Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.
-
Upload
candice-carpenter -
Category
Documents
-
view
227 -
download
0
Transcript of Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.
![Page 1: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content
Issues and Challenges
By Shan Wu
![Page 2: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview
• Defining discourse analysis• Discourse and Power• Three key discourse analytical frameworks
– Michel Foucault– Teun A. van Dijk– Norman Fairclough
• Flaws of existing frameworks for analysis of news media texts
• Critique of suggested improvements
![Page 3: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Defining Discourse Analysis
• Two main definitions– As social action and interaction between human agents
– As social construction of reality that creates a knowledge system; influences our social practice and relations
• Effective qualitative supplement to quantitative content analysis
• Considers link between media content and wider sociopolitical framework
![Page 4: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Discourse and Power
• Discourse linked to power and social interests
• Language use and social practice framed by institutions– Institutions determine rules and and positions
of agents
![Page 5: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Three Key Scholars
• Michel Foucault’s system of representation
• Teun van Dijk’s socio-cognitive approach
• Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis
![Page 6: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Foucault’s System of Representation
• Discourse as system of representation
• Discourse – Knowledge – Power
• Discursive formation can sustain “regime of truth”
• Subjects constructed through discourse
• Opposes Marxist theory of ideology
• Intertextuality and interdiscursivity
![Page 7: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Foucault’s System of Representation
• Criticisms:– No structured and comprehensive methodology– Subject as mere product of discursive practices
![Page 8: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Van Dijk’s Socio-Cognitive Approach
• Reducing textual info to fundamental themes• On thematic level:
– Looks at overall description of text/ macrostructures
– Reduces complicated info to macro-propositions
• On schematic level:– Analyse schematic structures that influence form of the
text
![Page 9: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Van Dijk’s Socio-Cognitive Approach
• Criticisms:– Ignores intertextual relations– Difficult to compare across large number of
texts– Uncritical reproduction of power relations and
ideologies
![Page 10: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis
• Discourses influence social relations and knowledge systems through language
• Group together to form discursive order• Discourse analysis = analysis of discursive event +
analysis of discursive order• Three dimensions:
– Analysis of 1) language texts, 2) discourse practice, 3) discursive events as instances of sociocultural practice
• Impt terms: Discourse practice, intertextuality
![Page 11: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis
• Criticisms:– Textual-oriented approach– Over-ambitious methodical frame– Questionable linkage between textual
description and interpretation– Lack of understanding of human agency
![Page 12: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Discourse Analysis for News
• Shaping presentation of media texts– Professional ideology of journalists, news
organizations– State and corporate pressures– Ownership of media– Profit motivation of news organization
![Page 13: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Discourse Analysis for News
• Key considerations neglected in current frameworks– Origins of competing discourses– Presence of divergent social accounts– Influence of external factors– Meaning of the text to different audiences
![Page 14: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Discourse Analysis for News
• Other issues– Accuracy of representations– Views included/ excluded in a text– Rhetoric of political stories– Time-sensitivity– Interaction between discourse and social
realities: Circulation of meaning
![Page 15: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Suggested Improvements
• Carvalho (2000)– Textual analysis
• Language and rhetoric• Discursive strategies and processes• Ideological standpoints• (Surface descriptors, objects, actors)
– Contextual Analysis• Comparative-synchronic analysis• Historical-diachronic analysis
![Page 16: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Suggested Improvements
• Pros– Intertextual and contextual– Time-sensitive– Accounts for journalistic intervention
• Cons– Neglects production processes of text and
audience reception
![Page 17: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Suggested Improvements
• Greg Philo (2007), Glasgow University Media Group– Interviews and focus groups with journalists
and audiences– E.g. Coverage of Israeli-Palestinian conflict in
the UK
![Page 18: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
• Reports on killing of young Palestinian boy Mohd Al-Durrah in Oct 2000
• Images of him and his father crouched against wall widely shown
![Page 19: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
• Israelis issued statement that boy’s death was unintentional
• Israelis focused on “war on terror”: Israel as threatened and “responding” to attacks
• Palestinians rejected this account
• Israeli view dominant in news
![Page 20: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
• Influences on UK journalists– Strong support in US for Israel– Close political link between UK and US– Well-organized lobbying and public relations– Views of political and public figures– Aim for balance: Sympathetic, acknowledge
boy killed by Israelis
![Page 21: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
• Audience reception of messages– Reproduced content and structure of news
progs • Little reference to Palestinian viewpoint
– Reproduced structure and sequence of accounts based on news reports
• Reorganized memories to give meaning to the event
![Page 22: Using Discourse Analysis on News Media Content Issues and Challenges By Shan Wu.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042717/56649dc95503460f94abf6eb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Conclusion
• Need to analyze media texts against total system
• Consider processes of production, content, reception and circulation
• Comprehensive discourse analysis: Better understanding of generation and reproduction of social meanings through news media