US/Europe comparison of ATM- related operational ...
Transcript of US/Europe comparison of ATM- related operational ...
Federal AviationAdministration
US/Europe comparison of ATM-EUROCONTROLrelated operational performance
Joint study between FAA and PRUJoint study between FAA and PRU
January 15, 2010Ja ua y 5, 0 0
Xavier Fron (Eurocontrol-PRU)
Dave Knorr (FAA-ATO)
Objective & ScopeOBJECTIVES• to provide a high-level comparison of operational performance between the US and
Europe Air Navigation systems.• Initial focus on the development of a set of comparable performance indicators for high
level comparisons between countries and world regionslevel comparisons between countries and world regions.
SCOPE • Predictability and Efficiency of operations
• Link to “Environment” when evaluating additional fuel burn. • Continental US airspace (Oceanic and Alaska excluded)• EUROCONTROL States (excluding oceanic areas and the Canary Islands)• Focus on data subset (traffic from/to top 34 airports) due to better data quality (OEP• Focus on data subset (traffic from/to top 34 airports) due to better data quality (OEP
airports) and comparability (general aviation). • Commercial IFR flights
NOT in SCOPENOT in SCOPE• Safety, Cost effectiveness, Capacity• Trade-offs and other performance
affecting factors (weather etc )
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affecting factors (weather, etc.)
Key characteristics of the two systems
Calendar Year 2008 Europe[1] USA[2] Difference
Geographic Area (million km2) 11.5 10.4 -10%
Number of en-route Air Navigation Service Providers 38 1
Number of Air Traffic Controllers (ATCOs in OPS) 16 800 14 000 -17%
Total staff 56 000 35 000 -40%
Controlled flights (IFR) (million) 10 17 +70%
Share of General Air Traffic 4% 23% x5 5Share of General Air Traffic 4% 23% x5.5
Flight hours controlled (million) 14 25 +80%
Average length of flight (within region) 541 NM 497 NM -8%
Nr. of en-route centers 65 20 - 70%Nr. of en route centers 65 20 70%
En-route sectors at maximum configuration 679 955 +40%
Nr. of airports with ATC services 450 263 [3] -38%
Of which are slot controlled > 73 3
[1] Eurocontrol States plus the Estonia and Latvia, but excluding oceanic areas and Canary Islands.[2] Area, flight hours and center count refers to CONUS only. The term US CONUS refers to the 48 contiguous States located on the North American continent south of the border withCanada, plus the District of Columbia, excluding Alaska, Hawaii and oceanic areas.
Source Eurocontrol FAA/ATO
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, p , g ,[3] Total of 503 facilities of which 263 are FAA staffed and 240 contract towers.
Airspace Density Comparison (CONUS & European Centers)
*Note due to Mercator projection, northern areas appear larger
Density (flight Hr per Sq.Km)< 1< 1< 2< 3< 4< 5>= 5
• Actual sizes are comparable (USA 10.4 vs Europe 11.5 M km2)• Relative density (flight hours per km2) is 1.2 in Europe and 2.4 in
US
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Some facts about the main airports in the US and in EuropeDifference USMain 34 airports in 2008 Europe US Difference US
vs. EuropeAverage number of annual movements per airport (‘000) 265 421 +59%Average number of annual passengers per airport (million) 25 32 +29%ve age u be of a ual passe ge s pe ai po t ( illio ) 25 32 +29%Passengers per movement 94 76 -19%Average number of runways per airport 2.5 4.0 +61%Annual movements per runway (‘000) 106 107 +1%Annual movements per runway ( 000) 106 107 +1%Annual passengers per runway (million) 10.0 8.1 -19%
• Traffic to/from the main 34 airports represents some 68% of all IFR flights in Europe and 64% in the US.
• The share of general aviation to/from the main 34 airports is more comparable with 4% in the US and 1.6% in Europe. Average number of runways (+61%) and the number of movements (+59%) are• Average number of runways (+61%) and the number of movements (+59%) are significantly higher in the US;
• Number of passengers per movement in the US (-19%) are much lower than in Europe.
