Using Active and Passive Solar Technologies to Improve House Energy Efficiency in Jordan, Omar...

7/27/2019 Using Active and Passive Solar Technologies to Improve House Energy Efficiency in Jordan, Omar Hamdan

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Solar Integration in a Residential Building

Omar Hamdan 1

Declaration of Plagiarism

I, Omar S. Hamdan, K1067538, certify that I fully understood the faculty of science

engineering and computing definition on Cheating and Plagiarism and that all material in thisassignment is my own work, other peoples work which been used in this assignment has

been properly acknowledged and referenced

Table of Contents:

0.0 Executive Summary 2

1.0 Introduction 3

1.1 Solar Energy and CO2 emissions in buildings 4

1.2 Location and building specifications 4

1.2.1 Demonstration about the location 5

1.2.2 Energy Demand of the house 7

2.0 Passive technologies 9

2.1 Insulations of the Building 9

2.2 Double Glazed Windows 11

2.3 Other Methods and recommendations 12

3.0 Active Solar Technologies 13

3.0.0 Final Hot water demand of the building 13

3.1 Thermal Collector System, FPC 14

3.1.1 F-Chart Method Implementation 18

3.1.2 Summary 20

3.2 Photovoltaic System 24

3.2.1 Power Consumption 24

3.2.2 Size the PV Modules 24

4.0 Financial Issues 27

5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations 31

6.0 Appendix 32

7.0 References 39

7.0.0 Bibliographies 39


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Executive Summary:

This is a proposal suggested for a residential building located in Amman, Jordan (32

1' 44.115", 35 55' 44.727"). The meteorological data is presented with monthly irradiation,

monthly average temperature and other aspects. The building need to be more environmental

friendly and sustainable by implementing passive and active solar technologies. Many

technologies have been suggested. the passive technologies suggested are the double glazing

windows and surface insulations. It is mentioned that the building comply with the rules of

the sustainable building by have double glazed windows that will decrease the heat

consumption by approximately 5%. As well the building comply with the sustainable

building rules by having a proper insulations for the wall, ceiling and floor. The U-Value for

the each components had been calculated to be 0.544 W/m2.C for the walls and 0.47

W/m2.C for both the ceiling and the floor. The energy demand for domestic hot water

(DHW), space heating and electricity is calculated. The energy demand for the both DHW

and space heating is found to be 38.57 kWh/day. The solar system is designed by carrying out

F-chart calculations and many other calculations. The solar fraction achieve is approximately

96% of the hot water demand by using six solar thermal collectors with a gross area of 15 m 2.

A system diagram using a PolySun simulator is presented with a summary of the project. The

financial calculations had been done and the payback period had been found to be 15 years.

The long payback period is found to be due to the not mature market and absence of subsidies

in Jordan. The electricity demand of the building is found to be 14784 kWh per annum. The

PV panels proposed to cover 30% of the daily consumption refer to the light loads. The

calculations have been done and conducted of the requirement of an array consists of 16 PV

panel to achieve to proposed load. After many consideration the covered load found to cover

roughly 32.1% of the total daily consumption. The payback period is found to be 11 yearsand the saving of the electricity bill is calculated with cash flow calculations. Other

suggestions have been suggested to reduce the usage of electricity and the hot water demand

such as water reduction components, low consumption lamps and energy improvement

appliances. A simulation using PolySun for the project has been done and the summary is

attached with this proposal.


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1.0 Introduction

The energy market in Jordan is boosting according to many market analysts. Jordan

policy is going ahead in the Kyoto agreement which states an increase of renewable energy

resources usage to 20% of the total consumption by 2020 and a reduction of 20% as well. The

government is stating policies to support renewable projects. Seeking sustainable and clean

energy to supply a secure energy level of consumption is a great concern as well. Jordan Has

signed the protocol but has not yet ratify it, which means it is not obligated to it but signing it

means indicating an intention to ratify.

Renewable resources in general and Solar energy makes a perfect candidate of all

energy types. Solar energy has shown a promising records in Jordan and almost proved itself

as a mature technology. Many projects have been conducted or still under planning in Middle

East in general and in Jordan specifically which indicate a great profitability and promising

investments for power system in general and stand alone systems.

The residential buildings, according to many statistics, contribute in the largest

amount of Green House Gases (GHG) commonly and CO2 emissions particularly. This

contribution due to energy consumption in the residential building is consumed in shape of

heat (water and space), chilling and electricity.

In this proposal an illustration of how the case study building can be more energy

efficient, renewable, environmentally friendly and less costly. This illustration include a brief

about the passive technologies and its importance to control heat and cold in the building, as

well, a detailed Study of the heat consumption and electricity presenting methods to reduce

the reliance on fossil and convert the building to Solar base consumption; which will

contribute in CO2 reduction of course.

