-2170 )bull General Science Sensor ( PS-2168 )bull Galvanometer ( PS-2160 )bull 2-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor ( PS-2162 )bull High Current Sensor ( PS-2193 )bull 1 MHz 2-Channel Voltage Sensor ( PS-2190 )

Force

bull Force Sensor ( PS-2104 )bull Force Platform ( PS-2141 )bull 2-Axis Force Platform ( PS-2142 )bull High Resolution Force Sensor ( PS-2189 )

Gases

bull Dissolved Oxygen Sensor ( PS-2108 )bull Carbon Dioxide Gas Sensor ( PS-2110 )bull Ethanol Sensor ( PS-2194 )bull Oxygen Gas Sensor ( PS-2126A )

GPS

bull GPS Position Sensor ( PS-2175 )Light

bull Light Sensor ( PS-2106A )bull TemperatureSound LevelLight Sensor ( PS-2140 )bull Infrared Light Sensor ( PS-2148 )bull Ultraviolet Light Sensor ( PS-2149 )bull General Science Sensor ( PS-2168 )bull High Sensitivity Light Sensor ( PS-2176 )bull Broad Spectrum Light Sensor ( PS-2150 )


bull Light Level Sensor ( PS-2177 )Load Cells and Amplifiers

bull Dual Load Cell Amplifier ( PS-2205 )bull Load Cell Amplifier ( PS-2198 )bull 100 N Load Cell ( PS-2200 )bull 5 N Load Cell ( PS-2201 )

Motion

bull Photogate Head ( ME-9498A )bull Motion Sensor ( PS-2103A )bull Rotary Motion Sensor ( PS-2120 )bull GPS Position Sensor ( PS-2175 )bull Displacement Sensor ( PS-2204 )bull Photogate and Pulley System ( ME-6838A )

pH

bull pH Sensor ( PS-2102 )bull High Precision pHTemperature with ISEORP Amplifier ( PS-2147 )bull Chemistry Sensor ( PS-2170 )bull Water Quality Sensor ( PS-2169 )

Physiology

bull EKG Sensor ( PS-2111 )bull Respiration Rate Sensor ( PS-2133 )bull Spirometer ( PS-2152 )bull Goniometer Sensor ( PS-2137 )bull Breath Rate Sensor ( PS-2187 )bull Hand Grip Heart Rate Sensor ( PS-2186 )bull Blood Pressure Sensor ( PS-2207 )

Pressure

bull Absolute Pressure Sensor ( PS-2107 )bull BarometerLow Pressure Sensor ( PS-2113A )bull Relative Pressure Sensor ( PS-2114 )bull Absolute PressureTemperature Sensor ( PS-2146 )bull Chemistry Sensor ( PS-2170 )bull Quad Pressure Sensor ( PS-2164 )

Radiation

bull G-M TubePower Supply ( SN-7927A )bull Alpha Beta Gamma Radiation Sensor ( PS-2166 )

Soil Properties

bull Flat pH Electrode ( PS-2182 )bull Soil Moisture Sensor ( PS-2163 )

Sound

bull Sound Level Sensor ( PS-2109 )bull TemperatureSound LevelLight Sensor ( PS-2140 )bull General Science Sensor ( PS-2168 )

Spectrometry amp Colorimetry

bull Colourimeter Sensor ( PS-2121 )bull Water Quality Colourimeter ( PS-2179 )

Temperature


bull Temperature Sensor ( PS-2125 )bull Temperature Type K Sensor ( PS-2134 )bull SkinSurface Temperature Probe ( PS-2131 )bull Fast Response Temperature Probe (3 pack) ( PS-2135 )bull Stainless Steel Temperature Probe ( PS-2153 )bull Quad Temperature Sensor ( PS-2143 )bull Thermocline Sensor ( PS-2151 )bull Temperature Array ( PS-2157 )bull Noncontact Temperature Sensor ( PS-2197 )bull Type K 4-Port Temperature Sensor ( PS-2127 )

TimingCounting

bull Time-of-Flight Accessory ( ME-6810 )bull Photogate Head ( ME-9498A )bull Laser Switch ( ME-9259A )bull Freefall Adapter ( ME-9207B )bull Alpha Beta Gamma Radiation Sensor ( PS-2166 )

Water Quality

bull pH Sensor ( PS-2102 )bull Dissolved Oxygen Sensor ( PS-2108 )bull Conductivity Sensor ( PS-2116A )bull Turbidity Sensor ( PS-2122 )bull Flow RateTemperature Sensor ( PS-2130 )bull Thermocline Sensor ( PS-2151 )bull Water Quality Sensor ( PS-2169 )bull Water Quality Colourimeter ( PS-2179 )

Weather

bull BarometerLow Pressure Sensor ( PS-2113A )bull HumidityTempDew Point Sensor ( PS-2124A )bull 6-in-1 Weather Sensor ( PS-2154A )bull WeatherAnemometer Sensor ( PS-2174 )bull Dual HumidityTempDew Point Sensor ( PS-2156 )

Also available arebull Spectrometers - manufactured by Ocean Optics connect via USB and are detected by SPARKVue

130 or newer You must update to at least this version to use this featurebull Digital microscopes and web cams - various manufacturers connect via USB and are detected by

SPARKVue 130 or newer as an imaging devicebull Ion Specific Electrodes - a broad range of industry standard electrodes are supported by

bull High Precision pHTemperature with ISEORP Amplifier ( PS-2147 )bull Chemistry Sensor ( PS-2170 )bull Water Quality Sensor ( PS-2169 )bull A growing range of sensor accessories for investigating or demonstrating key concepts eg

diffusionosmosis chamber

Care and Maintenance of Sensors

There is something of a misunderstanding that sensors take a lot of care and maintenance Because of the PASPort design most in fact need next to no maintenance and most no calibration Some basic care while in use cleaning after use if exposed to liquids or chemicals and dry storage is really all they need

Water proof and water resistance


bull Most sensors outside of the water quality area are NOT waterproof No blue sensor box is waterproof No interface is waterproof

bull All temperature thermistors are waterproof to the point where they connect to the blue sensor box

bull Electrodes are waterproof to the point where they connect to the blue sensor boxbull The cuvette holders on colourimeters and the turbidity sensor are waterproof The main sensor

itself is notbull The bands and grips of the heart rate sensors are waterproof

Sensors and calibrationThe majority of sensors come factory calibrated and usually require no calibration and little or no maintenance There may be some exceptional circumstances where you do want to calibrate eg comparing multiple temperatures within one degree but generally they can be left alone

Sensors can also be effected by environmental factors for example a change in temperature effecting the speed of sound thatrsquos used in the measurement of motion the composition of specific cuvettes used with a colourimeter the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide In these cases PASCO has either a built in calibration method or a simple ldquobuttonrdquo method for calibrating Motion for example has a thermistor built into it that records the current temperature and adjusts the calibration accordingly

Electrode based sensors will require calibration These are third party electrodes and will change and age over time Industry takes the need for calibration for granted Good laboratory practice is to always calibrate an electrode based sensor However there are some hints and tricks that can simplify or reduce that process Most importantly in these cases PASCO has designed the software to enable storage of the particular electrode calibration within the current experiment file This means that

bull Some electrodes can be calibrated ahead of time and the calibration stored in a file to be used with that sensor

bull Past calibrations remain with the file so results donrsquot change when later used with a different or changed electrode

bull Where electrodes are relatively stable (eg nitrate) or are used irregularly past calibrations can be retrieved by simply opening a past file used with that electrode

Other electrodes measurements are effected not only by changes in the electrode but also environmental factors (eg dissolved oxygen dissolved carbon dioxide ion selective electrode) and should be calibrated every time environmental factors change (eg change in air pressure water composition)

PASCO software and dataloggers have simple calibration methods built in that with a small amount of practice allow calibrations to be made generally within a few seconds The one exception is the free SPARKVue for iOS In this one instance measurements can be taken but not calibrated at the time A calibration factor can be applied Tech Note 1116 has details on how

Sensor specific hints and tipsA reminder that this guide is provided as general assistance in good faith In using this guide you acknowledge and understand that the information on the PASCO web site at all times takes precedence that specifications and details may change at any time without notice that this information may not be complete and is subject to change and that any results damage or other issues arising from using this guide are the sole responsibility of the school and the user We will endeavour to update the notes as new information or new releases comes to hand - please check for the latest versionPlease refer to the full list above for additional sensors and links to the PASCO web site for specifications manuals and other detail Where a sensor is not included below user intervention of any kind is generally not required