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p
Air traffic growth in the US and in Europe (IFR flights)130
100110120130
9=10
0)
708090
100
dex
(199
9
US
506070
99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Ind
Europe
Aft 2004 b f t ll d fli ht did t i i th US d
199
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
Source: EUROCONTROL/ FAA
• After 2004, number of controlled flights did not increase in the US, and increased approximately +25% in Europe (~4% p.a.).
• Average values mask contrasted growth rates within the US and Europe
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Average seats per scheduled flight in the US and in Europe IINTRA European Flights US DOMESTIC Flights (CONUS)
110
115
120ig
ht
110
115
120IINTRA-European Flights US DOMESTIC Flights (CONUS)
100
105
110
vg. s
eats
per
fli
100
105
110
90
95
000
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
av
90
95
000
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20Scheduled services (Main 34 airports)
Scheduled services (all)
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Scheduled services (OEP 34 airports)Scheduled services (all)
Source: FAA/ PRC analysis
• Average seat size per scheduled flight differs in the two systems with Europe having a higher percentage of flights using “Large” aircraft than the US.
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On-time performance compared to schedule
On-time performance in the US and in Europe
86%
88%
90%
86%
88%
90%
p p(flights to/from the 34 main airports)
Europe US
78%
80%
82%
84%
78%
80%
82%
84%
Punctuality –
Arrivals/ departures delayed by less than 15 i t
70%
72%
74%
76%
70%
72%
74%
76%
Source: E-CODA Source: ASQP data
15 minutes versus schedule
70%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Departures (<=15min.) Arrivals (<=15min.)
70%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Si il tt i US d E ith bl l l f i l tiSimilar pattern in US and Europe with a comparable level of arrival on time performance; The gap between departure and arrival punctuality is significant in the US and quasi nil in Europe suggesting differences in flow management strategies
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Airline Scheduling: Evolution of block timesEvolution of Scheduled Block Times
3
4
3
4Europe US (conus)
(flights to/from 34 main airports)
Scheduled block times compared to the long term average at city 0
1
2
min
utes
0
1
2
g ypair level.
-2
-1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-2
-1
0
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Europe: Block times remain relatively stable (left side)
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Jan-
0
Source: FAA/PRU
Europe: Block times remain relatively stable (left side) US: In addition to decreasing on time performance (previous slide), there is a clear increase in scheduled block times (right side)Seasonal effects are visible in the US and in Europe (due to wind)
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Predictability: Variability of flight phasesVariability of flight phases
10
12
14
16US - (80th – 20th)/2 EU - (80th – 20th)/2
y g p(flights to/from 34 main airports)
4
6
8
10
min
utes
0
2
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Departure time Taxi-out + holding Flight time (cruising Taxi-in + waiting for Arrrival timep(compared to
schedule)
g g ( g+ terminal)
gthe gate (compared to
schedule)
Gate-to-gate phase Source: FAA/PRC
• Predictability is measured in from the single flight perspective (i e airline view) as• Predictability is measured in from the single flight perspective (i.e. airline view) as the difference between the 80th and the 20th percentile for each flight phase. Arrival predictability is mainly driven by departure predictability. With the exception of taxi-in, variability for all flight phases is higher in the US.
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Efficiency: Trends in the duration of flight phasesTrends in the duration of flight phases
4
5
6DEPARTURE TIMESTX-OUT TIMESAIRBORNE TIMESTX-IN TIMES 4
5
6(flights to/from main 34 airports)
Actual times are compared to the
long term average for each city pair. 1
2
3
min
utes
TX IN TIMESTOTAL
1
2
3
y p
-2
-1
0
-2
-1
0
EUROPE US
E f i d i b d t d l ith l ll h i
-3
Jan-
03
Jul-0
3
Jan-
04
Jul-0
4
Jan-
05
Jul-0
5
Jan-
06
Jul-0
6
Jan-
07
Jul-0
7
Jan-
08
Jul-0
8
Data Source: CODA/ FAA
-3
Jan-
03
Jul-0
3
Jan-
04
Jul-0
4
Jan-
05
Jul-0
5
Jan-
06
Jul-0
6
Jan-
07
Jul-0
7
Jan-
08
Jul-0
8
EUROPE US
Europe: performance is driven by departure delays with only very small changes in the gate-to-gate phase. US: in addition to a deterioration of departure times, there is a clear increase in average taxi times and airborne times.
