Use of Flare Gases To Generate Electricity from Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 04/12/2014 RCJY JubailZaff...

Use of Flare GasesTo

Generate Electricityfrom

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

04/12/2014 RCJY Jubail Zaff Hi-Tech MoU ; FC Technology for KSA 1

Flare Gases & Reduction Milestones

Over 150 billion m³ of gas are being flared & vented annually The gas flared annually equals 30 % of the European Union’s

gas consumption, or 75 % of Russia’s gas exports

KSA Flares 2 billion m³/year equivelant to 16 Giga Kw using Fuel Cells

World Bank will ask Oil Cos. to Stop Flaring Gas by 2030 World Bank is leading 33 Nations & Cos. in

Global Gas Flare Reduction Partnership to shrink Flaring by 30 % by 2017

Source : World Bank Data

Source : World Bank : Eduard Gismatullin Jun 18, 2014


http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-18/tinyurl.com/89kq9

Extracts from IPCC Report

2. Future Climate Changes, Risks and ImpactsContinued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. Limiting climate change would require substantial and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions which, together with adaptation, can limit climate change.

2.1 Key drivers of future climateCumulative emissions of CO2 largely determine global mean surface warming by the late 21st century and beyond. Projections of greenhouse gas emissions vary over a wide range, depending on both socioeconomic development and climate policy. Source : IPCC : http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPM.pdf


http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPM.pdf


o High Electrical Efficiency > 60% (20-38% for Steam Turbines)

o Stable Efficiency under Partial-Load Operation

o Low CO2-emmissions ( Measured as x/KwHr of Electricty Produced )

o No Moving Parts (Low Maintenance) which is important for remote

installations

o Low Noise Emmission ( < 60 db. )

o Modular Assembly Enabling Upscaling from KW to MW-units

Why Fuel Cells and not e.g. Steam Turbines?

http://www.localpower.org/deb_tech_st.html


Why SOFC for flare gas electrification?

SOFC is the most efficient technology available to convert methane rich gases into electricity

the long term cost potential of the technology is below 1500€/kW and hence competitive to conventioal solutions (gas engines & turbines)

Due to the biogas boom in Europe low cost gas cleaning technology is available and could be easily adapted to flare gases

SOFC should be more tolerant to heating value fluctuations than engines or turbines, as no combustion takes place and oxygen and fuel are always physically seperated


• Onsite & decentral generation of electrical and heat and/or cooling

• Waste-heat recovery for heating, cooling, dehumidification, or process applications.

• Seamless system integration for a variety of technologies, thermal applications, and fuel types into existing infrastructure.

What is C©HP


Benefits of CHP


Efficiency Benefits

CHP requires less fuel to produce a given energy output, and avoids transmission and distribution losses that occur when electricity travels over power lines.

Reliability Benefits

CHP can be designed to provide high-quality electricity and thermal energy to a site regardless of what might occur on the power grid, decreasing the impact of outages and improving power quality for sensitive equipment.

Environmental Benefits

Because less fuel is burned to produce each unit of energy output, CHP reduces air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

Economic Benefits

CHP can save facilities considerable money on their energy bills due to its high efficiency and can provide a hedge against unstable energy costs.

Benchmark SOFC @ Bloom Energy


Bloom Energy product: Bloom Box 2.0

200kW, 60% electr. efficiency,

Sales price <3000US$/kW for 10 year carefree

about 100MW installed capacity

Bloom Electrons, electr. energy @ lower price than grid (in selected locations)

How does it work ?


up to 60% electrical efficiency~90% total efficiency

Burner

HEX

HEX

Reformer

Compressor

NG

Air

Anode

K

ode

ath

Desulf.

Heat Cooling Electricity

Compressor

Components required for a SOFC system


Disulphuriser Start-up burner(for combustion

with preheated air)

Air

NG

Exhaust

Steam Reformer

SOFC Stack Module


Module 3 Module 4 Module 5

integration of single stacks to achieve desired output power

Key challenges: thermal integration & gas distribution

5-10kW System Demonstrator


Operating Results of System Demonstrator


dedicated 500hr test showed no degradation

>50% electrical efficiency achieved

electrical output power from 1kW to 6.5kW (sizeable)

in total: around 3.500hr test experience

Gen II tested (>55% efficiency)

Gen III under development (included absorbtion chiller for cooling)

Case StudySOFC

Distributed Power Generation


Study Outline

Based on existing 10 Kw CHP, the study will concentrate on;

Flare Gase Chemical composition Gas Cleaning process Pre-reforming Adaptation to Local Environment


Bar Chart Representation

Adapting Existing 5 - 10 Kw CHP Module


Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4Partner & Business Model Development