There are five key points to make the building sustainable and solar base consuming.

In the beginning, insulating the building to the highest possible standard, make it airtight and

ensure suitable level of ventilation will reduce the heat losses before it can be supplied

renewably. Also, installing an efficient heating system that is correctly sized to match the

anticipated space and domestic hot water demand will be a key point to change the building

into a sustainable building. In this way the solar water and heating system will be more

efficient and will cover higher percentage of the energy required for the building.


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Installing solar collector to provide a proportion of the hot water required and

Photovoltaic panels to provide a share of electricity required are both will make contributions

to the environment by reducing the emission gases and the building's energy bill by reducing

the energy cost. Finally, use all the methods to reduce the usage of both hot water and

electricity.

1.1 Solar Energy and CO2 emissions in buildings

The Sun is the largest regenerative source of energy for the earth. It is estimated that

the annual sun exposure is This amount match almost

10,000 times of the world energy demand. Solar energy is renewable, zero emission, silent,highly reliable, localised and cost efficient energy source. The residential buildings contribute

to 25.52% of the CO2 emissions in Jordan which is 4.9 million ton of CO2 out of 19.2

million ton total emissions of Jordan. If Jordan going to reduce its emission gases, building

have to be converted to more sustainable building. (IEA, 2011)

As well, the energy bill of Jordan is rising considerably to high levels, the normal

Jordanian citizen need to reduce its energy bill as soon as possible to be able to sustain the

change in the energy market. Presenting those kind of solutions will attract the citizen

towards cleaner and cheaper source of energy.

1.2 Location and building specifications

In this section a demonstration of the solar potentials of the building and the

energy demand will be presented. It is important to know the solar irradiations to value the

heat concentrators and the PV-panel production. as well, the sunny hours of the year and the

temperature. As we can see in the mentioned irradiation data Table XX that Jordan has high

solar resources and in most of parts of Jordan the solar thermal or the solar electricity

production will be efficient and more reliable than other regions see radiations map of Jordan

figure xx. The European attempts in the solar energy production has shown a promising

records, Jordan is no exception. Actually, the Jordanian irradiance shows more promising

investments in the future. Implementing the Solar technologies in the building might be just

the beginning of a revolutionary investments. in the following some demonstration of how


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the solar technologies, both passive and active technologies, can be applied on an existing

building in the northern part of the capital city Amman.

1.2.1 Demonstration about the location

The building is a residential house in Amman, Jordan. the dimensions of the house is

which total on almost 396 square meter but the living and usage area is 350square meter. The house consists of six bed rooms and seven persons live in the house. The

longitude and latitude of the house are 32.028921,35.929091 (32 1' 44.115", 35 55'

44.727"). The monthly irradiance of Amman on a flat surface is shown in the following Table

1. and the best winter performance is found to be on a tilted angle of 43. The winter

performance and the flat monthly irradiations are taken from a calculated data from online

source. The Irradiances improved in the winter months and slightly changed in the summer

months, see figure 1.

Table 1 Amman Average Solar irradiation measured in kWh/m2/day onto a horizontal figures. (NASA Resource Centre)

Position/month January February March April May June

Flat 2.66 3.40 4.67 5.90 7.16 7.75

43 Tilt 3.81 4.27 5.03 5.40 5.55 5.56

Position/month July August September October November December

Flat 7.58 6.85 5.76 4.33 3.08 2.45

43 Tilt 5.63 5.79 5.94 5.37 4.37 3.68

Figure 1 Change of irradiance with tilt angle

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Flat Irradiance

Tilit Irradiance


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The monthly average temperature in Amman is shown in the following Table 2.

While the irradiation map of Jordan is shown in figure 2. which shows that Amman is in the

range of 2001 to 2025 kWh/m2. Also figure 3. shows the average monthly sunny hours of

Amman.

Table 2 Average monthly mean temperatures of Amman.

January February March April May June

12.3 13.7 17.2 22.6 27.8 30.8

July August September October November December

32.0 32.4 30.7 27.1 20.4 14.4

Figure 2 Jordan Radiation Map


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Figure 3 Average Sunny Hours in Amman. (BBC, 2012)

1.2.2 Energy Demand of the house

The building main energy demands are the hot water, space heating and electricity.

The hot water demand is dependent of the number of people use the hot water in the house,

the average consumption is around 50L per person which accumulate of 350L daily hot water

demand for seven people in the house.