Acceleration

bull Visual Accelerometer ( PS-2128 )


Standard AA batteries are used with the visual accelerometer when not plugged in to an interfaceconnection Make sure you press and hold the black button on the side for about 2-3 seconds to turn it off Check carefully that all lights are out to confirm

bull GPS Position Sensor ( PS-2175 )Like all GPS units donrsquot expect the GPS to work inside A clear view of the sky and hence the GPS satellites are required Sample rates are not high enough for amusement park rides - use the 3-axis accelerometer with altitude or an iOS device with SPARKVue Lite for these scenarios GPS data can be exported as Google Map compatible data and to PASCOrsquos MyWorld GIS software

bull Photogate and Pulley System ( ME-6838A )Requires a digital adaptor (PS-2159) for use with PASPort interfaces

Chemistry

bull pH Sensor ( PS-2102 )The electrode supplied with the PASCO pH sensors is gel-filled - it doesnrsquot matter if it dries out and it can actually prolong itrsquos life if allowed to dry out when stored for extended periods Small plastic extensions protect the glass bulb from being scratched but it should be noted that this also tends to hold some solution around the bulb - gentle stirring either manually or via a magnetic stirrer is recommended

A video on calibration of the pH sensor with SPARKVue can be viewed at httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=fUKL8sDiCy4

Cleaning

For most applications hot water with domestic cleaning detergent can be used for cleaningFor lime and other hydroxide containing solutions clean with a 5-10 solution of hydrochloric acid For solutions containing organic fouling agents (fats oils etc) clean probe with limonene or acetone For algae and bacteria containing solutions clean probe with a chlorine bleach containing liquidStorage

During term clean and immerse the pH electrode in the soaker bottle filled with pH 4 buffer solution that contains 1 g of potassium chloride (KCl) per 100 mL of solution Alternatively pH electrode storage solution and standard calibration solutions may also be obtained from various chemical suppliers Storing the electrode in distilled water will decrease the life of the electrodeLong-term Clean and dry the probe One to two days before you wish to use it again restore the probe by soaking it alternately into 01 M HCl and 01 M NaOH solutions for two minutes each Repeat once Following that soak in a pH 40 buffer solution until use If this restoring procedure fails to improve the responsiveness of the electrode it should be replaced

Warranty Expected Life

The pH electrodes that PASCO carries are covered by a 1 year manufacturer warranty not the 5 years of the sensor box itself The pH sensor should be replaced when it becomes unresponsive after cleaning and restoration pH sensor life is around 5 years or more in a typical educational environment

Calibration

While PASCO runs an approximate factory calibration prior to shipping all electrodes age over time This means that calibration is required depending upon the accuracy of result required We generally suggest thatJunior classes requiring comparative results do not need to calibrateSenior classes requiring reasonable absolute values should calibrate at least once per semester and always after restoration Ideally this should be every time but time constraints may make this difficult to fit in


Extended investigations particularly Extended Essays for the IB should always include calibrationThe calibration for a pH sensor and other electrode based sensors is stored in the file with which itrsquos calibrated This allows easy restoration and transfer of calibration settings without the risk of accidentally applying a calibration different to that appropriate at the timeCalibration files can be named with an identifier matching the sensorelectrode pair and placed in a convenient place on the school network or device for students to open and restore a prior calibration Calibration file and sensorelectrode combination go together - save and mark them with appropriate identification if prior calibrations are to be usedWhen calibrating make sure that the pH electrode is not still A gentle flow of solution across the electrode is requiredProcedure in DataStudio

1 Connect a PASPort interface to the computer via a USB cable or Bluetooth (in the case of the AirLinks)

2 Connect a PASPort sensor with a well-maintained pH electrode to the PASPort interface3 Click the Setup button in DataStudio4 In the Experiment Setup window click the Calibrate Sensors button5 Enter the first known pH buffer value in the Calibration Point 1 Standard Value text box6 Rinse and dry the pH probe7 Place the pH probe in the corresponding buffer solution stirring gently8 Stir the pH sensor until the value Present Sensor Measurement value stabilises (about 3

seconds)9 Click the Read from Sensor button10 Place the pH sensor in the second pH buffer solution11 Enter the second known pH buffer value in the Calibration Point 2 Standard Value text

box12 Rinse and dry off the pH sensor13 Place the pH Sensor in the second buffer solution14 Stir the pH sensor until the value Present Sensor Measurement value stabilises15 Click the Read from Sensor button16 Click OK Save the file with an appropriate name if you wish to use the calibration on

later occasions

Procedure Using the XPlorer GLX

1 Connect a PASPort sensor with a well-maintained pH electrode to any sensor port of the Xplorer GLX

2 Go to HomeSensorsSensorsCalibrate (3)3 Enter the first known pH buffer value in the Pt 1 (pH) text box4 Rinse and dry the pH probe5 Place the pH probe in the corresponding buffer solution stirring gently6 Stir the pH sensor until the pH value displayed at the bottom of the screen stabilises

(about 3 seconds)7 Click the Read Pt 1 button (F3)8 Place the pH sensor in the second pH buffer solution stirring gently9 Press the down arrow until you see Pt 2 (Units)10 Enter the second known pH buffer value in the Pt 2 (pH) text box11 Rinse and dry off the pH sensor12 Place the pH Sensor in the second buffer solution13 Stir the pH sensor until the pH value displayed at the bottom of the screen stabilises14 Click the Read Pt 2 button (F4)15 Click OK16 Save the file with an appropriate name if you wish to use the calibration on later

occasionsProcedure Using the SPARK SLS or SPARKvue

1 Connect a well-maintained pH electrode to one of the following PASPort sensor boxes


PS-2102 PASPORT pH Sensor PS-2147 PASPORT Precision pHORPISE Amplifier with Temperature PS-2169 PASPORT Water Quality Sensor PS-2170 PASPORT Chemistry Sensor

2 If you are using a SPARK SLS connect the PASPort sensor box to the SPARK SLS3 If you are using SPARKvue connect a PASPort sensor to any PASPort interface that is

connected to the computer via a USB cable

4 Press the Home button 5 Select pH6 Click Show (You will see a Graph display)

7 Press the Experiment Tools Button 8 Select CALIBRATE SENSOR9 In the Sensor field select the sensor that has the pH probe attached10 In the Measurement field select pH11 Calibration Type should remain 2 point (Adjust Slope and Offset)12 Click NEXT13 Enter the first known pH buffer value in the Standard Value box in the Calibration Point 1

section14 Rinse and wipe dry the pH probe15 Place the pH probe in the buffer solution corresponding to the value in the Standard

Value box16 Stir the pH sensor in the buffer solution for at least two seconds17 Click the Read From Sensor button18 Place the pH sensor in the second pH buffer solution19 Enter the second known pH buffer value in the Standard Value box in the Calibration

Point 2 section20 Rinse and wipe dry the pH probe21 Place the pH probe in the buffer solution corresponding to the value in the Standard

Value box22 Stir the pH sensor in the buffer solution for at least two seconds23 Click the Read From Sensor button (The current file is now calibrated)24 Click OK twice to return to the graph display25 Save the file with an appropriate name if you wish to use the calibration on later

occasions

bull Conductivity Sensor ( PS-2116A )In general conductivity offers a fast reliable nondestructive inexpensive and durable means of measuring the ionic content of a sample Reliability and repeatability are usually excellent Unlike measurement with ion-selective electrodes such as pH sensors the response of a conductivity sensor will not drift over time

The principle drawback of conductivity is that it is not ion-selective giving a reading proportional to the combined effect of all ions present In order to determine the amount of total dissolve solids you must have an idea of the ionic composition of the solution being measured Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance and its basic unit is the Siemens [S] formerly called mho Note that PASCO generally ships a 10x probe as standard with the conductivity sensor This means that all readings should be divided by 10 for actual values

Operating Instructions

1 Clean the electrode 2 Soak the conductivity electrode in distilled or deionized water for 5 to 10 minutes


3 Dry off the probe4 Immerse the probe in a calibration solution beyond the level of the holes on the electrode5 Tap the probe against the side of the vessel to remove any air bubbles trapped inside6 Monitor the conductivity while stirring the probe in the solution Continue stirring until the value

stabilizes7 Calibrate the sensor if required (see note below)8 Rinse the conductivity probe with distilled or deionized water between samples9 Wipe dry

Temperature Effects

Conductivity has a substantial dependence on temperature Temperature variation causes frequent problems with conductivity measurements when the solution under testing has a rapid varying temperature The change in conductivity is virtually instantaneous