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Schedule Growth Shifts Delays
OEP31 EWR JFK LGA PHL
Traffic Change Delayed Flights
70
80
90
100
pera
tions
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
sinc
e 20
00
OEP31 EWR,JFK,LGA,PHL
30
40
50
60
ys p
er T
hous
and
Op
-6%
-4%
-2%
0%
2%
nge
in O
pera
tions
s
0
10
20
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007D
elay
-12%
-10%
-8%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Cha
Up 8% Compared to 2000Down 9% Compared to 2000
October-July
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Comparison of operational performance by phase of flight
Consistent measures being established in the US and EuropeConsistent measures being established in the US and Europe
GATE-to-GATEDEPARTUREANS-related E
IFR flightsTo/from Effi i
IFR flightsTo/fromANS-related
Holding at theGate (ATFM/
EDCT)
Taxi-outefficiency
En-routeFlight
efficiency
To/fromMain 34 airports
Efficiency In last
100NM
Taxi-inefficiency
To/fromMain 34 airports
100
nm
40 n
m
Feb 15th 20080h01-23h59
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Efficiency: ANS-related departure delays GATE-to-GATEDEPARTURE
ANS-relatedHolding at theGate (ATFM/
EDCT)
Taxi-outefficiency
En-routeFlight
efficiency
Efficiency In last
100NM
• ATFM/EDCT delays are delays taken on the ground at the departure airports (mostly at the gate)
• Both systems use ground delays programs to manage traffic but to a various extentmanage traffic but to a various extent– Mainly used in US in case of severe capacity constraints at the
arrival airportsE t i l d i E t b th E t d– Extensively used in Europe to manage both En-route and airport capacity limitation
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Efficiency: ANS-related departure delays GATE-to-GATEDEPARTURE
ANS-relatedHolding at theGate (ATFM/
EDCT)
Taxi-outefficiency
En-routeFlight
efficiency
Efficiency In last
100NM
2008 En-route related delays >15 min. (EDCT/ATFM)
Airport related delays >15 min.(EDCT/ATFM)
f d f dIFR
flights (M
)
% of flights
delayed>15 m
in.
delay per flight (m
in.)
delay per delayed flight
(min.)
% of flights
delayed>15 m
in.
delay per flight (m
in.)
delay per delayed flight
(min.)
US 9.2 0.1% 0.1 57 2.6% 1.8 70Europe 5.6 5.0% 1.4 28 3.0% 0.9 32
US: En-route delays are much lower per flight, but the delay per delayed flight is significantly higher; Europe: Higher share of flights affected (than US) but with a lower average delayEurope: Higher share of flights affected (than US) but with a lower average delay. In the US, ground delays (EDCT) are used when other options such as MIT are not sufficient, whereas, in Europe ground delays (ATFM) are the main ATM tool for balancing demand with capacity
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Additional time in the taxi out phaseGATE-to-GATEDEPARTURE
ANS-relatedHolding at theGate (ATFM/
EDCT)
Taxi-outefficiency
En-routeFlight
efficiency
Efficiency In last
100NM
• Measured as the time from off-block to take-off in excess of i d d tian unimpeded time.