To find out how much energy is needed to heat up 350 L of water we use the

following equation:

where:

Cpis the specific heat which equals to 4.2 kJ/kg C

is the difference between the ambient temperature and the required temperature.

m: is the mass of the water (350 kg).


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Thus, if found that to heat 350 L of water from the ambient temperature 20 C to 45 C as

follow:

that's equal to 10.2083r kWh/day

The space heating is dependent on the volume need to be heated. Thus to calculate the

volume the floor height is 2.4 meter is needed while the living area is 350 square meter, so

the volume is 840 m3. The recommended room setting is applied to be as Table 3.

Table 3 Recommended rooms Temperatures (Wickes, 2011)

Bedroom 18 C Bathroom 21 C

Living and Dining 21-22 C Hallways &W.C's 18 C

Kitchen 20 C

After Finding the volume of the house, we should calculate the required radiators

output. For BTU/HR: Room Volume (m3) x 153 then multiply by 0.293 to find the wattage.

Thus, 840 m3 x 153 x 0.293 = 37656.36 Watt/hr. Now adding 10% for heat losses the finalenergy demand found to be 41422 Watt/hr.

Finally, the average electricity annual consumption of the building is 14784 kWh

along three years calculations. Table 4. summarises the Energy demand of the house.

Table 4 Energy Demand Summery

Energy type Amount

Domestic Hot Water 10.21 kWh daily

Space Heating 41422 Watt/hr

Electricity 14784 kWh (Electrical annum)


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thermal performance of the building envelope. The lower U-value usually indicates high

levels of insulation. They are useful as it is a way of predicting the composite behaviour of an

entire building element rather than relying on the properties of individual materials.

Jordan and middle eastern country mostly use different types and styles of buildings

than Europe. The most common type of buildings in Jordan are made of concrete. The case

study Building has a different style of other building but similar one, which is also common

in Jordan. It is designed to be passive building as much as possible.

The Building is based on a strong base of concrete and the walls are made of three

layers, Natural white Stone, Polystyrene and bricks which are shown in figure 4.

Figure 4 Wall Layers

The natural white stone, the Polystyrene and the bricks thermal conductivity,resistivity and thicknesses is shown in Table 5.

Table 5 Thermal conductivity and thicknesses of wall materials.

Material Thermal Conductivity (W/m C) Thickness (mm) R-Value (m C/W)

Natural stone 0.42 80 0.19

Expanded Polyethylene 0.0357 40 1.121

Brick 0.56 200 0.357

External Face --- --- 0.04

Internal Face --- --- 0.13


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U-value can be found from the following equation:

where:

: is the internal face resistivity.

: natural white stone resistivity.

: Polystyrene resistivity.

: Bricks resistivity.

: External Face resistivity.

By applying this equation, the U-value for the wall has been found to be 0.544

W/m2.C. Similar calculations has been done on both the floor and the ceiling which they

have the following materials; concrete and polystyrene sandwiched blocks with reinforce

steel. The overall U-Value of both of them is found to be 0.47 W/m 2.C. Note that the

resistivity can be found by dividing the thickness over the conductivity, R=d/C.

2.2 Double Glazed Windows

Windows effects the thermal efficiency of the house because the heat can easily leak

in or out through the glass or around the frame. Using energy efficient windows that has a

high thermal insulation and resistivity and lower thermal conductivity has proven an

improvement in the thermal efficiency of the house.

In many areas in Amman the government requires the building to have a double

glazed windows in its design which is required by energy policy for the houses which has

been launched in 2009. The double glazed window can reduce the heat needed for space

heating by 5% which will reduce the energy consumption and will make the building more

sustainable and environment friendly. (Arab league, 1997)


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load will decrease due to the decrease in the kWh consumed as well as the hot water used in

the washing in dishing machines.

Finally, the change in the behaviour of people living in the house can also make a

different. Using the shower during the day where there is solar thermal production rather than

the night, as well as the washing and dishing. Special kind of water taps to reduce the flow of

water and increase its velocity. Making sure there is no leakage or breakage in the water

pipes. All those act can save lot of energy, money and can help reducing emissions if it took

in a global action.

3.0 Active Solar Technologies

The active solar systems will contribute in the energy demand on the building in two

ways, providing heat and hot water and providing electricity. The building has a large wasted

un-shaded 320 m2 flat area above the roof. Also, the western side of the building is un-

shaded and PV panels can easily fix and installed. The roof area seems to be enough to install

both solar concentrators and PV panels and in case if more area required further calculations

can be done to install PV panels on the side. Before Starting with the calculation for both the

solar thermal system and the PV panels, it is important to find the exact volume of hot water

needed.