Cleaning

The single most important requirement of accurate and reproducible results in conductivity measurement is a clean cell A dirty cell will contaminate the solution and cause the conductivity to change Grease oil fingerprints and other contaminants on the sensing elements can cause erroneous measurements and sporadic responses

Cleaning Methods

1 For most applications hot water with domestic cleaning detergent can be used for cleaning2 For lime and other hydroxide containing solutions clean with a 5-10 solution of hydrochloric acid3 For solutions containing organic fouling agents (fats oils etc) clean probe with acetone4 For algae and bacteria containing solutions clean probe with a bleach containing liquid

Clean cells by dipping or filling the cell with cleaning solution and agitating for two or three minutes When a stronger cleaning solution is required try concentrated hydrochloric acid mixed into 50 isopropanol Rinse the cell several times with distilled or deionized water and remeasure the cell constant before use

Storage

For short-term storage leave the cell immersed in deionized water Any cell that has been stored dry should be soaked in distilled water for 5 to 10 minutes before use to assure complete wetting of the electrodes If the black platinized coating appears to be wearing or flaking off the electrodes or if the cell constant has changed by 50 the cell should be replaced or re-platinised

Calibration

The conductivity sensor should not require calibration to obtain a value that is accurate to within 10 To obtain more accurate values or verify that your conductivity probe is functioning to within specification please follow Tech Note 596

bull Colourimeter Sensor ( PS-2121 )A video on using the colourimeter with SPARKVue can be viewed at httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=vlJrv8q0q7gampfeature=plcpThe PASPORT Colourimeter records 4 wavelengths simultaneously--no need to guess at wavelength to get a quality measurement Digital circuitry handles the calculations calibrations and adjustments ndash all you have to do is collect data It simultaneously reports both absorbance and transmittance Calibration is not always required but is recommended at senior levels to allow for differences between cuvettes This calibration is stored on the sensor and is performed via a single button on the sensor itself Replacement cuvettes are availableTo avoid errors when calibrating do not use the Colourimeter around bright lights or with turbid solutions Always close the lid tightly before taking measurements For accurate readings fill the cuvette to the lid with the sample


The cuvette holder is waterproof but the unit itself is not

To calibrate for100 transmittance insert a cuvette filled with distilled water into the cuvette holder and tightly close the lid Press the green Calibration button on the sensor The light illuminates to indicate calibration is in progress Wait for the light to turn off and then remove the sample To check your calibration reinsert the cuvette close the lid and click the Start button in DataStudio the GLX Xplorer or SPARKVue All color readings should approximate 100 transmittance

bull High Accuracy Drop Counter ( PS-2117 )The unit can sample up to 40 drops per minute Additional calibration instructions are included in Tech Note 473

bull Oxidation Reduction Potential Probe ( CI-6716 )PREPARATION

1 Remove the protective soaker bottle and rinse the bottom of the electrode with deionized water

2 Prior to first use or after long-term storage immerse the electrode in deionised water for 30 minutes

VALIDATION

1 Set the probe to read in mV2 Prepare enough pH 700 buffered water to completely immerse the membrane of the

electrode3 Add quinhydrone to saturate the buffered water (Some crystals should be undissolved

after stirring vigorously)4 While stirring immerse the electrode into the solution5 Measure the potential after the reading stabilizes (30-60 seconds)6 The potential should be within +- 20 mV of the standard values

1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30

1 Standard Potential [mv]

1 92 1 86 1 79

15 Remove electrode and rinse thoroughly with distilled water7 Add sufficient crystals of quinhydrone to saturate a solution of 401 pH buffer8 While stirring immerse the electrode into the solution (The measured voltage should

respond rapidly)9 Measure the potential after the reading stabilises (30-60 seconds)10 The potential should be within +- 20 mV of the standard values

1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 268 1 263 1 213

28 If the difference between the values of the electrode in the two buffers is less than 177 mV or the potentials are offset from the standard potentials by more than 20 mV clean the electrodes

11 Rinse the electrode with distilled water

STORAGE

Store in air or distilled water If stored in air rinse with distilled water


MAINTENANCE

Electrodes which are mechanically intact with no broken parts can often be restored to normal performance by one of the following procedures

bull General Cleaning Soak the electrode in 110 dilution of household laundry bleach in a 01 - 05 liquid detergent solution in hot water with vigorous stirring for 15 minutes Drainrefill the reference chamber Soak the electrode in distilled water for at least 10 minutes

bull Salt Deposits Dissolve the deposit by immersing the electrode in 01 M HCl for five minutes followed by immersion in 01M NaOH for five minutes and thorough rinsing with distilled water

bull OilGrease Films Wash electrode in a little detergent and hot water Rinse electrode tip with distilled water

bull Clogged Reference Junction Heat a diluted KCl solution to 60-80oC Place the reference portion of the ORP electrode into the heated KCl solution for approximately 10 minutes Allow the electrode to cool while immersed in some unheated KCl solution

bull Protein Deposits Dissolve the deposit by immersing the electrode in a 1 pepsin solution with a background of 01M HCl for five minutes followed by thorough rinsing with distilled water

After any of these special cleaning procedures remember to drainrefill the reference chamber if refillable Soak the electrode in storage solution for at least 10 minutes

If these steps fail to restore normal electrode response replace the electrode

Further notes on trouble shooting can be found in Tech Note 1066

bull High Precision pHTemperature with ISEORP Amplifier ( PS-2147 )The high precision pH sensor can give pH readings to a resolution of 001 with appropriate calibration It also supports ISE and ORP probesRefer to the notes for PS-2102 (above) on calibration and care of pH sensors

If pH and temperature are simultaneously submerged in the same conductive liquid (eg tap water) then a ground loop or conductive interference can occur between the sensors This can result in changes in sensor readings when another sensor is placed within the same solution Using a USB Link SPARKLink or other device without an external power adaptor eliminates this effect

ISE ELECTRODESPASCO distributes a range of industry standard Ion Specific Electrodes These are third party electrodes and are generally the same as used by other makes of electronic measure the electrodes themselves can be inter-changed although not the sensors themselves Some general pointsbull Ion selective electrodes are probably the most difficult sensors to use since it requires

additional knowledge on the kind of test being carried outbull Some of the electrodes do not age well particularly dissolved carbon dioxidebull Always check and verify that there are no interfering ions in solution A list of interfering

ions is available for each of the relevant ion specific electrodesbull Like the pH probe calibration details are stored with the experiment file Ensure that files

are named to match the particular ion specific electrode being calibrated Follow the calibration procedure per the pH electrode referring to the following electrode based notes as required

bull Constant but not violent movement of the electrodes is required for accurate measurement A magnetic stirrer can generate heat sufficient to change the solution temperature so if using one itrsquos recommended that a sheet of styrofoam or other insulator is placed between the stirrer and the beaker


bull A range of standards for some of the ion specific electrodes are available through PASCO For a list including part numbers for ordering please refer to Tech Note 422 on the PASCO web site Be certain that your standards are uncontaminated With the High standard 100x more than the low standard contamination is pretty easy to do Rinse thoroughly between calibration points and blot prior to placing in a standard

bull Electrodes can take some time to stabilise This can vary between particular electrodes Itrsquos recommended to calibrate and take readings after the same time That way the response will hit the same point in time The values may drift further but being consistent with the time will give consistent calibrations and readings

bull PASCO has released the water quality colourimeter and the EZ-Sample test kits as a considerably easier method of making individual samples than the electrodes While it does use consumables it is recommended considering this alternative if your own skills and knowledge of chemistry tests and preparation of standards is limited

CI-6726 Carbon Dioxide Ion Selective Probe For measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide this is probably the hardest of all the ion specific electrodes to maintain The Water quality colourimeter and EZ-Sample test kit is strongly recommended as an alternativebull These electrodes do not age wellbull Do NOT use a magnetic stirrer The use of a magnetic stirrer can cause increases in

temperature and inaccurate voltage measurements due to insufficient groundingbull Verify that there are no interfering ions in the solution These include formic acid acetic

acid sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxidebull Prior to calibration soak the electrode for 5 minutes in distilled water then for 5 minutes in

the CO2 standard solution Full notes on making standards are included in the manualbull Check that the tip has been filled with the filling solution and the membrane for holes