– Unimpeded time is representative of the time needed to completeof the time needed to complete an operation in period of low traffic
– Unimpeded time may not be a realistic reference in period of high trafficreference in period of high traffic
• Additional time in the taxi-out phase may be due to runway capacity constraints or results from local en-route departurecapacity constraints or results from local en-route departure and miles in trails restriction
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Additional time in the taxi out phaseGATE-to-GATEDEPARTURE
ANS-relatedHolding at theGate (ATFM/
EDCT)
Taxi-outefficiency
En-routeFlight
efficiency
Efficiency In last
100NM
Average additional time in the taxi out phase
10
15
20e
Europe main 34 average (4.3 min.)
(Only the first 20 airports are shown)
0
5Lo
ndon
(LH
R)
Rom
e(F
CO
)Lo
ndon
(LG
W)
Paris
(CD
G)
Dub
lin(D
UB)
Bar
celo
na(B
CN
)Is
tanb
ul(IS
T)Am
ster
dam
(AM
S)M
unic
h(M
UC
)M
adrid
(MAD
)D
usse
ldor
f(D
US)
Mila
n (M
XP)
Zuric
h(Z
RH
)Lo
ndon
(STN
)M
anch
este
r(M
AN)
Cop
enha
gen
(CP
H)
Stu
ttgar
t(S
TR)
Vie
nna
(VIE
)G
enev
a(G
VA)
War
saw
(WA
W)
s pe
r dep
artu
re
P M C
min
ute
5
10
15
20US OEP 34 average (6.2 min.)
0
New
ark
(EW
R)
New
Yor
k(J
FK)
New
Yor
k(L
GA)
Atla
nta
(ATL
)P
hila
delp
hia
(PH
L)C
harlo
tte(C
LT)
Chi
cago
(OR
D)
Det
roit
(DTW
)B
osto
n(B
OS)
Las
Vega
s(L
AS)
Sal
t Lak
eC
ity (S
LC)
Phoe
nix
(PH
X)M
inne
apol
is(M
SP)
Was
hing
ton
(DC
A)W
ashi
ngto
n(IA
D)
Mem
phis
(MEM
)C
inci
nnat
i(C
VG
)Ft
.La
uder
dale
Hou
ston
(IAH
)D
enve
r(D
EN
)
Source: FAA/ PRC analysis/ CODA/ CFMU
Additional times in the taxi out phase are higher in the US (6.2 min.) than in Europe (4.3 min.)For the US, excess times also include delays due to local en-route departure and miles in trail restrictions
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miles in trail restrictions. .
En-route flight Efficiency: ApproachGATE-to-GATEDEPARTURE
ANS-relatedHolding at theGate (ATFM/
EDCT)
Taxi-outefficiency
En-routeFlight
efficiency
Efficiency In last
100NM
Airport B
D
Actual route(A)
Direct route t i
•Focus on G
D
A En-route extension
Direct Course(D)
extension horizontal flight efficiency•Distance based approach
40 NM
Airport AGreat Circle
(G)
TMA interfaceapproach
p
• Indicator is the difference between the length of the actual trajectory (A) and the Great Circle Distance (G) between the departure and arrival terminal areas.
• Direct route extension is measured as the difference between the actual route (A) and the direct course between the TMA entry points (D).
• This difference is an ideal (and unachievable) situation where each aircraft would be alone in the sky and not subject to any constraints (i.e. safety, capacity).
