Using Induced Seismicity to Predict and Monitor Reservoir Permeability Pathways
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Transcript of Using Induced Seismicity to Predict and Monitor Reservoir Permeability Pathways
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Using Induced Seismicity Using Induced Seismicity to Predict and Monitorto Predict and MonitorReservoir Permeability Reservoir Permeability
PathwaysPathways
Using Induced Seismicity Using Induced Seismicity to Predict and Monitorto Predict and MonitorReservoir Permeability Reservoir Permeability
PathwaysPathways
STRM LLC
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Positive Rate Correlationsfor Field Study A
Flood Directionalities> 40 Fields
Shmax
Rate Correlation Statistics (Heffer et al., 1997)
Critical Observations on the Behavior Critical Observations on the Behavior of Fluid Systems in the Earth’s Crustof Fluid Systems in the Earth’s Crust
Critical Observations on the Behavior Critical Observations on the Behavior of Fluid Systems in the Earth’s Crustof Fluid Systems in the Earth’s Crust
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Critical Observations on the Behavior Critical Observations on the Behavior of Fluid Systems in the Earth’s Crustof Fluid Systems in the Earth’s Crust
Rate Correlation Statistics (Heffer et al., 1997)
5 kms
None or negative change in productionProduction increase
Positive correlations have “zero lag time” at all distances.
Shmax
Shmax
Injection well
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Critical Observations on the Behavior Critical Observations on the Behavior of Fluid Systems in the Earth’s Crustof Fluid Systems in the Earth’s Crust
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Critical Observations on the Behavior Critical Observations on the Behavior of Fluid Systems in the Earth’s Crustof Fluid Systems in the Earth’s Crust
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• Hydraulically conductive fractures form the permeability system and are critically stressed according to Mohr-Coulomb behavior.
• Hydraulically conductive fractures show a conoidal distribution with respect to Shmax .
• Critically stressed fractures containing fluid are the weakest part of the naturally occurring fracture system and will respond first to a change in stress state.
Critical Observations on the Behavior Critical Observations on the Behavior of Fluid Systems in the Earth’s Crustof Fluid Systems in the Earth’s Crust
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• Micro-seismicity and creep created by a change in stress state will occur dominantly and in many cases exclusively on fractures forming the permeability system.
Critical Observations on the Behavior Critical Observations on the Behavior of Fluid Systems in the Earth’s Crustof Fluid Systems in the Earth’s Crust
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Pf in a well stress state about well.
2) stress state failure of the medium on critically oriented cracks seismicity.
3) Permeable cracks = critically oriented cracks.
4) Seismicity induced by Pf = permeable crack
system = Permeability (P) seismicity.
The STRM ModelThe STRM Model
Observation: The state of stress in earth’s
brittle crust is everywhere near failure.
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STRM HypothesisSTRM Hypothesis
P Seismicity SignatureSpatial: Given a mechanically isotropic mediumwith an isotropic crack distribution.• Should occupy opposing conoidal volumes.• Cone axis should = Shmax of ambient stress field.• Apical angles should range from 60o - 90o. • Seismicity should extend for kms from injection
point.
Temporal• Seismicity should propagate from injection point
at rates km/month.
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Test of HypothesisTest of Hypothesis Data from Rangely Field Experiment, Colorado Data from Rangely Field Experiment, Colorado
•Observations: Monitoring microseismicity and fluid pressure during a water flood.– Rapid response at distance: Earthquake activity
up to > 4 km from injectors ceases within 1 day of shut in.
– Increase in Pf Increase in earthquake activity.
• Spatial and temporal characteristics of microseismicity consistent with STRM hypothesis.
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Pattern of Seismicity Pattern of Seismicity (Map View)(Map View)
Data from Rangely Field Experiment, Colorado Data from Rangely Field Experiment, Colorado
10/69 - 10/70 11/70 - 7/71 8/71 - 10/71
11/71 - 8/72 9/72 - 5/73 6/73 - 5/74
1 Km
Injection Withdrawal Injection
Injection Injection Shut in
Fluid PressureIsobars
Injection Wells
Seismicity
Shmax
70
140
210
280
N
255
Eq Magnitude -0.5Raleigh et al, 1976
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Pattern of Seismicity Pattern of Seismicity (Section (Section View)View)
Data from Rangely Field Experiment, Colorado Data from Rangely Field Experiment, Colorado
Seismicity Boundary
1
1
1
1
Raleigh et al, 1976
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Brittle Failure Processes of the Brittle Failure Processes of the Earths CrustEarths Crust
• Macro-Seismicity, Micro-seismicity and Creep
10-510-6 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
Approximate Rupture size - meters
Creep Macro-Seismicity
Micro-Seismicity
Imagin
g M
eth
od
Earthquake Seismology
Seismic Structure Tomography
SST
Passive Seismic Emission Tomography
PSET
Earthquake Magnitude
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Passive Seismic Emission Tomography Passive Seismic Emission Tomography (PSET(PSET™)™)
t2
t1
ti
t3
Micro-Array
Given: Velocity Model
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Passive Seismic Emission Tomography Passive Seismic Emission Tomography (PSET(PSET™)™)
Slice through PSET cube.
Hot colors = emax
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Brittle Failure Processes of the Brittle Failure Processes of the Earths CrustEarths Crust
• Failure processes in the brittle (seismogenic) crust – the role of fracturing in creep.
Clast scale Deformation
Grain scale Deformation
Bed scale Deformation
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Heterogeneity of Brittle Failure Heterogeneity of Brittle Failure Processes of the Earths CrustProcesses of the Earths Crust
Valley and Ridge: Virginia
2 Km
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Heterogeneity of Brittle Failure Heterogeneity of Brittle Failure Processes of the Earths CrustProcesses of the Earths Crust
Bear Valley: Pa.
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Heterogeneity of Brittle Failure Heterogeneity of Brittle Failure Processes of the Earths CrustProcesses of the Earths Crust
North West Territory: Canada
1 Km