3.0.0 Final Hot water demand of the building

Previously, the amount of energy per hour required for heating in the building had

been calculated to be 41422 Watt/hr. Reducing the energy required due to the presence of the

double glazed window, the heat energy demand found to be 41422x0.95 =39351 Watt/hr.

Now, it is important to find the volume of hot water required by the heating system.

The building has a 39 radiators with similar sizes and wattage requirements. The radiators

type is Wickes and the size of the radiator is 500x1200 mm, each radiator requires 15 Littre

of hot water, that means the total hot water required for space heating is 585 Littre. Adding

the direct hot water demand, 350L, the system will require 935 Littre of hot water.

For Domestic solar system typically the storage volume should be equal to 2 times the

daily hot water demand. To correctly size the storage volume the following formula shouldbe used:


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where:

Vcyl = Minimum volume of cylinder (L)

Vd = DHW demand (L)

Tout = Temperature of hot water at outlet (C)

Tc = Temperature of cold water

Tin = Temperature of stored water

Therefore, the cylinder tank minimum volume is equal to 1357 L while the closest size is

found to be 1400L. The recommended tank is PSK1400 from sonnenkraft.

It is important to Note that it is highly recommended to not over/under size the solar

system to minimise the stagnation.

3.1 Thermal Collector System, FPC

Looking at the potentials of the building and the investment size from the owner, the

solar heating share of the hot water demand is decided to cover all the demand. That means,

the thermal system should be able to provide 950 L hourly in the winter time.

The thermal collector selected for the project is Kingspan Solar 2510. It's dimension

is 2006x1236x105 mm and the cross area is 2.49 m2 while the absorber and the aperture areas

are both 2.28 m2. The material used for the absorber is selective coated Copper with thickness

of 0.20 mm which has absorption level of 95% and thermal emission level of 3%. Eachcollector has ten tubes each tube has 8.00 mm diameter and wall thickness of 0.45 mm. The

glass material is Low Iron Tempered Glass with 91% transmittance and 4.00 mm thickness.

The insulation material used in the collector is Rockwool which has 0.037 W/mK thermal

conductivity and 50 mm thickness. See Figure 5. (Kingspan, 2010)


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Figure 5 cross section of the solar collector (Kingspan, 2010)

In order to size the solar system it is important to find the area of the collector. To do

so, the formula can be used:

where:

AR: is the Area of the collector.

QHW: is the total energy to heat the total hot water demand

Solar Fraction as mentioned before will need to cover all the hot water demand but

some considerations should be taken into account. It should be taken into account to make an

economical decision. In general, it is wise to select a size which will provide a 90% of the hot

water demand needed in summer. Even it may sound strange to value only 90% of hot water

demand but there is a point of that. It is normal to size based on 100% of summer hot water

energy needs, with a percentage provided throughout other months, lowest obviously in

winter. That is based on normal water usage, but often, and particularly in the summer, water

usage patterns may not be that normal, with cooler than normal showers taken in hot weather,

and greater possibility of the house being vacant for one or two days each week (weekends).

As such, using a target value of 90% will probably actually result in a system that is able to


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supply more than 100% of hot water needs in the summer, without excessive heat production,

which can lead to water loss via pressure release and a waste of energy.

To Find QHW the following formula can be used:

Where CW =1.16 Wh/kg k. The set Temperature is 45C and the cold water

temperature is 10C. The hot water is demand is 950, The found value is 38.57 kWh/day.

The system efficiency is strongly dependent on the solar fraction of the system. When

there is a high solar fraction the system efficiency is lower. High solar fractions result in a

higher return temperature to the solar collector, the effect of this is that less solar irradiation

can be absorbed by the collector, hence reducing the system efficiency. In undersized systems

with small collector areas, the solar fraction is low but the system efficiency is high. In

oversized systems with large collector areas the solar fraction is high but the system

efficiency is low. The average efficiency of the thermal collectors found to be 55%.

The annual Irradiation in Amman is 5.0333x365.25 = 1838.42 kWh/m 2. Thus, the

Collector Area is estimated to be:

Then number of thermal collector will be 12.54 m2 divided by the absorber area 2.28

m2 will give 5.5, the nearest size is 6 collectors with total absorber area of 13.68 m2 and total

cross area of 15 m2.

Now, it is possible to do the calculation of F-chart and see how much the solar system

will contribute of the annual energy loading. To find the annual loading, it is estimated that

the average usage of hot water for the month December, January, February and March to be

16 hours daily and for April and November to be 10 hours per day while June, July, August

and September has a fraction of four hours. Also, the daily usage for hot water, i.e. for

showering, dishing, washing and etc, to be fix to the same amount. Table 7. lists the required

demand by each month and the annual required demand. Also, Table 8. list the monthly solar

irradiation per MJ/m2.