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y j y ( y, p y)
Flight efficiency: Direct Route ExtensionGATE-to-GATEDEPARTURE
ANS-relatedHolding at theGate (ATFM/
EDCT)
Taxi-outefficiency
En-routeFlight
efficiency
Efficiency In last
100NM
En-route extension
8%
10%
12%
ensi
on (%
)
TMA interface (D-G)/G
Direct route extension (A-D)/G
En route extension flights to/from the main 34 airports (2008)
0%
2%
4%
6%
EUR US EUR US EUR US EUR US EUR US EUR US
En-r
oute
ext
e
EUR USEUR US EUR US EUR US EUR US EUR US EUR US
0-199 NM 200-399 NM 400-599 NM 600-799 NM 800-999 NM >1000 NM
30%
40%
ts
Great circle distance between 40 NM circles (D40-A40)
EUR US
TOTAL
0%
10%
20%
30%
% o
f flig
ht
• Direct route extension is approximately 1% lower in the US• US: Miles in trail restrictions are passed back from constrained airports• Europe: Fragmentation of airspace, location of shared civil/military
i
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airspace
Impact of Military Airspace SW of FrankfurtGATE-to-GATEDEPARTURE
ANS-relatedHolding at theGate (ATFM/
EDCT)
Taxi-outefficiency
En-routeFlight
efficiency
Efficiency In last
100NM
• Military airspace is a significant driver of excess distance• Area southeast of Frankfurt is a major contributor• Adjoining French Military airspace further increases problem
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Boston (BOS) to Philadelphia (PHL) FlightsGATE-to-GATEDEPARTURE
ANS-relatedHolding at theGate (ATFM/
EDCT)
Taxi-outefficiency
En-routeFlight
efficiency
Efficiency In last
100NM
July 2007
Great Circle Distance: 242 nmiA E Di 102 iAverage Excess Distance: 102 nmiPercent Excess Distance over
Great Circle: 42.1%
Average excess distance per stage:Average excess distance per stage:First 40 nmi: 12 nmi40 to 40 nmi circles: 63 nmiLast 40 nmi: 27 nmi
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IAD to FLL
Number of Flights 1488Direct Flight Indicator Total (A-G) 41.9
Direct Between TMA (A-D) 20.3Direct Between TMA (A D) 20.3TMA Interface (G-D) 21.5
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Efficiency: Additional time in the last 100NMGATE-to-GATEDEPARTURE
ANS-relatedHolding at theGate (ATFM/
EDCT)
Taxi-outefficiency
En-routeFlight
efficiency
Efficiency In last
100NM
00 n
m
Feb 15th 20080h01-23h59
• At Frankfurt as much as an extra 15 minutes can
10
40 n
m
be absorbed inside the Terminal Airspace
• Long Final alternative to holding stacks like in Heathrow
• Capture tactical arrival control measures (sequencing, flow integration, speed control, spacing, stretching, etc.), irrespective of local strategies.
S d d “A i l S i d M i A ” (ASMA) i d fi d• Standard “Arrival Sequencing and Metering Area” (ASMA) is defined as two consecutive rings with a radius of 40NM and 100NM around each airport.
• In Europe delay absorption at departure airport or around the arrival airport while in the US sequencing can span back to the departure airports (MIT)
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the US sequencing can span back to the departure airports (MIT)
Efficiency: Excess time in the last 100NM
• Time based measure• Captures type of A/Cp yp• ARC Entry point and
runway configuration• Nominal derived fromActual Route
Notional OptimalRoute
2.5% Nominal derived from 20th percentile
• Excess – time above nominal for each40 nmi
xArrival Fix
Actual Route
nominal for each category
100 nmi
40 nmiArrivalAirport
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Additional time within the last 100NMGATE-to-GATEDEPARTURE
ANS-relatedHolding at theGate (ATFM/
EDCT)
Taxi-outefficiency
En-routeFlight
efficiency
Efficiency In last
100NM
Average additional time within the last 100NM miles
4
6
8
10es
per
arr
ival
(only the first 20 airports in 2008 are shown)
Europe main 34 average (2.8 min.)
0
2
Lond
on(L
HR
)Fr
ankf
urt
(FR
A)
Athe
ns(A
TH)
Vie
nna
(VIE
)M
adrid
(MA
D)
Mun
ich
(MU
C)
Lond
on(L
GW
)Zu
rich
(ZR
H)
Gen
eva
(GVA
)
Nic
e (N
CE)
Rom
e(F
CO
)D
usse
ldor
f(D
US)
Dub
lin(D
UB
)H
ambu
rg(H
AM)
Bar
celo
na(B
CN
)M
anch
este
r(M
AN)
Mila
n(M
XP)
Paris
(OR
Y)Lo
ndon
(STN
)
Osl
o (O
SL)
min
ute
l
2468
10
nute
s pe
r arr
iva
US OEP 34 average (2.9 min.)
