Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed:...

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Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids

Transcript of Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed:...

Page 1: Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed: MS‐LS2‐1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for.

Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids

Page 2: Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed: MS‐LS2‐1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for.

Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed:

• MS LS2 1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of ‐ ‐resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem.

• RST.6 8.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and ‐technical texts. (MS-LS1-6),(MS-LS2-1),(MS-LS2-4)

• RI.8.8 Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient to support the claims. (MS-LS2-4)

• WHST.6 8.1 Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and ‐relevant evidence. (MS-LS2-4)

• 6.RP.A.3 Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems. (MS-LS2-5)

Page 3: Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed: MS‐LS2‐1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for.

Bell Work!

• Discuss the importance of improved organisms to agriculture.

• Identify methods used in agriscience to improve organisms.

• Identify breeding systems used in animal science.

• Why are crossbreeding and hybrids important financially?

Page 4: Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed: MS‐LS2‐1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for.

Terms:• Hybrid• Hybrid vigor• Crossbreed• Linbreeding• Heterosis• Inbreeding• Genetic

• Manipulation• Urbanization

Page 5: Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed: MS‐LS2‐1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for.

Why is improving organisms important to agriculture?

• Three main factors driving this goal:

• Rising World Population

• Urbanization

• Fewer people in production agriculture

Page 6: Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed: MS‐LS2‐1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for.

Rising World Population

• Life expectancy continues to rise and infant mortality rates continue to drop• All of these people need to eat. • It is the job of agriculture to make sure

there is enough food produced.

Page 7: Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed: MS‐LS2‐1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for.

Urbanization• As the world’s population increases, people need places

to live, work and play. • The world’s cities continue to grow, swallowing up

more and more land that was used for farming.

• Because of this, producers are expected to produce more food using less land.

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Fewer people in production agriculture

• Burden of feeding the world on fewer and fewer people.

• Average age of the producer is very high. 2013 – Average American Farmer is 58 yrs. of age.

Average Japanese Farmer is 66 yrs. Of age.

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Hybrid seed

•One example of a major breakthrough in organism improvement occurred in the 1930s. Hybridization of corn began!

•Hybrids produce 25% to 50% greater yields than traditional corn varieties and are fairly tolerant to varying soil and climatic conditions.

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Hybrid Livestock• Another example of organism improvement can be found in the

animal industry.

• Today cattle and hogs can reach market weight several days sooner using less feed. (Feed Efficiency has improved)

• Cross bred animals grow faster than pure bred parental stock. This is known as “hybrid vigor”.

Page 11: Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed: MS‐LS2‐1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for.

What methods are used in agriscience to improve organisms?

• Two major approaches are used: • Controlled breeding • Genetic manipulation.

Page 12: Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed: MS‐LS2‐1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for.

Controlled breeding

•Breeding plants or animals to achieve certain characteristics in the offspring. •Considered a natural method of improving plants and animals. •Scientists control the natural breeding process.

Page 13: Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed: MS‐LS2‐1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for.

Kinds of controlled breeding:

• Selection• Choosing a few parents with the desired traits with

the intent of increasing the amount of desired qualities in the offspring.

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Kinds of controlled breeding:

• Inbreeding • Breeding offspring of the same parents to each other. ( father x daughter, father x granddaughter etc.)

• Used to produce a new generation without the introduction of any new genes. Desired result is to compound desirable characteristics.

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Hybridization• Crossing of two different plants or animals• Combines the traits of different parent strains. • Many hybrids are not able to reproduce.

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Genetic manipulation• Artificial means of producing desirable traits. • Genes can be moved from one species to another. • Gene splicing is the moving of hereditary characteristics from

one organism to another often unrelated organism.

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What are the different breeding systems used in animal science?

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Inbreeding

•Mating of closely related animals.

•Mating of these individuals allows for the concentration of genes to make animals more homozygous for all traits.

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Linebreeding

•A specific type of inbreeding is called linebreeding. •Linebreeding is the mating of related animals that are not immediate family members.

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Crossbreeding or outbreeding

•Mating of animals that are not related.• The phenomenon of heterosis is often

observed in crossbred animals. •Heterosis or hybrid vigor, is the

increase in a performance trait that exceeds the average of the parents.

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Review / Summary• Discuss the importance of improved organisms to agriculture.• Identify methods used in agriscience to improve organisms.• Identify breeding systems used in animal science.

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The end!