Change filling andor membrane if problems persistbull Hold the probe at around 20o to the vertical to minimise air bubbles that can occur when

holding it verticallybull Make sure all standards and solutions are at the same temperature There is a 2 error for

every 10 C difference in temperaturebull Refer to the manual for calibration standards and run a 2-point calibration as detailed for

pH

CI-6727 Calcium Ion Selective Electrode Calibration standards are available through PASCO See Tech Note 422 for detailsStore dry for Long Term storage For short term storage store in 100ppm calcium standard (0030g of CaCl2H2O per litre of water)Rinse with distilled water after use Note that calcium complexes are not detected Keep the concentration of SO4 below 50 ppm and of CO4HCO4 below 280 ppmPlease also refer to the electrode manual for measurement hints and techniques

CI-6728 Fluoride Ion Selective ElectrodeCalibration standards are available through PASCO See Tech Note 422 for detailsPlease also refer to the electrode manual for measurement hints and techniques

CI-6732 Chloride Ion Selective Electrode Calibration standards are available through PASCO See Tech Note 422 for detailsPlease also refer to the electrode manual for measurement hints and techniques

CI-6733 Potassium Ion Selective ElectrodeCalibration standards are available through PASCO See Tech Note 422 for detailsA slow or sluggish response may indicate surface contamination of the potassium electrode membrane Soak the electrode in distilled water for about 5 minutes to clean it and then rinse it in diluted standard solution


There are a wide range of cations that interfere with the potassium electrode if present in high enough levels Refer to the manual for a full list and the respective concentrations at which they may interfereProvided that the temperature of a solution has equalised the electrode can be used between 0 and 40 C and for short times between 40 - 50 C Room temperature measurements are however recommendedUpper limit for detection in pure potassium chloride solutions is 01MFor long term storage store dry with the rubber cap over the tip For short periods the electrode can be stored in 10 x 10-2M potassium standardPlease also refer to the electrode manual for further measurement hints and techniques

CI-6734 Sodium Ion Selective Electrode Calibration standards are available through PASCO See Tech Note 422 for detailsSome cations will cause interference in present in high enough levels The electrode manual has a full list including the respective concentrations at which they may interfereThe upper limit of detection in pure sodium solutions is 1 M This is reduced to 10-1 M in the presence of other ions The electrode response is greatly influenced by the pH of the solution at low levels of sodium ionsThe electrode should be stored in sodium electrode strorage solution NEVER in air or water For long term storage rinse and dry the sensing glass and cover the glass tip with the protective cap shipped with the electrodeIf readings appear unstable soak overnight in the electrode storage solution and allow solutions to come to room temperature before measurementPlease also refer to the electrode manual for measurement hints and techniques

CI-6735 Nitrate Ion Selective ElectrodeCalibration standards are available through PASCO See Tech Note 422 for details They can also be prepared as followsbull Ionic Strength Adjuster (ISA) 2 M (NH4) 2SO4

To prepare this solution half fill a 1 litre volumetric flask with distilled water and add 264 grams of reagent-grade ammonium sulfate (NH4) 2SO4 Swirl the flask gently to dissolve the

solid Fill the flask to the mark with distilled water cap and upend several times to mix the contents ISA is added at the rate of 2 ml of ISA to each 100 ml of standard or sample to adjust the ionic strength to about 012 M

bull Reference Filling Solution 0l M (NH4) 2SO4 00l M KCl

bull Nitrate Standard 01 M NaNO3 To prepare this solution add 850 grams of reagent-grade sodium nitrate to a one litre volumetric flask about half full of distilled water Swirl the flask gently to dissolve the solid Fill to the mark with distilled water cap and upend several times to mix the solution

bull Nitrate Standard 1000 ppm NO 3-1

To prepare this solution add 137 grams of reagent-grade sodium nitrate to a one litre volumetric flask about half full with distilled water Swirl the flask gently to dissolve the solid Fill to the mark with distilled water cap and upend several times to mix the solution



Certain anions can cause interference malfunction drift or measurement errors if present in high enough levels Refer to the manual for a full list and the relevant concentrations at which they may cause interference Interferences such as chloride bromide iodide and cyanide can be removed by precipitation with 05 g of silver sulphate added to 100mL of the sample Nitrite interference can be removed by adding 03 g of sulphamic acid to 100 mL of sampleThe electrode should be stored dry for long term storage covered with the protective cap shipped with the electrode For short term storage store in 10-2 M nitrate solution


Soak in nitrate standard if readings appear unstable and check that the electrode is filled with reference solution Allow solutions to come to room temperature and stabilise before measurementPlease also refer to the electrode manual for measurement hints and techniques

CI-6736 Lead Ion Selective ElectrodeCalibration standards are available through PASCO See Tech Note 422 for detailsA surface layer of silver metal cam be formed on the electrode by strongly reducing solutions Polish the electrode with a smooth polishing paper wet with a few drops of distilled water to restore performance Rinse after polishingThe electrode membrane can be ldquopoisonedrdquo by solutions containing copper mercury or silver Ensure that these are not present in any sample to be tested A wide variety of other interferences are possible Please refer to page 10 of the manual for further quite extensive adviceFor long term storage dry the sensing pellet and cover the membrane tip with the protective cap shipped with the electrode For short periods during the school term the electrode can be stored in 1 x 10-2 M lead solutionPlease also refer to the electrode manual for measurement hints and techniques

bull Chemistry Sensor ( PS-2170 )The Chemistry sensor combines pH temperature voltage and pressure If pH and temperature are simultaneously submerged in the same conductive liquid (eg tap water) then a ground loop or conductive interference can occur between the sensors This can result in changes in sensor readings when another sensor is placed within the same solution Using a USB Link SPARKLink or other device without an external power adaptor eliminates this effectPlease also refer to the notes on calibration and care of pH electrodes (pH Sensor ( PS-2102 )) ORP electrodes and ion specific electrodes


bull Magnetic Field Sensor ( PS-2112 )The sensor must be powered up for at least 240 seconds for best resolutionAny measurement of magnetic field will include any surrounding magnetic fields including that of the Earth Where absolute measurements are required the Zero Gauss Chamber (EM-8652) is recommended for zeroing the sensor Alternatively place the sensor away from strong or alternating sources of magnetic field orientate it so the magnetic field axis measurements of interest are a minimum along the measurement axis and press the tare button

bull 2-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor ( PS-2162 )The sensor must be powered up for at least 240 seconds for best resolutionAny measurement of magnetic field will include any surrounding magnetic fields including that of the Earth Where absolute measurements are required the Zero Gauss Chamber (EM-8652) is recommended for zeroing the sensor Alternatively place the sensor away from strong or alternating sources of magnetic field orientate it so the magnetic field axis measurements of interest are a minimum along the measurement axis and press the tare button

bull 1 MHz 2-Channel Voltage Sensor ( PS-2190 )Requires an Xplorer GLX or 850 Universal for full 1 MHZ sampling speeds Sampling with other PASPort interfaces is restricted to 1 kHz

Force

bull Force Sensor ( PS-2104 )The PASCO force sensors employ four strain gauges epoxied to a binocular dual-beam made from annealed aluminium The strain gauges are wired to form a full bridge circuit driven by a constant voltage source The voltage across the bridge circuit is proportional to the applied force


If the beam is over stressed the sensor will fail Forces over 100 N should be avoided

bull High Resolution Force Sensor ( PS-2189 )The PASCO force sensors employ four strain gauges epoxied to a binocular dual-beam made from annealed aluminium The strain gauges are wired to form a full bridge circuit driven by a constant voltage source The voltage across the bridge circuit is proportional to the applied force If the beam is over stressed the sensor will fail Forces over 100 N should be avoided Some of the first release of this sensor had a faulty datasheet Please contact us to get them updated

Gases

bull Dissolved Oxygen Sensor ( PS-2108 )Much of the difficulty in using the dissolved oxygen sensor comes from over care and maintenance For school use this can be considerably simplified This will give reasonable comparative results For absolute results it is recommended that the calibration procedures outlined in the manual be followed

Before attempting any measurements allow the dissolved oxygen sensor to warm up by connecting it to an interface and leaving it for a few minutes Make sure that the electrode is active by checking that the computer airlink or datalogger is turned on

Never leave the DO electrode stationary in a solution or sample The electrode uses a small amount of the dissolved oxygen during operation and left in one place results will drift Use a magnetic stirrer set on low gently stir or otherwise ensure there is a gentle flow of the sample around the electrode

Itrsquos quite ok and can be expected to get results where a DO is greater than 100 In areas where algae are actively producing oxygen for example areas of super saturation will occur where the oxygen hasnrsquot had time to evenly dissolve through the water Bubbles coming up against the tip can give similar high results Ideally a series of measurements over a period of time in one location should be taken and the average value used although this isnrsquot always practical on school trips