0
Phi
lade
lphi
a(P
HL)
New
Yor
k(J
FK)
New
Yor
k(L
GA
)N
ewar
k(E
WR
)C
harlo
tte(C
LT)
Atla
nta
(ATL
)M
emph
is(M
EM
)Bo
ston
(BO
S)
Chi
cago
(OR
D)
Was
hing
ton
(IAD
)Ba
ltim
ore
(BW
I)M
inne
apol
is(M
SP)
Chi
cago
(MD
W)
San
Fran
cisc
oTa
mpa
(TP
A)O
rland
o(M
CO
)W
ashi
ngto
n(D
CA)
Den
ver
(DE
N)
Seat
tle(S
EA)
Phoe
nix
(PH
X)
min
Source: FAA/ PRC analysis
Average additional time is similar in Europe (2.8 min.) and the US (2.9 min.) Mainly driven by London Heathrow (LHR) which is clearly an outlierPerformance at LHR is consistent with the 10 minute average delay criteria agreed by the airport scheduling committee
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by the airport scheduling committee.
Estimated benefit pool actionable by ATM (typical flight)
The benefit pool represents a theoretical optimum Safety and capacity constraints• The benefit pool represents a theoretical optimum. Safety and capacity constraints limit the practicality of ever fully recovering these “inefficiencies”
• The estimated inefficiency pool actionable by ANS and associated fuel burn is similar in the US and Europe (estimated to be between 6-8% of the total fuel burn) ( )but with notable differences in the distribution by phase of flight.
• Inefficiencies have a different impact (fuel burn, time) on airspace users, depending on the phase of flight (airborne vs. ground) and the level of predictability (strategic vs. tactical).
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vs. tactical).
Continuous Descent Arrival
CDA is an arrival procedure designed to eliminate level segments flown below cruise altitude, thus minimizing fuel burn, emissions and noise.
Continuous Descent Co t uous esce tArrival
In a CDA, these level segments would be flown at cruise altitudewould be flown at cruise altitude
Standard Arrival
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What ATM can do ?
ATM can help improving performance by :
• Maximizing throughput so as to minimize total delay– Making the best use of capacity available– Optimizing Departure/landing sequences
• Minimizing the impact of delay• Minimizing the impact of delay– Priority between flights – Minimizing fuel impact by managing the Phase of Flight where necessary delay
is applied
• But be careful– Delaying aircraft on the ground (engine off) is not always more fuel efficient
than airborne delays !y– Continuous descent approach can burn more fuel than interrupted Descent
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Conclusions
• High value in global comparisons and benchmarking in order to optimise performance and identify best practice;
• Arrival punctuality is similar in the US and in Europe, albeit with a higher level of variability in the USlevel of variability in the US.
• The estimated inefficiency pool actionable by ANS and associated fuel burn appear to be similar in the US and Europe (estimated to be between 6-8% of the total fuel burn) but with notable differences in the distribution by phase ofthe total fuel burn) but with notable differences in the distribution by phase of flight.
• Inefficiencies have a different impact (fuel burn, time) on airspace users, depending on the phase of flight (airborne vs. ground) and the level ofdepending on the phase of flight (airborne vs. ground) and the level of predictability (strategic vs. tactical). Further work is needed to assess the impact of efficiency and predictability on airspace users, the utilisation of capacity, and the environment.
• A more comprehensive comparison of service performance would also need to address Safety, Capacity and other performance affecting factors such as weather and governance.
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FAA-DFS comparison draft Nov20-08
Impact of altitude on fuel flow
Difference in % compared to fuel flow at optimum altitude (in pink)
31Federal AviationAdministration
EUROCONTROL
FAA-DFS comparison draft Nov20-08