Using CAPSIS to assess the genetic impacts of sylviculture

R&D project funded by RMT AFORCE & CG Vaucluse2017-2018

INRA (Avignon, Montpellier, Orléans)ONF (RD&I, 84)

CNPF-IDFPNR Luberon & CG84

SF-CDC

François Lefèvre, INRA URFM, Avignonfrancois.lefevre.2@inra.fr

IPCC 2013

Climate change : not just a change of state but a state of change

multiple uncertainties : global scenarios & local impacts extreme events complexe interactions impact of adaptive measures

forestry horizon

Anticipate risks and opportunities, consider uncertainties for each decision, identify short-term and long-term benefits and risks anticipate and manage possible trade-offs between short- vs long-term

Short-term : more constraint, less uncertainty => adaptation

Long-term : less constraint, moreuncertainty => preserve options

IPCC 2013

forestry horizon

Rationale of this project

1) Genetic diversity is a lever for adaptation in the context of change and uncertainties

Native range Mean annual Tmean Tmean& use range precipitation coldest month hottest month

California (5 pops) 420 – 700 10 – 11 16 – 18

N-Z (Southland) 960 – 1000 3 – 5 13 – 15 N-Z (Kaingaroa) 1300 – 1500 7 – 9 11 – 19 Chile (Valdivia) 2350 7.7 17

South Afr. (Cap) 900 – 1100 10 – 13 20 – 24

Aust. (Bathurst) 650 – 950 0.4 – 0.6 24 – 28Aust. (Tumut) 800 – 1300 0.5 – 0.8 25 – 30

China (Aba,Sichuan) 490 – 590 -3.4 – -0.7 25 - 28

Pinus radiata : extended climatic use range after breeding and selection

Yan et al (2006) For Ecol Manag

Introduction of Cedrus atlantica in France

French provenances perform better in the provenance tests

Height

Diameter

Skrøppa et al 2010 Tree Genet Genomes

Date

Date

% budset

% budset

Rapid genetic changes in phenology in 1 generation after transplantation

Introduction of Picea abies in Norway

… but everything is not possible, species' niches still have limits and there

are empty niches, there are also constraints that limit adaptation :

1. genetic constraints

2. developmental constraints

3. lack of genetic diversity

4. demographic stochasticity

5. random genetic drift

6. low mortality

7. asymetric gene flow (e.g. niche limit)

Futuyma 2010 Evolution ; Kuparinen et al 2010 For Ecol Manag

Rationale of this project

1) Genetic diversity is a lever for adaptation in the context of change and uncertainties

2) Forests generally harbor a large genetic diversity that contribute to their evolvability, i.e. genetic flexibility

Trees have more genetic diversity than other organisms

Some trees have much less genetic diversity than others(Pinus pinea, Pinus resinosa…)

Current genetic diversity is determined by : - phylogeny - ancient processes - current processes

annual trees plants

nb species 196 226mean nb pop. 9.2 18.1mean nb loci 18.1 16.2

total diversity (HeT) 0.177 > 0.154within pop diversity (Hs) 0.148 > 0.101differentiation (FST) 0.084 < 0.355

Hamrick et al 1992New Forests

19 traits 59 tree species

Phenology traits, 27 European conifers

16 sp. 11 sp. range fragmented continuous

mean He 0.171 0.209

mean FST 0.082 0.044

mean QST 0.192 0.463

Alberto et al 2013 Global Change Biol

A large genetic diversity within stands, even for functional traits

Rationale of this project

1) Genetic diversity is a lever for adaptation in the context of change and uncertainties

2) Forests generally harbor a large genetic diversity that contribute to their evolvability, i.e. genetic flexibility

3) Evolvability is variable, locally driven by neutral processes and selection on which practices may have a significant impact

Pichot et al, 2006

Impact of density on mating success in Pinus sylvestris

Sagnard, 2001

Impact of spatial arrangement on SGS of the regeneration

Lefèvre et al, 2004 ; Karam, 2014

Combination of genetic processes during introductiontheir combination may contribute to the performance

forestry practice induced changes impacted selection and genetic drift parameters

local density environment(competition)

mating system(s, Nep)

allocation to reproduction

spatial structure

phenotypic selection

environment(biotic / abiotic)

selective thinning

systematicthinning

pruning

mechanical or chemical treatments

Ne (A², F)