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Table 7 monthly and annual loading demand

month L (GJ)

January 2.423

February 2.423

March 2.423

April 1.528

May 0.9315

June 0.6332

July 0.6332

August 0.6332

September 0.6332

October 0.9315

November 1.528December 2.423

Annual 17.14

Table 8 Monthly irradiation per MJ/m2.

Month Irradiation kWh/m2

day January 3.81 13.72

February 4.27 15.4

March 5.03 18.1April 5.4 19.4

May 5.55 20.0

June 5.56 20.0

July 5.63 20.3

August 5.79 20.8

September 5.94 21.4

October 5.37 19.3

November 4.37 15.7

December 3.68 13.2

Annual Ave. 5.0333 18.12

It should be recognized that most of the systems estimate the size of the domestic hot

water demand by using the number of people using the building, on the other hand this

building has more rooms and living areas than the typical house, other than the European

style; thus the sizing of the system took a different route by sizing the Hot water demand for

showering, dishing.. etc and sizing the space heating which already installed.


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3.1.1 F-Chart Method Implementation

This technique is provide an estimation of the month solar thermal fraction in the

system which, in this project, will cover all the Domestic Hot Water (DHW) demand. The

calculation of the F-chart method involves an estimation to the output loading using a

function of two dimensionless parameter and then finding the f fraction by the following

equation (Mirzaii,2012):

While finding the two dimensionless parameters by the following two equations:

Where the factors of both equations are illustrated in the following Table 9. which is

extracted from the data sheet of the used solar collectors and used tank and summarised F-

chart calculation in Table 10.

Table 9 F-chart calculation Data

2.26 0.82

Treff 100

AC 15

0.732

0.91

The correction value of F is as following (since the storage is 93.33 L/m 2):


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Table 10 Total F-Chart Calculation and monthly solar fraction.

Month Days Ta L (GJ) X XC Y F Corrected F FL (GJ)January 31 13.72 12.3 2.423 2.695 1.348 1.438 1.232 0.9414 2.28

February 28 15.4 13.7 2.423 2.396 1.198 1.46 1.129 0.9404 2.28

March 31 18.1 17.2 2.423 2.545 1.272 1.90 1.271 1.035 2.51

April 30 19.4 22.6 1.528 3.650 1.825 3.127 1.654 0.8399 1.28

May 31 20.0 27.8 0.9315 5.771 2.886 5.448 2.151 1.000 0.931

June 30 20.0 30.8 0.6332 7.874 3.937 7.770 3.301 1.000 0.633

July 31 20.3 32 0.6332 7.995 3.998 8.130 2.757 1.000 0.633

August 31 20.8 32.4 0.6332 7.948 3.974 8.361 1.871 1.000 0.633

September 30 21.4 30.7 0.6332 7.885 3.943 8.301 1.802 1.000 0.633

October 31 19.3 27.1 0.9315 5.827 2.914 5.271 2.552 1.000 0.931

November 30 15.7 20.4 1.528 3.754 1.877 2.531 1.953 1.061 1.62

December 31 13.2 14.4 2.423 2.631 1.315 1.389 1.189 0.9231 2.24

Ave/sum --- 18.12 23.5 Sum: 17.14 --- --- --- --- --- 16.6


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The total fraction of solar energy monthly share can be found as following (Mirzaii,2012):

This means that the system designed can deliver 96.85% of the total hot water

demand of the building. The system probably able to provide the house of the total hot water

demand and the reason behind that the house can be vacant for sometime such as weekends

and holidays. It also important to mention that there should be another source of energy to

heat the water; this is because the solar system is predictable to a certain level beyond that

level the system becomes unreliable and it is not wise to leave the house without hot water.

The building already have an electric boiler since the electricity is the cheapest kind of

energy in Jordan, see Table 11.

Table 11 kWh cost for different energy types

Type Cost $/kWh

Diesel 0.075

Kerosene 0.075

Electricity 0.06

The System configuration is show in Figure 6. In the following a summary of the solar

thermal heating system will be presented. All data either gathered from the manual data sheet

or drawn and calculated by the author.

3.1.2 Summary

Amman, JordanLongitude: 32.02Latitude: 35.92Elevation: 779 m

Solar System

Hot water Energy demand (Annual) 14087.7 kWh

Max. reduction in CO2 emissions 2577 kg

Average outdoor temperature 23.5 CSolar fraction total 96.85%


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Figure 6 Finally Solar Thermal Schematic Diagram including all the auxiliary component. Draw and simulate using PolySun.