Partner DefintionBusiness Plan Financing Plan

Product DefintionProduct IdentificationProduct Specification Development

CHP PlatformFlare gas Adaptation StudiesCHP Demoproject

Roadmapfor

large-scale SOFC Products


Development Phases of Large SOFC Generators

Detailed ProductSpecs

ApplicationDevelopment Field Tests Production

Planning

Supply ChainDevelopment

ProductCertification

Stack AssemblyLine Build-up

System AssemblyLine Build-up


Bar Chart for Development – 100 Kw CHP


Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4CHP 100 kW Product

Detailed Product Specifications

Upscale Development Field Tests Production Planning

Supply Chain Development

Product Certification

Stack Assembly Line Build-up

System Assembly Line Build-up

The consortia offers

Access (Know-How and IPR) to advanced SOFC power generation technology from powder to turn-key systems

openess for technology transfer to Saudi Arabia flexibility in business models for local Saudi value creation (e.g. local

license manufacturing of end-products) >20 years of experience >100 specific SOFC projects with leading international energy

solution providers local representation by Zaff Hi-Tech


Thank You for AttendingZaff Hi-Tech MoU ; FC Technology for KSAAVL / Graz AustriaPlansee / Ruette AustriaFraunhofer Research Institute / Dresden GermanyATNS / Roma Italy


AVLAVL is the world's largest independent company for development, simulation and testing technology of powertrains (hybrid, combustion engines, transmission, electric drive, batteries, fuel cells and software) for passenger cars, trucks and stationary power generation. AVL has 7200 employees worldwide and a turnover of 1.015 Mio€ (2012).

FraunhoferFraunhofer Society ; Largest Applied Research Centre in Germany; Staff 20 000; Budget 2 Billion€

PlanseeEstablished 1921 & still privately owned; in 2012/2013, 1.2 Billion € Sales ; 29 Mn € R&D; 5700 Employees, . The Plansee Group aims to be the world’s leading and preferred supplier of high-technology materials. Since 20 Yrs active in SOFC Technology; World Leader in Powder Metallurgical components & technologies Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

ATNS ConsultantsSenior Consultants Network operating in Telecoms & Advanced Technology Fields


http://www.fraunhofer.de/en.html

Annex


Flared Gas World Wide• Over 150 billion cubic meters (or 5,3 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas are being flared and vented annually.

• The gas flared annually is equivalent to 25 per cent of the United States’ gas consumption, 30 per cent of the European Union’s gas consumption, or 75 per cent of Russia’s gas exports. The gas flared yearly also represents more than the combined gas consumption of Central and South America.

• The annual 35 bcm (or 1,2 trillion cubic feet) of gas flared in Africa alone is equivalent to half of that continent’s power consumption.

• Flaring gas has a global impact on climate change by adding about 400 million tons of CO2 in annual emissions.

• Fewer than 20 countries account for more than 70 percent of gas flaring and venting. And just four countries together flare about 70 billion cubic meters of associated gas. http://go.worldbank.org/016TLXI7N0Source : World Bank :


http://go.worldbank.org/016TLXI7N0

The Kingdome Flares +/- 2 Billion Nm³ / Year Equaling 16 000 MW / Year Using Fuel Cells Source : World Bank Data


Flaring Reduction Mile Stones2017 & 2030

o World Bank Will Ask Oil Companies to Stop Flaring Gas by 2030 The World Bank will urge producers of oil to stop flaring natural gas by 2030, saying

the amount of fuel wasted in the practice would generate enough power to meet all of Africa’s demand for electricity

The World Bank is leading 33 companies and nations in the Global Gas Flaring Reduction partnership that seeks to shrink the industry custom by 30 % in the five years to 2017

Halting the burning of about 140 billion cubic meters of gas globally every year would reduce carbon-dioxide emissions equivalent to taking about 70 million cars off the roads

Source : World Bank : Eduard Gismatullin Jun 18, 2014


http://topics.bloomberg.com/world-bank/

http://topics.bloomberg.com/africa/

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-18/%5Ctinyurl.com%5C89kq9

AR5 SYR SPM

IPCC Report

Sources of emissions

Energy production remains the primary driver of GHG emissions

35%24% 21% 14% 6.4%

2010 GHG emissions

Energy Sector

Agriculture, forests and

other land uses

Industry Transport

Building Sector

AR5 WGIII SPM

IPCC Report

The window for action is rapidly closing

65% of our carbon budget compatible with a 2°C goal already used

Amount Used1870-2011:

515GtC

Amount Remaining:

275GtC

Total Carbon Budget:

790GtC

AR5 WGI SPM

IPCC Report

Limiting Temperature Increase to 2˚C

Measures exist to achieve the substantial emissions reductions required to limit likely warming to 2°C

A combination of adaptation and substantial, sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions can limit climate change risks

Implementing reductions in greenhouse gas emissions poses substantial technological, economic, social, and institutional challenges

But delaying mitigation will substantially increase the challenges associated with limiting warming to 2°C

AR5 WGI SPM, AR5 WGII SPM,AR5 WGIII SPM

IPCC Report

Mitigation Measures

More efficient use of energy

Greater use of low-carbon and no-carbon energy• Many of these technologies exist today

Improved carbon sinks• Reduced deforestation and improved forest management

and planting of new forests • Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage

Lifestyle and behavioural changesAR5 WGIII SPM

IPCC Report

Extracts from IPCC Report

2. Future Climate Changes, Risks and ImpactsContinued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. Limiting climate change would require substantial and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions which, together with adaptation, can limit climate change.