Always measure on site The amount of dissolved oxygen a sample can hold is effected by temperature barometric pressure water composition and of course by the moving and shaking of the sample itself Never ask students to bring samples to school as the results will be far from that of the original sample

Calibration

bull DO should always be calibrated on the day and for water of similar composition to what it is intended to test In a day where sampling moves from say fresh water to salt then calibrations should be done for both types of water at the time they are to be measured

bull For higher level studies measurement in mgL and correction for temperature and barometric pressure is recommended For standard school studies calibration and measurement in DO is quite adequate for good comparative results and can give results within 1-2

bull Calibration is done based on a single point Refer to the step by step instructions on calibration for your device referred to in the details for the pH sensor

bull In the relevant calibration screen choose calibration by dissolved oxygen - the drop down defaults to mgL Change this by selecting the option from the drop down menu The software will automatically choose a single point calibration method and suggest a default value of 100

bull Put about 4-5 mm of water of similar composition to the samples to be tested (eg salty for sea water) in the storage bottle supplied and screw it on to the electrode

bull Turn the electrode upside down and make sure the top of the tip is in the air space above the water


bull Give the electrode a good shake for about 20 seconds or so This will super saturate the air space above the tip with water vapour making it equivalent to 100 DO at the prevailing temperature and barometric pressure

bull Give the electrode a tap to make sure there is no water resting on the top and then quickly click or tap ldquoRead from Sensorrdquo in your software or device Then click OK As the electrode will use oxygen from the sample and the water vapour will drop out of suspension itrsquos important that the calibration be completed as quickly as possible

Test your calibration while still holding the electrode upside down by taking a measurement You should see the DO changing and gradually decreasing If there is no change follow the maintenance notes below if the electrode is still unresponsive please contact us to organise a return for further testing

Maintenance

Only carry out a change in membrane if the electrode is unresponsive after being connected for several minutesIf a sensor is not responding check the electrode as followsUnscrew the tip of the electrode about half a turn or so Check whether the orange O-Ring sealing the tip is visible If not itrsquos highly likely that itrsquos missing and the electrode filling solution will have leaked outUnscrew the tip the rest of the way and empty any remaining filling solution out of the tip Hold the tip up to the light and look down through it to the membrane Check it for holes and tearsif the membrane is torn it will need replacing A black plastic membrane replacement tool shipped with the electrode along with one of the standard membranes Push the old membrane out with the tool and slip the new one into place using the tool to gently push it back to the top of the tip while taking care not to tear the new membraneRefill the tip with solution using the syringe provided from the bottle provided Trickle it down the side of the tip and overfill so once screwed back on you can be sure that there are no bubbles in the tipScrew the tip back on calibrate and test

Should you have use the standard membrane replacement supplied please contact us for replacements For school use we recommend ordering the low cost replacement tips (PS-2562 - pack of 2) and the corresponding replacement membranes (PS-2561 - pack of 25) They are considerably cheaper and give adequate results for schoolsAfter a days use leave the electrode immersed in clean water over night to flush out any impurities and store with the electrode storage bottle in place

If the electrode becomes unresponsive after maintenance please contact us to organise a return for further testing

bull Carbon Dioxide Gas Sensor ( PS-2110 )View a video on the use of the Carbon Dioxide Gas Sensor at httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nLKHYkho26MCalibration of the PS-2110 Carbon Dioxide Gas Sensor is not required for most activities as the sensor is factory calibrated Over time the sensorrsquos characteristics may change To restore the sensor to its factory-calibrated state perform the calibration in typical outside air conditions (around 400- 450 ppm CO2)Perform a single point calibration

bull Go outside and collect a sample of fresh air(400to450ppmCO2) bull Insert the probe with stopper and sensor assembly into the up right sampling bottle Be

sure the stopper fits snugly into the neck of the bottlebull Bring the sensorbottle assembly inside and connect it to a PASPORT interface Observe the

carbon dioxide reading Wait at least 90 seconds for the reading to stabilise bull Press the Calibrate button on the sensor and hold for 3 seconds

The green light will stay on to indicate calibration has begun bull Wait approximately one minute When the green light flashes

again calibration is finished


bull To verify the calibration observe the sensorrsquos reading in your software or data logger screen The reading should be stable at approximately 400 ppm (plusmn50 ppm)

bull If the sensorrsquos reading drifts or seems too high or low recalibrate

Use the supplied sampling bottle to collect air samples such as an atmospheric sample or the CO2 gas produced from germinating seeds [Note Do not try to remove the probe (sensing tube) The probe is not removable]

bull Ethanol Sensor ( PS-2194 )Measurement

bull Ensure that the Teflon membrane is intact and not discoloredbull Place the end of the probe just above a solution or in a gas containing less than 3 ethanolbull Click the Start button to begin recording data

The sensor works as when a metal oxide such as alumina is heated to a sufficiently high temperature while exposed to air oxygen from the air is absorbed on the surface of the metal oxide transferring negative charge to the oxygen and leaving a positively charge surface barrier to electron flow at each grain boundary in the metal oxideMany solvent vapors (such as ethanol) act as reducing agents for this absorbed oxygen decreasing the charge barriers and making it easier for electrons to flow past the grain boundaries The conductivity of the metal oxide is related to the concentration and chemical composition of the reducing gas

Any of the following solvent vapors will significantly reduce the metal oxideXyleneToluenen-HeptaneBenzeneEthanolAcetoneHydrogenMethyl MercapatanIso-ButaneFormaldehydeTrimethlamineHydrogen SulfideAcetic AcidPropionic AcidAmmoniaCarbon MonoxideMethaneWater VaporIn addition the sensor should be expected to be sensitive to chemically related solvent vaporsUsage NotesThe teflon membrane is designed to prevent the sensing element from getting wet If the sensing element accidentally gets wet rinse and dry it quickly The probe may be degraded or destroyed if the membrane is ruptured or compromised Do not immerse the probe Replace a damaged teflon membrane immediatelyCalibration data is stored in the sensorrsquos memory until the sensor is calibrated again even if the sensor is unplugged from the interfaceAvoid exposure to concentrations in excess of 3 for any of the vapors to which it is sensitivesilicone vaporscorrosive vapors (H2S SOx Cl2 HCl)saltsliquid waterhigh pressureshigh-temperatureshigh-humidity


air flow

Calibration (for Ethanol measurements)Calibration data is retained in memory on the sensor so regular calibration shouldnrsquot be needed If you suspect calibration is required the following method can be usedMaterial

bull 1 ethanol in water at the same temperature as the solutions to be measuredbull Procedurebull Ensure that the membrane is installed and intact (If not refer to the manual for membrane

replacement)bull Ensure that the measurement environment has a fairly constant temperature and humiditybull Power on the sensor for ~10 minutes before usebull Connect the sensor to an interfacebull Place the probe either in a sealed container above the 1 ethanol solution Do not

immerse the probe Avoid getting the probe wetbull Wait until the reading stabilisesbull Press and hold the 1 CAL button on the sensor for at least 4 seconds (Immediately after a

successful calibration the sensorrsquos output reads 1 and the button is illuminated)

StorageThe sensor should be stored in a sealed polyethylene bag with clean air at ambient humidity Do not use silica gel or store in any bag with a perceptible odor such as a bag made of PVC the vapours from which can effect the sensor

bull Oxygen Gas Sensor ( PS-2126A )View a video on the use of the Oxygen Gas Sensor at httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=nLKHYkho26MThe fuel cell probe included with the Oxygen gas sensor is a consumable and will wear out It was updated in 2011 to a longer lasting unit (PS-2126A) The most common issue with the sensor is exhaustion of the fuel in the probe The probe itself has a two year warranty distinct from the 5 year warranty on the sensor itself In normal school type use the new probe can be expected to last for 5-6 years provided it is stored and used correctly The older probe can be expected to last up to 3 years under normal use and when following the storage instructions below It has a 1 year warrantyThe PASCO oxygen gas sensor has a range of 0-100 compared with competitorrsquos ranges of less than 27 and as the probe is not contained within the sensor only the probe needs to be replacedIf the Oxygen gas sensor reports lt 18 oxygen concentration before calibration in ambient outdoor air it is a good indication that the probe needs to be replaced Please follow the steps in the calibration procedure below to determine whether the probe needs to be replaced prior to ordering to avoid unnecessary replacement costs