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Global Irradiation, annual sum 1838.4 kWh/m

Data Source NASA data Centre and BBC global Weather

Boiler

Boiler Power 25 kWBoiler Eff. 94.6%

Fuel and electrical energy consumption (annual) 11812.2 kWh

Energy Saving Solar Thermal 11440 kWh

Collector

Type Kingspan Solar 2510, FPC

Number of collectors 6

Collector gross area 15 m

Total aperture area 13.68 m

Total absorber area 13.68 m

Tilt Angle 43

Orientation SSW22

Convector

Type Wickes 1068 W RadiatorNumber 39

Nominal inlet Temperature 45 C

Nominal outlet temperature 35 C

Figure 7 Solar Monthly Fraction

In Figure 7. see the monthly solar fraction compared with the building demand. It can noticed

that the demand is almost covered in all months. Figure 8 shows the azimuth angel of the

location of the building while Figure 9 shows the solar thermal collectors arrangement.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Monthly Solar Fraction

Heating load Heating load supplied by solar system


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Figure 8 Azimuth Angle Calculated by online applet for the location of the house.

Figure 9 Solar concentrators Array suggested arrangement


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3.2 Photovoltaic System

In this part, a brief estimation of a photovoltaic system that will contribute on 30% of

the electrical energy consumption of the building. The building has many loads that cannot be

supplied by the PV system, this is why the system should be grid connected. Jordan does not

have a subsidy for the renewable sources thus the energy produced and supplied to the grid is

only paid by the normal rate of electricity. I t is wiser to do a system that will save some of

the money paid on the electrical bill by covering only the demand that can be supplied by the

PV panels, i.e. not heavy load such as air conditions and water kettle...etc.

3.2.1 Power Consumption

The Power consumption has been determined previously by calculating the kWh

usage of the building along three years. The average consumption of the building is found to

be 14784 kWh. The system will be designed to supply 30% of the electrical consumption as

it estimated to be light load such as lighting, TV, computers...etc. The power required to

supply 30% of the building demand is approximately 4435 kWh annually. so the monthly

demand is 370 kWh and the daily demand is averaged as 12.32 kWh each day.

3.2.2 Size the PV Modules

PV panel size will be carried for each month according to the solar irradiance per day.

Recalling the irradiance data in Table 1. it can be seen that:

Position/month January February March April May June

43 Tilt 3.81 4.27 5.03 5.40 5.55 5.56

Position/month July August September October November December

43 Tilt 5.63 5.79 5.94 5.37 4.37 3.68

The daily power output is found for each panel using the following equation:


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where:

I: average irradiation.

Wp: the wattage of the panel

The average output power can be found and then the size and the number of the

panels can be found. The selected panel has the following specification Table 12. The annual

average power will make it easy to predict the size of the system proposed. It is important to

find the total area of the system and then according to that the number of panels and the

power output demand of the building can be achieved. The Area of a single module is 1.6 m2.

As can be seen in Table 13. the average annual power output of a single module with

1.6 m2 area is found to be 811.625 W. The daily energy demand is 12.32 kWh, thus to find

the total area of the PV panel of the system we find:

The nearest number is 16 panel, then the gross area is found to be 16x1.6= 26.672 m2.

Table 12 PV panel BP3215B Specifications

Electrical Characteristics

Maximum Power (Pmax) 215W

Voltage at Pmax (Vmpp) 29.1V

Current at Pmax (Impp) 7.4A

Short Circuit Current (Isc) 8.10A

Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 36.5V

Module Efficiency 12.90%

Tolerance -3/+5%

Nominal Voltage 20V

Limiting Reverse Current 8.10A

Temperature Coefficient of Isc 0.105%/ C

Temperature Coefficient of Voc

-0.360%/ C


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Table 13 Average power output for each panel

Month I (kWh/m2/day) Wp (W) Output (W)

January 3.81 215 614.3625

February 4.27 215 688.5375

March 5.03 215 811.0875

April 5.4 215 870.75

May 5.55 215 894.9375

June 5.56 215 896.55

July 5.63 215 907.8375

August 5.79 215 933.6375

September 5.94 215 957.825October 5.37 215 865.9125

November 4.37 215 704.6625

December 3.68 215 593.4

Average 5.0333 215 811.625

In summary, 16 PV panels with gross area of 26.672 m 2 are needed to provide the

building with the daily demand proposed. Hence, The power output is 16x0.811 = 12.986

kWh daily. So the solar system share of the annual demand of the building is approximately

Temperature Coefficient of Pmax -0.45%/ C

NOCT 47 2C

Maximum Series Fuse Rating 20A

Application Class Class A

Maximum System Voltage 1000 V (IEC 61730:2007)

