User-centered notions Intentionality: the producer’s attitude aims at producing a set of...
-
Upload
michael-mcbride -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of User-centered notions Intentionality: the producer’s attitude aims at producing a set of...
User-centered notions
• Intentionality: the producer’s attitude aims at producing a set of occurrences which should constitute a cohesive and coherent text.
• Acceptability: it implies the receiver’s attitude that the set of occurrences should constitute a cohesive and coherent text.
Grice’s conversational maxims– Maxims of quantity
– Make your contribution as informative as required. – Do not make your contribution more informative than is
required. – Maxims of quality
– Do not say what you believe to be false. – Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
– Maxim of relation – Be relevant.
– Maxims of manner – Avoid obscurity of expression. – Avoid ambiguity. – Be brief. – Be orderly.
Maxim of quantity
A: Where is the post office?B: Down the road, about 50 metres past the second left.
vs
B: Not far.
Maxim of relevance
A: How are you doing in maths?B: Not too well, actually
VS
B: Sunday was a fine day to go to the beach!
Maxim of manner
A: What did you think of that movie?B: I liked the storyline, but the ending was a real shock!
VS
B: It was interestingly done, sir.
Informativity concerns the extent to which the
occurrences of the presented text are
expected vs unexpected or known vs
unknown/certain.
In language: the degree of informativity is inversely proportional to contextual probability:
• The sea is water • The sea is water only in the sense that water is
the dominant substance present. Actually, it is a solution of gases and salts in addition to vast numbers of living organisms ...
Situationality concerns the factors which
make a text relevant to a situation of
occurrence connected with coherence and
acceptability.
Deictics, for instance, can be decoded only on
the basis of situationality.
Intertextuality concerns the factors which make the utilization of one text dependent upon knowledge of one or more previously encountered texts:If you are on a diet, your question may be:To eat or not to eatIf you are ready to any compromise, you can borrow Henry IV’s statement Paris is worth a mass.
Channel
• Oral texts • Written texts
Intent of the Communicator
Various types of texts (procedural, expository, persuasive, narrative, descriptive)
Intent of the communicator
• Genre of texts:– Narrative– Procedural– Expository (Informative) – Persuasive (Hortatory)– Descriptive
When are they used?
• procedural text: gives instructions on how to do something.
• expository text: is used to explain something• hortatory text (persuasive): is used to encourage or
to get someone to do something. As a matter of fact, it is argumentation
• descriptive text: lists the characteristics of something.
• narrative text: account of events (novel, newspaper article, biography)
TEXT FORMS
• Text forms evolve and change• Authentic text forms are often mixed• According to modern studies, there may be
even more text types. Nonetheless, practical suggestions tend to classify texts in 3 main types:
Text Types (Sabatini)Group 1
• scientific texts• technical texts• legal, normative, regulative texts
(treatises,essays, technical textbooks and essays; laws and decrees; regulations, administrative acts)
Text Types (Sabatini)Group 2
• expository and didactic texts• popularising informative texts (e.g. textbooks
on social, historical,political topics, popularising texts of various topics,newspaper and magazine articles)
Text Types (Sabatini)Group 3
• literary texts, both poetry and fiction.
A text is a sequence of paragraphs that represents an extended unit of speech.