Calibrationbull Remove the protective pink tape from oxygen gas sensing probebull Thread the deflector onto end of the probebull Attach the probe to the blue PS-2126(A) sensor boxbull Connect the sensor to a powered PASPort interfacebull Place the sensor in a well-ventilated environment either indoors or outdoors but away

from sources of CO2 such as motor vehicle exhaust or animal breathbull Monitor the oxygen concentrationbull If the concentration stabilises within +- 05 of a value between 18 - 23 (~ 20 seconds)

press the CAL (209) button on the sensor and hold it for 3 seconds (The green light will flash on and off for 4 seconds indicating that calibration is in progress After 4 seconds the reading should stabilise at 209)

bull If the oxygen sensor does not read gt180 oxygen concentration please contact us at Cider House Tech to order to a new probe

bull If the oxygen sensor still does not read gt180 oxygen concentration and the sensor is within the 5-year warranty contact Cider House Tech for review


Viability

The probe included with the PS-2126 is expected to last 1-3 years under normal use and is warranted by the manufacturer for 1 yearThe probe included with the PS-2126A which is also compatible with the PS-2126 is expected to last 5-6 years under normal use and is warranted by the manufacturer for 2 years A replacement probe can be purchased as the PS-6524 Oxygen Sensor Replacement Electrode

CompatibilityProbes from PS-2126 and PS-2126A Oxygen Gas sensors are interchangeable There is no need to buy a new sensor in order to use the newer and longer lasting probe

StorageTo extend the shelf life of the probe

bull Store the original probe uncovered in a refrigeratorbull Store the newer probe covered with the protective pink tape and in the refrigerator

Optimal storage temperature is 5 - 25 C

GPS

bull GPS Position Sensor ( PS-2175 )Note that the GPS sensor needs a clear ldquositerdquo of the sky to get a good signal Just like the GPS in your car a fix may take a few minutes under worst case conditions Sample rates for the GPS should be left at the default values Fast values like those required for amusement parks are not possible with a GPS Use an acceleration sensor instead

Light

bull Infrared Light Sensor ( PS-2148 )You do need to point the sensor at the object to be measured

Motion

bull Motion Sensor ( PS-2103A )While the PASPort sensor has a greater range and shorter dead zone than the industry standard there is a short dead zone of 15cm before it will start measuring Certain objects like golf balls scatter the signal and are very difficult to measure Smooth surfaced objects are bestThe sensor includes a thermistor that automatically adjusts for changes in temperature effecting the speed of sound

bull GPS Position Sensor ( PS-2175 )Note that the GPS sensor needs a clear ldquositerdquo of the sky to get a good signal Just like the GPS in your car a fix may take a few minutes under worst case conditions Sample rates for the GPS should be left at the default values

pH



Cleaning

For most applications hot water with domestic cleaning detergent can be used for cleaning


For lime and other hydroxide containing solutions clean with a 5-10 solution of hydrochloric acid For solutions containing organic fouling agents (fats oils etc) clean probe with limonene or acetone For algae and bacteria containing solutions clean probe with a chlorine bleach containing liquidStorage




Calibration

While PASCO runs an approximate factory calibration prior to shipping all electrodes age over time This means that calibration is required depending upon the accuracy of result required We generally suggest thatJunior classes requiring comparative results do not need to calibrateSenior classes requiring reasonable absolute values should calibrate at least once per semester and always after restoration Ideally this should be every time but time constraints may make this difficult to fit inExtended investigations particularly Extended Essays for the IB should always include calibrationThe calibration for a pH sensor and other electrode based sensors is stored in the file with which itrsquos calibrated This allows easy restoration and transfer of calibration settings without the risk of accidentally applying a calibration different to that appropriate at the timeCalibration files can be named with an identifier matching the sensorelectrode pair and placed in a convenient place on the school network or device for students to open and restore a prior calibration Calibration file and sensorelectrode combination go together - save and mark them with appropriate identification if prior calibrations are to be usedWhen calibrating make sure that the pH electrode is not still A gentle flow of solution across the electrode is requiredProcedure in DataStudio



seconds)9 Click the Read from Sensor button


10 Place the pH sensor in the second pH buffer solution11 Enter the second known pH buffer value in the Calibration Point 2 Standard Value text


later occasions






1 Connect a well-maintained pH electrode to one of the following PASPort sensor boxes PS-2102 PASPORT pH Sensor PS-2147 PASPORT Precision pHORPISE Amplifier with Temperature PS-2169 PASPORT Water Quality Sensor PS-2170 PASPORT Chemistry Sensor




7 Press the Experiment Tools Button 8 Select CALIBRATE SENSOR9 In the Sensor field select the sensor that has the pH probe attached10 In the Measurement field select pH11 Calibration Type should remain 2 point (Adjust Slope and Offset)12 Click NEXT


13 Enter the first known pH buffer value in the Standard Value box in the Calibration Point 1 section

14 Rinse and wipe dry the pH probe15 Place the pH probe in the buffer solution corresponding to the value in the Standard




occasions

bull High Precision pHTemperature with ISEORP Amplifier ( PS-2147 )The high precision pH sensor can give pH readings to a resolution of 001 with appropriate calibration It also supports ISE and ORP probesRefer to the notes for PS-2102 (above) on calibration and care of pH sensors and the earlier notes on ORP electrodes and ion specific electrodes in this document under the previous reference to this sensor and oxidation reduction potential probes



bull Water Quality Sensor ( PS-2169 )The water quality sensor combines measurement of dissolved oxygen pH (with support for ORP and ISE electrodes) conductivity and temperature on one multi-measure sensor Please refer to the specific notes on each individual sensor for tips and notesAvoid using the DO electrode on the water quality sensor at the same time as the other quantities on the water quality sensor in the same solution

Physiology

bull ECG Sensor ( PS-2111 )Check that you are viewing voltage rather than heart rate or heart rate countCheck that the sampling rate is set at 200 Hz or greaterCheck that the patches have not expired (The expiration date should be printed on the package of the EKG patches) Fresh patches may be purchased as CI-6620 EKG PatchesClean the skin where the patches will be applied and rub it with dry paper towel to remove natural skin oils that would reduce electrical conductitivityApply adhesive electrode patches to the right wrist right forearm just below the elbow and left forearm just below the elbow


Press the patches firmly onto the skinClip the EKG leads to the electrode patches as illustrated on the EKG sensorblack right wristgreen right forearmred left forearmArrange the leads so that they hang loosely without straining the patchesPress the Start button to begin collecting data

bull Respiration Rate Sensor ( PS-2133 )The Respiration Rate Sensor provides excellent data before and after exercise Combining the Relative Pressure Sensor with a Respiration Belt this sensor measures the change in pressure that occurs as the chest cavity expands and contracts during breathing The Respiration Belt is wrapped around the chest and the rubber bladder inside the belt is inflated using the attached squeeze bulbYou can purchase the respiration rate belt separately if you already have the relative pressure sensor You can also use the relative pressure sensor from the respiration rate sensor separately as needed

Be careful not to over inflate the belt High internal pressures make it difficult to measure the change in pressure resulting from movement of the chest

bull Spirometer ( PS-2152 )Sensor ships with two mouth pieces Additional mouth pieces available in packs of 10 for more than $7 per mouth piece Depending on a schools OH ampS policies mouth pieces can be reused after suitable cleaning or sterilisation There is a thin membrane inside the tube of the mouth piece Once this is broken the mouth piece must be disposed of

bull Goniometer Sensor ( PS-2137 )The Goniometer can be connected to the knee hip or elbow joints to measure angle changes during a variety of movements using an angle sensorThe Goniometer Sensor includes one probe for measuring motion of a single joint To measure a second joint simultaneously you will require an additional Goniometer probe and plug it into the second port of your Goniometer SensorReplacements belts are available for the sensor and come in a pack of two sizesThe Angle sensor is also available for separate purchase as required

bull Breath Rate Sensor ( PS-2187 )The Breath Rate Sensor uses standard disposable dust masks and gives stable output even when exercising Breath rate is measured by sensing the pressure changes inside the mask Tubing from the sensor connects to the disposable pressure clips which fasten on the side of the maskThe clips can be sterilised as required and are available for purchase from Cider House TechWhile we also have the masks available we recommend purchase of these from your local hardware store where their economies of scale means that the masks may be considerably cheaper It is not recommended that these be reused

bull Hand Grip Heart Rate Sensor ( PS-2186 )This sensor replaced the ear clip heart rate sensor and provides more reliable data collection via extra signal filtering and connection via two hand grips like those of gym equipment An indicator light within the sensor is used to signal when no viable connection is sensed (amber) when a connection is being established (green) and when a regular pulse is detected (red flashing) While you can move with the sensor please do not pull on the hand connection leads or unnecessarily wave them around or the cable connection may be broken The Exercise Heart Rate sensor is available for these more robust activitiesTrouble shooting tipsWithin a second or so of gripping the hand grips the green acquiring light should turn on If this is not happening check the following


bull There are 4 unbent pins on the cable connecting the hand grips to the blue sensor boxbull The cable from the hand grips is fully inserted into the sensor boxbull The protective transparent film has been peeled off of all four sides of the stainless-steel

hand gripsbull You are gripping the electrodes with moderate pressure so that your hands are contacting

all four sides of the electrodes and your hands are not overly dryIf the green acquiring light is on but the amber red beats does not pulse please be patient The red beats light should begin to flash within 8-20 seconds after the green acquiring light turns on If the red light does not turn on after 30 seconds clean the electrodes and slightly moisten your hands and try again