Solar Cells60 polycrystalline 6 silicon cells (156x156mm) in

series

Front Cover High transmission 3.2mm (1/8th in) glass

Back Cover Black polyester

Frame Black anodized aluminium (Universal II)

Diodes IntegraBus with 6 Schottky diodes

Junction BoxPotted (IP 67); certified to meet UL 1703 flammability

test

Dimensions 1667x1000x50mm

Weight 19.4kg


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4740 kWh. This accumulate of 32.1% of the total demand. The system diagram is shown in

Figure 10. where the PV panels will be connected in an arrangement parallel and series to

accomplish voltage level and to achieve certain amount of current. The PV panels then will

be connected to the building system through an inverter. The function of the inverter is to

convert the DC output of the PV panels to a useable AC output. The connection as an

auxiliary source of electricity is done through a fuse box where the priority of demand usage

will be from the PV panels. IN case of the need of an extra power, which will happen as

mentioned before, the building will consume the power from the main sources, i.e. the

electric grid. Not forget to mention that the power

Figure 10 System Diagram and auxiliary components


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4.0 Financial Issues

By studying the Jordanian energy market it can be seen that the country suffer from

energy problems. The country does not have fossil energy resources but from the other hand

it is located in a high radiation location. That means the country's most available source of

energy is the sun. This is a free source of energy that will not only save the energy bill but is

will make the a great investment if not in the present it sure will be in the near future.

The Building that have been evaluated to converted to an energy efficient building

had many changes on the passive and the active solar technologies bases. It is already

mentioned that the passive technologies are perfectly applied and does not have and further

addition in the project cost. Their contribution on the energy saving bases has been

recognised.

On the other hand, the new plans to install a solar thermal system and a PV panel

array which will save on the energy bill should be economically evaluated. The both systems

are not large investments but because the renewable market in Jordan is not yet mature the

installation and implementation in the building will cost more than other locations where the

renewable energy market is mature and already has a high demand and a constant supply.

To evaluate the solar thermal system, the system has been analysed using a

calculation formula to calculate the cash flow and the payback period. The following Table

14. will summarise the result. It is important to note that the cost of importing and installing

the solar collector is practically distinguished to be $1251 per m2. Also, it is important to say

that the renewable goods are tax and custom free, hence the installation and importation of

the solar and PV panel is highly reduced compared with the previous years.

Figure 11. shows the cash flow of the solar system. The system will return its value in

15 years. It is noticed that the payback period is long, this is due to the absence of subsidies

and because the renewable market is less mature than other locations.

Table 15. summarise the economical evaluations of the PV panel system. Number of

PV panels used is 16 and the system contributes of 32.1% of the electricity bill. The saving of

the electricity bill is listed in the table. The payback period is 11 years. The kWh value is 25

cent. The maintenance cost is $150 per year. Figure 12 shows the cash flow.


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Table 14 Investment, energy saving, cash flow and net present value of the solar system.

Year Investment Savings Maintenance Cash flow NPV

0 -$ 18,777 -$ 18,777 -$ 18,777

1 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 1,1452 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 1,098

3 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 1,053

4 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 1,010

5 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 969

6 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 930

7 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 892

8 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 855

9 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 821

10 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 787

11 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 755

12 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 724

13 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 695

14 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 666

15 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 639

16 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 613

17 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 588

18 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 564

19 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 541

20 $ 1,343 -$ 150 $ 1,193 $ 519Total -$ 18,777 $ 26,867 -$ 3,000 $ 5,090 -$ 2,912

Figure 11 Cash flow of the presented solar thermal system

-$ 20,000

-$ 15,000

-$ 10,000

-$ 5,000

$ 0

$ 5,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Cumulative Cash Flow


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Table 15 PV panel system saving and cash flow.

Year Investment Maintenance Saving Cash flow NPV

0 -$ 18,777 $ 0 -$ 18,777 -$ 18,7771 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,640

2 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,592

3 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,546

4 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,501

5 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,457

6 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,415

7 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,373

8 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,333

9 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,295

10 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,257

11 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,220

12 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,185

13 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,150

14 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,117

15 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,084

16 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,053

17 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 1,022

18 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 992

19 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 96320 -$ 150 $ 1,839 $ 1,689 $ 935

Total -$ 18,777 -$ 3,000 $ 36,781 $ 15,004 $ 6,352

Figure 12 PV panel system cash flow

-$ 25,000

-$ 20,000

-$ 15,000

-$ 10,000

-$ 5,000

$ 0

$ 5,000

$ 10,000

$ 15,000

$ 20,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Cumulative Cash Flow


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5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations

The project concluded of have a more sustainable and environment friendly building

using solar passive and active technologies. The building U-Values have been found through

a detailed calculation. This concluded of that the double glazing windows used in the

building will reduce the energy consumption of the building by 5% and the insulation of the

building's surfaces will make it more adiabatic.

