Mineral Properties How Minerals Form Identifying Minerals Uses of Minerals Mining 10 20 30 40 50.
Uses of Minerals
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Uses of Minerals
BEAUTY, INDUSTRY, AND HEALTH
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Gems Gems are valuable because they are rare and beautiful.
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Most gems are a special variety of a particular mineral, but they are clearer, brighter, or more colorful than the common sample.
Common variety Gem quality variety
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TOPAZ – Rough direct from mine and professionally cut and
“heated treated” by jeweler to bring out
the blue color.
PERIDOT – Rough direct from mine
and professionally cut by jeweler.
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Gems (like the ruby and sapphire) and the common form (corundum) of the same mineral may have only small chemical differences.
Traces of iron in quartz (left) give amethyst (right) its valuable purple color.
http://www.arkansasquartzcrystals.com/
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Corundum
Corundum is a very hard mineral (hardness 9); In its rare pure form, corundum is colorless
and called white sapphire. Rubies
contain chromic oxide, blue sapphires contain
titanium along with ferrous oxide, and
yellow sapphires contain ferric oxide.
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Famous Gems
THE INTENSE ORANGE PHOSPHORESCENCE OF THE HOPE DIAMOND IS ONLY VISIBLE IN A DARK ROOM AFTER EXPOSURE TO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT. ONE OF THE DIAMONDS SURROUNDING THE HOPE IS PHOSPHORESCING BLUE. PHOTOGRAPH BY JOHN NELS HATLEBERG.
http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/01/08/hope-diamond.html
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530 carat “Star of Africa” diamond
http://famousdiamonds.tripod.com/
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312.24 carat black diamond
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726 carats (rough) Jonker diamond
125 carats (cut)
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The Black Star Sapphire of Queensland Australia 733 carats of black
sapphire, 35 diamonds
Was for sale in 2002 for $100 million dollars
Was found by a 14 year old and originally used as a doorstop
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57530642/astronomers-spot-diamond-planet/
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http://www.palagems.com/quality_4cs.htm
Gems are valued based on the 4 C’s: Color, Cut, Clarity, and Carats
Color
Clarity
Cut
•http://mineralsciences.si.edu/collections/newacquisitions.htm•Smithsonian recent acquisitions
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Color
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Color-saturation
Color can range from light to dark.
A gem is more valuable the closer its color is to the
true color (not pale or so dark it is
black).
Some gems will even have different color
saturation levels within them.
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Natural Diamond Colors
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Cut
This poorly-cut lemon citrine is windowed.Notice you can read the underlying text through the
gem's centre.
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The cut can greatly enhance a gem’s appearance.
The lime citrine (left) is slightly windowed and very poorly cut. The same gemstone has been
recut (right) Notice the ‘fogginess’ of the gem before recut, the small window in the middle and lack of symmetry.
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The best cut is selected for each gem based on its starting shape.
Rough uncut
diamonds
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Skilled gem cutters will follow specific patterns
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Clarity-how clear it is
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Diamond with Garnet
Solid inclusions may be the same gem
type as the host, or different like the
garnet in this diamond.
This emerald–cut quartz from Brazil has a blue
anatase crystal inclusion as well as needle-like inclusions
of rutile. In this specimen, we can see the anatase
inclusion seemingly floating in this clear quartz gem.
Anatase is a form of titanium dioxide and is usually found
as small, isolated, well-developed crystals.
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Thousands of needlelike mineral inclusions create a star-like pattern or cat’s eye pattern
(asterism) when the stone is cut properly
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Rounds Squares Ovals
Size Weight Size Weight Size Weight
1.6 mm .02 carat 5 mm .75 carat 5 x 3 mm .25 carat
2 mm .03 carat 6 mm 1.3 carat 6 x 4 mm .5 carat
2.5 mm .06 carat 7 mm 2.05 carat 7 x 5 mm 1.0 carat
3 mm .10 carat 8 mm 2.9 carat 8 x 6 mm 1.5 carat
3.5 mm .16 carat 9 mm 4.4 carat 9 x 7 mm 2.5 carat
4 mm .25 carat 10 mm 6.0 carat 10 x 8 mm 3.0 carat
4.5 mm .33 carat 11 mm 8.0 carat 11 x 9 mm 4.0 carat
5 mm .50 carat 12 mm 10.35 carat 12 x 10 mm 5.0 carat
5.5 mm .65 carat 13 mm 13.2 carat 14 x 10 mm 6.0 carat
6 mm .75 carat 14 mm 16.5 carat 14 x 12 mm 8.0 carat
6.5 mm 1.0 carat 15 mm 20.25 carat 16 x 12 mm 10.5 carat
Carat
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Cool Gypsum Crystals-Mexico
http://www.thatcrystalsite.com/downloads/NaicaCrystalCave.pps#257,1,Slide 1
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/11/crystal-giants/crystals-photography
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Useful Minerals
Gemstones are the most popular minerals, but not the most important.