P², A²,

i

var. reproductive success (V)

A process-based approach to assess the impact of practices on FGR drivers

Lefèvre et al 2014 Ann For Sci

Evolution-oriented forest management

Rationale of this project

1) Genetic diversity is a lever for adaptation in the context of change and uncertainties

2) Forests generally harbor a large genetic diversity that contribute to their evolvability, i.e. genetic flexibility

3) Evolvability is variable, locally driven by neutral processes and selection on which practices may have a significant impact

4) Simulations are required to test innovative forest management practices, e.g. combining natural regeneration and plantation systems

forestry horizonGenetic impacts of management

practices on the dynamics of adaptation (100 or 200 years) ?

Plantation after clear-cut (static /dynamic)

Genetic enrichment plantation

Environmental engineering

Systematic thinnings (intensity, regime)

Selective thinnings (criteria, intensity)

Prunning

Evolution-oriented forest management

Objectives of the project

Develop a simulation tool to compare management options in different contexts, and implement in 2 case studies

Integrate genetic diversity and processes in simulation tools currently used by the R&D to assess the genetic impacts of sylviculture on the current population and the next generations of trees

User friendly interface to parameterize simulations and analyse output indicators of genetic impacts

Simple demo-genetic model to assess genetic impacts, not functional, sanitary or economic impacts

Initial genetic diversity & structure

(quantiNemo, Metagene)

Demo-genetic processes

(CAPSIS)

Indicators of genetic impacts

(CAPSIS or R?)

4) qu’est-ce qu’un modèle démo-génétique

Management options and contexts

1) Forest dynamics with regeneration and disturbance regime

2) Practices related to the introduction of new genetic material Impacts of the design of introduction of new genetic material on the

local and the introduced gene pools Impacts of the design of introduction on the neighboring plot Rational management of genetic mixtures

3) Practices related to stand management Impacts of adaptation-oriented sylviculture practices in even-aged

and non even-aged stands Valorize environmental heterogeneity to foster genetic adaptation Reserve of long lasting old trees New practices of evolution-oriented forest management

1) Demo-genetic parameters and processes Genetic architecture of growth and survival performance with

trade-off vigour x resistance to disturbance Inbreeding depression Individual and temporal variation of reproduction Pollen and seed flow

2) Indicators of genetic impact (at least 2 generations) Demography (survival, growth, reproduction), mean and variance Sensitivity to disturbance, mean and variance Genetic diversity (various parameters), on QTL and global Evolvability (various parameters) Inbreeding, mean and variance Spatial genetic structure ...

Demo-genetic parameters and indicators

Evolution-oriented forest management

Lefèvre et al 2014 Ann For Sci

Innovative practices

Evolution-oriented forest management

Lefèvre et al 2014 Ann For Sci

Innovative practices

Some references

Savolainen O, Kärkkäinen K (1992) Effect of forest management on gene pools. New Forests 6:329–345.

Lefèvre F (2004) Human impacts on forest genetic resources in the temperate zone: an updated review. Forest Ecology and Management, 197:257-271.

Dreyfus et al (2005) Couplage de modèles de flux de gènes et de modèles de dynamique forestière. Les Actes du BRG, 5:231-250.

Oddou-Muratorio et al (2005) Comment les pratiques forestières influent-elles sur la diversité génétique des arbres forestiers ? RdVT ONF, hs n°1:3-6,

Pichot et al (2006) Déterminants et conséquences de la qualité génétique des graines et semis lors de la phase initiale de régénération naturelle des peuplements forestiers. Les Actes du BRG, 6:277-297.

Valadon A (2009). Effets des interventions sylvicoles sur la diversité génétique des arbres forestiers, analyse bibliographique. Les Dossiers Forestiers de l’ONF, N° 21, 157p

Lefèvre et al (2014) Considering evolutionary processes in adaptive forestry. Annals of Forest Science, 71:723-739

Lefèvre et al (2015) Les processus biologiques de réponse des arbres et forêts au changement climatique : adaptation et plasticité phénotypique. Innovations Agronomiques, 47:63-79.

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