The proposed Solar thermal system concluded of covering 96.85% of the hot water

demand using six solar thermal collector of Kingspan type. The gross area found to be 15 m 2

which is available above the building . The daily hot water demand for both DHW and space

heating is found to be 950L. The energy needed for heating this volume of water from 10 C

to 45 C is found to be 38.57 kWh/day. The F-chart calculation concluded that the system is

capable to provide the required amount. The Energy reduction and hot water is achieved. The

payback period was found to be long, 15 years, this is due to the low demand on the domestic

renewable technologies in Jordan.

The other active system suggested for the building is an array of PV panels with total

daily production of12.986 kWh. The proposed system diagram had been presented. Thesystem saving of the electricity bill is calculated for each month. The payback period is found

by carrying out a cash flow calculation to be eleven years. The gross area of the system is

around 27 m2 which is available on the building roof.

It is recommended that the technology should be supported by the government to

achieve more improvement in the energy market and introduce a new investment market it

boost the country economy. Jordan with the many researches done on the renewable

technologies able to be a leading renewable country in middle east area.


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6.0 Appendix The simulation of the system has been done using PolySun. This program is capable of simulating the whole project separately,

i.e. the solar thermal individually from the PV panel system and vies versa. The program capable of simulating the project very precisely through

different amount of inputs. Also, it has a huge data base of all the location around the globe. Although the simulation is done using a demo

version of the program which block lot of features but the system has been simulated to a good limit. The demo version block the simulation in

different locations but Switzerland but it is possible to enter the meteorological data manually as what have been done in this case. Look at

Figure A1. The program will guide the user through a wizard tool to specify the system requirements. It is also possible to change all that

afterwards. see the following figure as an example

Figure A14FigureA 13


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The program is capable of producing many professional report, results and graphs. In the following an example of professional report of the

suggested solar thermal project is presented Partially. This report is not accurate since a demo version is used. As mentioned before it is possible

to change the parameters of any part of the system. Also it is important to mention that the system has a data base of many part of several

manufactures attached with all the detailed data of the part. As an example of that a demonstration of change the collector type is presented in

the later figures. It should be also noted that the data can be entered manually of any new part.


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Figure A16

As mentioned before it is possible to change the parameters of any part of the system. Also it is important to mention that the system has a data

base of many part of several manufactures attached with all the detailed data of the part. As an example of that a demonstration of change the

collector type is presented in the later figures. It should be also noted that the data can be entered manually of any new part.

Figure A15


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FigureA 17Figure A18


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Figure A20Figure A19


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Figure A22

Figure A21


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changing a collector parameter:

Figure A23

Figure A24


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7.0 References

Arab league (1997), Thermal Insulation Code (Arabic), [Online]. Available at:

http://www.rpd-mohesr.com/uploads/custompages/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF%20%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A1.pdf (Accessed: 5 June 2012).

BBC Weather forecast (2012) [Online]. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/250441(Accessed: 2 June 2012).

Energy Star (2010), Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and MercuryNovember 2010. [Online]. Available at:http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change_light/downloads/Fact_Sheet_Merc

ury.pdf (Accessed: 6 June 2012).

International Energy Agency (2011), Co2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion [Online]Available at: http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf (Accessed: 2 June 2012)

Kingspan (2010), Flat Plate Collector Installation Manual [Online]. Available at:http://www.kingspansolar.co.uk/DatabaseDocs/doc_6002009_flat_plate_installation_instructions_feb12_lr.pdf (Accessed: 6 June 2012).

Mirzaii H. (2012), "performance estimation of active solar heating systems in buildings usingf-chart", Solar Power Engineering REM204. [Online]. (Accessed: 25 April 2012).

NASA resource centre (2012) [Online]. Available at: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/sse/sse.cgi?+s01#s01 (Accessed: 2 June 2012).

Wickes (2011), Choosing and Fitting Central Heating Radiators [Online]. Available at:http://www.wickes.co.uk/content/ebiz/wickes/resources/images/gil/49.pdf (Accessed: 5 June2012 ).

7.0.0 Bibliographies

Mukund R. (1999), Wind and Solar Power Systems, Corprate Blvd, Florida.

Quaschning V. (2003), Understanding Renewable Energy Systems, 3rd edn. Earthscan, UK

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