The best data will occur after about 60 seconds of the time of first acquisition so consider excluding this early data if it suits the investigation Otherwise a smoothing calculation may be worth considering

bull Blood Pressure Sensor ( PS-2207 )

Selection of a BP cuff of the appropriate size is necessary for accurate measurement of BP The use of a cuff that is too narrow results in an overestimation of BP and a cuff that is too wide underestimates BP False high pressure readings may result when the cuff is too small False low pressure readings can result if the cuff is too large A cuff with a bladder of an adequate size capable of going around 80 of the arm is recommended The following cuffs are availablePS-2531 Blood Pressure Cuff (small)PS-2532 Blood Pressure Cuff (standard) included with the sensorPS-2533 Blood Pressure Cuff (large)bull Wrap the cuff snugly around upper arm with the mark on the cuff directly placed over the

arterybull Measure baseline BP in both upper arms Where there are significant differences in BP use

the arm with the higher pressurebull The subject should be seated with back and arms supported feet on floor and legs

uncrossed with the upper arm at heart level Having the arm at a non-standard position will result in a different result due to hydrostatic pressure

bull Be sure that the subject stays still and quiet during the measurementbull Check that the leak rate is between 2 - 5 mmHgmin

Pressure


Soil Properties

bull Flat pH Electrode ( PS-2182 )This is an optional electrode compatible with all PASCO pH sensors Itrsquos used for measuring the pH of low moisture samples such as soil cheese and other foods Clean by rinsing after use Calibration can be performed using the same standards as the standard electrode

bull Soil Moisture Sensor ( PS-2163 )


The Soil Moisture Probe averages the volumetric water content over the entire length of the probe with a zone of influence of about 2 cm around the probe The zone of influence is with respect to the flat surface there is little or no sensitivity at the edges of the probeWhen selecting a site for testing with the probe it is important to remember that the soil adjacent to the probersquos surface has the strongest influence on the sensor reading Therefore any air gaps or excessive soil compaction around the probe can significantly affect the readings Because the probe has a gap between its prongs it is also important to consider the size of the media you are inserting the probe into It is possible to get sticks bark roots or other material stuck between the probe prongs which will adversely affect readings Finally be careful when inserting the probe into dense soil as the prongs will break if excessive sideways force is used when pushing them inWhen removing the soil moisture probe from the soil do not pull it out of the soil by the cable Doing so may break internal components and make the probe unusableWhen measuring please choose a soil type that matches the type being tested This applies the relevant calibration stored within the software You can also create a calibration curve for other soil types by using several samples of known water concentration where yoursquore testing a soil that doesnrsquot match the standard types available


bull Colourimeter Sensor ( PS-2121 )The PASPORT Colourimeter records 4 wavelengths simultaneously - blue green red and orange Digital circuitry handles the calculations calibrations and adjustments automatically Generally the best colour choice is the colour that gives the most contrast with the test solution eg red light for a blue solutionA sensor extension cable is included with the colourimeter for use when plugging directly into a datalogger is not convenient 5 cuvettes are included additional cuvettes can be ordered as part PS-2509 in sets of 6 The original Science Workshop cuvettes are differentCalibration is only required where absolute results are needed to allow for differences in manufacture of the glass cuvettes or when previous poor calibration is suspected This is stored on the sensor for later use via a one button push operationTo avoid errors when calibrating do not use the Colourimeter around bright lights or with turbid solutions Always close the lid tightly before taking measurements For accurate readings fill the cuvette to the lid with sampleTo calibrate for 100 transmittance insert a cuvette filled with distilled water into the cuvette holder and tightly close the lid Press the green Calibration button on the sensor The light illuminates to indicate calibration is in progress Wait for the light to turn off and then remove the sample The calibration for that cuvette is complete

bull Water Quality Colourimeter ( PS-2179 )The PASPORT Water Quality Colourimeter is a variation on the standard colourimeter and is designed specifically to support chemical analysis of water samples using PASCOs ezSample Snap Vial water quality test kits ezSample Snap Vials contain a pre-formulated reagent in a vacuum sealed ampoule The tip of the ampoule is scored so students simply place the ampoule in their sample snap the tip and the ampoule fills instantly mixing with the color-forming reagent The Water Quality Colourimeter analyses the solution and reports concentration

The Water Quality Colourimeter is complete with built-in calibration curves to determine the concentration of ions in the solution for the ions listed in the specifications No further calibration is usually required however a clear ampoule (supplied with each set of tests) can be used to calibrate with the same single button process as the standard colourimeter should additional accuracy be required The calibration is stored on the sensor Available ezSample snap vials in packs of 30 includeIron (EZ-2331) Nitrate (EZ-2333A)


Ammonia (EZ-2334) Phosphate (EZ-2337) Chlorine (EZ-2339) Total Hardness (EZ-2338) Alkalinity (EZ-2340) Carbon Dioxide (EZ-2341)An extension cable is supplied with the sensor

Immediately after pressing the green calibration button with a clear calibration ampoule the transmittance should be 1000 and the absorbance should read 0000 There are two reasons for thisbull 00 concentration is outside the valid range for any of the testsbull The calibrations are based on the assumption that the test dyes are present and fully

developed which may absorb some light even when the concentration of the ion of interest is low

It is also possible to get negative or otherwise erroneous values for the concentration during measurement Check the followingbull The ampoules must be nearly full and free of air bubbles for both calibration and

measurementbull The concentration of the ion of interest being measured must be in the range of sensitivity

of the testbull The test kits have not expiredbull The solutions were left to develop for an insufficient amount of timebull Sample spilled in the measurement chamberbull The colourimeter is functioning properlyTo verify that your system is performing properly mix or test a standard solution of a concentration that is in the recommended range of the test run a test measurementThe range and shelf life of the EzSample tests can be found in Tech Note 1103

Water Quality



Cleaning


During term clean and immerse the pH electrode in the soaker bottle filled with pH 4 buffer solution that contains 1 g of potassium chloride (KCl) per 100 mL of solution Alternatively pH electrode storage solution and standard calibration solutions may also be obtained from various chemical suppliers Storing the electrode in distilled water will decrease the life of the electrode


Long-term Clean and dry the probe One to two days before you wish to use it again restore the probe by soaking it alternately into 01 M HCl and 01 M NaOH solutions for two minutes each Repeat once Following that soak in a pH 40 buffer solution until use If this restoring procedure fails to improve the responsiveness of the electrode it should be replaced



Calibration






later occasions














Point 2 section20 Rinse and wipe dry the pH probe


21 Place the pH probe in the buffer solution corresponding to the value in the Standard Value box

22 Stir the pH sensor in the buffer solution for at least two seconds23 Click the Read From Sensor button (The current file is now calibrated)24 Click OK twice to return to the graph display25 Save the file with an appropriate name if you wish to use the calibration on later

occasionsbull Dissolved Oxygen Sensor ( PS-2108 )

Much of the difficulty in using the dissolved oxygen sensor comes from over care and maintenance For school use this can be considerably simplified This will give reasonable comparative results For absolute results it is recommended that the calibration procedures outlined in the manual be followed





Calibration











Maintenance




bull Conductivity Sensor ( PS-2116A )bull In general conductivity offers a fast reliable nondestructive inexpensive and durable means of

measuring the ionic content of a sample Reliability and repeatability are usually excellent Unlike measurement with ion-selective electrodes such as pH sensors the response of a conductivity sensor will not drift over time