Many everyday objects are made from useful minerals.
http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/minerals/usage/games/index.htm
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Useful Gems Include: Diamonds are used in cutting tools
Rubies help produce laser light
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Ores
A mineral or rock is an ORE if it contains a useful substance that can be mined at a profit.
Bauxite – An aluminum ore aluminum
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Ores are refined to separate the valuable mineral from the waste material.
In Toy Story 3, the metals were separated
from the waste materials using a magnet, then the
valuable metals were melted down to be recycled and used
again.
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Mineral Refining1. Original materials are crushed
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2. The crushed rocks are heated or treated with a chemical to separate the waste from the ore
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3. Different materials melt at different temperatures or react to chemicals differently
4. Useful minerals are then separated from the waste rock and are removed.
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Some valuable mineral ores
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bauxite (aluminum oxide, Al₂O₃): Aluminum
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Mining for ores can be hard on the environment
http://maps.google.com/
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haematite (iron(III) oxide, Fe₂O₃): Iron
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rutile (titanium dioxide, TiO₂ and
ilmenite (FeTiO₃) : Titanium
Titanium frames are usually over
$1000
Titanium body parts
Titanium golf clubs can be
several hundred dollars
Raw titanium
This mineral is light weight and durable
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Minerals and Your Health
Many minerals play an important role in maintaining the health of your body.
There are over 14 minerals our body must have to function properly.
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Minerals in our body come from the food we eat
http://www.healthalternatives2000.com/minerals-nutrition-chart.html
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Plants absorb the minerals directly from the soil.
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Some important minerals needed by humans
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a. Calcium
Helps strengthen our bones and circulate our blood.
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b. Copper
Helps our body break down proteins and helps our red blood cells function
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c. Iron
Helps produce red blood cells, helps prevent fatigue (tiredness) and protects us from disease.
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d. Sulfur
Helps keep our skin, hair, and nails healthy and maintains healthy oxygen levels in our brain.
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e. Zinc
Helps with DNA production, converting protein into energy, and helps fight colds
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Supplement Facts
Serving Size 1 Tablet
Each Tablet Contains % Daily Value
Vitamin A 3500 IU (29% as Beta-Carotene) 70%
Vitamin C 60 mg 100%
Vitamin D 400 IU 100%
Vitamin E 30 IU 100%
Vitamin K 25 mcg 31%
Thiamin 1.5 mg 100%
Riboflavin 1.7 mg 100%
Niacin 20 mg 100%
Vitamin B6 2 mg 100%
Folic Acid 400 mcg 100%
Vitamin B12 6 mcg 100%
Biotin 30 mcg 10%
Pantothenic Acid 10 mg 100%
Calcium 200 mg 20%
Iron 18 mg 100%
Phosphorus 20 mg 2%
Iodine 150 mcg 100%
Magnesium 50 mg 13%
Zinc 11 mg 73%
Selenium 55 mcg 79%
Copper 0.5 mg 25%
Manganese 2.3 mg 115%
Chromium 35 mcg 29%
Molybdenum 45 mcg 60%
Chloride 72 mg 2%
Potassium 80 mg 2%
Boron 75 mcg *
Nickel 5 mcg *
Silicon 2 mg *
Tin 10 mcg *
Vanadium 10 mcg *
* Daily Value not established.
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Review
1. What do we call rare and beautiful minerals?
A: Gems
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Review
2. What do we call a mineral that can be mined at a profit?
A: Ore
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Review
3. What are some ways that minerals are useful to humans?
A: Minerals have beauty, industry and health uses.