2.1 Key drivers of future climateCumulative emissions of CO2 largely determine global mean surface warming by the late 21st century and beyond. Projections of greenhouse gas emissions vary over a wide range, depending on both socioeconomic development and climate policy. Source : IPCC : http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPM.pdf




Extracts from IPCC Report Cont. 2

3. Future Pathways for Adaptation, Mitigation and Sustainable DevelopmentAdaptation and mitigation are complementary strategies for reducing and managing the risks of climate change. Substantial emissions reductions over the next few decades can reduce climate risks in the 21st century and beyond, increase prospects for effective adaptation, reduce the costs and challenges of mitigation in the longer term, and contribute to climate-resilient pathways for sustainable development.

3.2 Climate change risks reduced by mitigation and adaptationWithout additional mitigation efforts beyond those in place today, and even with adaptation, warming by the end of the 21st century will lead to high to very high risk of severe, widespread, and irreversible impacts globally (high confidence). Mitigation involves some level of co-benefits and of risks due to adverse side-effects, but these risks do not involve the same possibility of severe, widespread, and irreversible impacts as risks from climate change, increasing the benefits from near-term mitigation efforts.

Source : IPCC : http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPM.pdf




Proton Exchange Membrane PEM FC

Basic Cell Reaction

2H2 + O2 2H2O + 2e-


PEM Fuel Cell Stack Structure


Solid Oxide Fuel Cell PrincipleGas Suited Fuel Cell « SOFC »

2H2 + O2 2H2O + 2e-

2CO + O2 2CO2 + 2e-

Basic Cell ReactionH2 + CO + CO2

CO2 + H2 CH4 + H2OCO + H2O

Reforming


Well_Head Gas Composition


FC Impurities Tolerance – ref. data

Fuel Impurity Tolerance of Solid Oxide Fuel CellsKazunari Sasaki, S. Adachi, K. Haga, M. Uchikawa, J. Yamamoto, A. Iyoshi, J.-T. Chou, Y. Shiratori & K. Itoh

http://ecst.ecsdl.org/content/7/1/1675.short

Sulfur Poisoning of SOFCs: Voltage Oscillation and Ni Oxidation T. Yoshizumi, S. Taniguchi, Y. Shiratori K. Sasaki http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/159/11/F693.abstract

Phosphorus Poisoning of Ni-Cermet Anodes in Solid Oxide Fuel CellsK. Haga, Y. Shiratori, Y. Nojiri, K. Ito, & K. Sasak http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/157/11/B1693.abstract


http://ecst.ecsdl.org/search?author1=Kazunari+Sasaki&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://ecst.ecsdl.org/search?author1=S.+Adachi&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://ecst.ecsdl.org/search?author1=K.+Haga&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://ecst.ecsdl.org/search?author1=M.+Uchikawa&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://ecst.ecsdl.org/search?author1=J.+Yamamoto&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://ecst.ecsdl.org/search?author1=A.+Iyoshi&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://ecst.ecsdl.org/search?author1=J.-T.+Chou&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://ecst.ecsdl.org/search?author1=Y.+Shiratori&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://ecst.ecsdl.org/search?author1=K.+Itoh&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://jes.ecsdl.org/search?author1=T.+Yoshizumi&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://jes.ecsdl.org/search?author1=S.+Taniguchi&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://jes.ecsdl.org/search?author1=Y.+Shiratori&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://jes.ecsdl.org/search?author1=K.+Sasaki&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://jes.ecsdl.org/search?author1=K.+Haga&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://jes.ecsdl.org/search?author1=Y.+Shiratori&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://jes.ecsdl.org/search?author1=Y.+Nojiri&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://jes.ecsdl.org/search?author1=K.+Ito&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

http://jes.ecsdl.org/search?author1=K.+Sasaki&sortspec=date&submit=Submit

Varied FC Plates Profiles


Use of Flare Gases To Generate Electricity from Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 04/12/2014 RCJY JubailZaff...

Documents

Transcript of Use of Flare Gases To Generate Electricity from Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 04/12/2014 RCJY JubailZaff...