1 Clean the electrode 2 Soak the conductivity electrode in distilled or deionized water for 5 to 10 minutes 3 Dry off the probe4 Immerse the probe in a calibration solution beyond the level of the holes on the electrode5 Tap the probe against the side of the vessel to remove any air bubbles trapped inside6 Monitor the conductivity while stirring the probe in the solution Continue stirring until the value



Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration


bull Turbidity Sensor ( PS-2122 )A video on using the Turbidity sensor with SPARKVue can be viewed at httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=BAyY0UrJrLIampfeature=plcpThe Turbidity Sensor measures light scattered at 90 degrees the industry standard (Nephelometric technique) Use of digital signal processing makes measurements extremely accurate and repeatable Calibration uses just two cuvettes and takes less than 15 seconds when required for extra accuracy An NTU standard glass cuvettes and a sensor extension cable are supplied with the unit Extra cuvettes can be ordered in sets of 6 as part PS-2509The NTU standard has a two year shelf life after which it should be replaced for best results as part PS-2511CalibratingCalibration is stored on the sensor and is gernally only required for extra accuracy when using different cuvettes or when a poor previous calibration is suspectedShake the NTU calibration solution vigorously for 2-3 minutes and then let the solution rest for 5 minutes prior to calibration This breaks up agglomerated particles Gently invert the solution a couple of times and is then ready to be usedThe Turbidity sensor requires a two-point calibrationInsert a cuvette filled with distilled water into the cuvette holder Close the lid tightly so that light cannot enter the casing


Press the green Calibration button Release the button The light should turn on When the button light blinks replace the cuvette with the 100NTU cuvette close the lid and press and release the button When calibration is complete the button light will turn off For accurate readings fill the cuvette to the lid with at least 6 ml of sample and always close the lid tightly before measurements Do not use the Turbidity Sensor around bright lights



The Water Quality Colourimeter is complete with built-in calibration curves to determine the concentration of ions in the solution for the ions listed in the specifications No further calibration is usually required however a clear ampoule (supplied with each set of tests) can be used to calibrate with the same single button process as the standard colourimeter should additional accuracy be required The calibration is stored on the sensor Available ezSample snap vials in packs of 30 includeIron (EZ-2331) Nitrate (EZ-2333A) Ammonia (EZ-2334) Phosphate (EZ-2337) Chlorine (EZ-2339) Total Hardness (EZ-2338) Alkalinity (EZ-2340) Carbon Dioxide (EZ-2341)An extension cable is supplied with the sensor





of the testbull The test kits have not expiredbull The solutions were left to develop for an insufficient amount of timebull Sample spilled in the measurement chamber


bull The colourimeter is functioning properlyTo verify that your system is performing properly mix or test a standard solution of a concentration that is in the recommended range of the test run a test measurementThe range and shelf life of the EzSample tests can be found in Tech Note 1103


PASPORT Probeware

PASPORT Probeware is the best choice for most school needs mdash offering more than 70 sensors to measure virtually anything plus software support for some additional external USB devices The PASPORT sensor line is all-digital each sensor a computing device of its own complete with digital chip on board This gives you plug-and-learn simplicity plus unmatched sensor capabilities No other manufacturer produces sensors with these features

PASPORT also features MultiMeasure Sensorstrade mdash many different sensor measurements in one convenient sensor box Makes classroom and equipment management easier and saves money IF you select carefully and will use all of the sensor measurements

With PASPORT your students can collect data

bull Using a standalone optionbull Directly to a computerbull As a remote data loggerbull Wirelessly to a computer

PASPort sensors are automatically detected by all PASCO software They will not work with any other manufacturerrsquos systems There are adaptors that will allow selected sensors from other manufacturers to work with PASPort interfacesconnections

Working with sensors

What works with what

The PASPort system is based on the concept that all sensors should work with all interfacesconnectionsdataloggers This is another unique feature of the PASPort system You do not need to purchase a particular device in order to use a particular sensor The general rule is to purchase and use the cheapest and simplest connection for the particular device and purpose you propose investigating There are some minor exceptions to this rule

bull The 2-channel 1 MHz voltage sensor is intended for use with the Xplorer GLX and 850 Universal Interface Data capture speeds are limited to 1 Hz with other interfaces

SPARKVue Lite (free version) for iOS has restricted support The following sensors are NOT supported

bull PS-2158 PASPORT Analog Adapterbull PS-2159 PASPORT Digital Adapter






Datasheets














Acceleration


Chemistry




Force


Gases


GPS






Motion


pH


Physiology


Pressure


Radiation


Soil Properties


Sound




Temperature



TimingCounting


Water Quality


Weather
























Acceleration






Chemistry



Cleaning





Calibration








later occasions

















occasions








Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration










VALIDATION




1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 92 1 86 1 79



1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 268 1 263 1 213



STORAGE



MAINTENANCE




























pH


























Force





Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration




















Datasheets














Acceleration


Chemistry




Force


Gases


GPS






Motion


pH


Physiology


Pressure


Radiation


Soil Properties


Sound




Temperature



TimingCounting


Water Quality


Weather
























Acceleration






Chemistry



Cleaning





Calibration








later occasions

















occasions








Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration










VALIDATION




1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 92 1 86 1 79



1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 268 1 263 1 213



STORAGE



MAINTENANCE




























pH


























Force





Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration

















Acceleration


Chemistry




Force


Gases


GPS






Motion


pH


Physiology


Pressure


Radiation


Soil Properties


Sound




Temperature



TimingCounting


Water Quality


Weather
























Acceleration






Chemistry



Cleaning





Calibration








later occasions

















occasions








Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration










VALIDATION




1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 92 1 86 1 79



1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 268 1 263 1 213



STORAGE



MAINTENANCE




























pH


























Force





Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration


















Motion


pH


Physiology


Pressure


Radiation


Soil Properties


Sound




Temperature



TimingCounting


Water Quality


Weather
























Acceleration






Chemistry



Cleaning





Calibration








later occasions

















occasions








Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration










VALIDATION




1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 92 1 86 1 79



1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 268 1 263 1 213



STORAGE



MAINTENANCE




























pH


























Force





Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration

















TimingCounting


Water Quality


Weather
























Acceleration






Chemistry



Cleaning





Calibration








later occasions

















occasions








Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration










VALIDATION




1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 92 1 86 1 79



1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 268 1 263 1 213



STORAGE



MAINTENANCE




























pH


























Force





Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration





























Acceleration






Chemistry



Cleaning





Calibration








later occasions

















occasions








Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration










VALIDATION




1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 92 1 86 1 79



1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 268 1 263 1 213



STORAGE



MAINTENANCE




























pH


























Force





Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration



















Chemistry



Cleaning





Calibration








later occasions

















occasions








Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration










VALIDATION




1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 92 1 86 1 79



1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 268 1 263 1 213



STORAGE



MAINTENANCE




























pH


























Force





Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration





















later occasions

















occasions








Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration










VALIDATION




1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 92 1 86 1 79



1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 268 1 263 1 213



STORAGE



MAINTENANCE




























pH


























Force





Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration

























occasions








Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration










VALIDATION




1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 92 1 86 1 79



1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 268 1 263 1 213



STORAGE



MAINTENANCE




























pH


























Force





Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration


















Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration










VALIDATION




1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 92 1 86 1 79



1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 268 1 263 1 213



STORAGE



MAINTENANCE




























pH


























Force





Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration






















VALIDATION




1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 92 1 86 1 79



1 Temperature [C] 1 20 1 25 1 30


1 268 1 263 1 213



STORAGE



MAINTENANCE




























pH


























Force





Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration
















MAINTENANCE




























pH


























Force





Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration


























pH


























Force





Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration




































Force





Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration


















Gases






Calibration











Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration



















Maintenance



















air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration
























air flow














Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration
















Viability






GPS


Light


Motion



pH



Cleaning







Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration




















Calibration








later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration


















later occasions

















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration





















occasions





Physiology





















Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration


































Pressure


Soil Properties
















Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration




























Water Quality



Cleaning







Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration



















Calibration






later occasions
























Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration





































Calibration











Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration

















Maintenance











Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration
















Temperature Effects


Cleaning


Cleaning Methods



Storage


Calibration
















Using PASCO sensors - the unoﬃcial guide€¢ PS-2159 PASPORT Digital Adapter Using PASCO sensors,...

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Transcript of Using PASCO sensors - the unoﬃcial guide€¢ PS-2159 PASPORT Digital Adapter Using PASCO sensors,...