Use of Emulsified Pure Oils for Control of Insects and Diseases of Cacti and Succulents Jerald E....

Use of Emulsified Pure Oils for Control of Insects and Diseases of Cacti and

Succulents

Jerald E. Wheeler

Plant PathologistTucson, Arizona

World’s First Oil Well

Year: 1859

Titusville, Pennsylvania

•Valued for high quality lamp oil

•Oil provided better light for reading than candles

Petroleum Oil Medical Use

“Squibb Mineral Oil”

“intestinal lubricant”

“Odorless-Tasteless-Crystal Clear”

“DOSE: 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls at bedtime”

Petroleum Oils Uses

Natural Gas C1-C4

Straight Run GasolineKerosene C11-C14

Heating Oil C14-C25

Lubrication oil (branched, side chains)Waxes (little branching or side chains)

Pesticidal Oil C20-C25 (C23)

Asphalt

Petroleum Oil Chemistry

Hydrocarbons = chains of carbon & hydrogen

Straight and branched hydrocarbons

Saturated-only single bonds Unsaturated-double and triple bonds

Ring molecules: saturated and unsaturated Aromatics: Ring structures with double bonds

Highly Refined Petroleum Oils

White Oils

Food Grade Oils

Baby Oils

Medicinal Oils

Pesticides

Many Names for Petroleum Oils

Agricultural OilHorticultural Oil

Crop Oil Banana OilMineral Oil

Dormant Oil Citrus OilSpray Oil

Petroleum Spray OilsSummer Oils

Many Vegetable Oils

Oils from Major Crops

Soybean Corn

Cottonseed Canola

Citrus OilConfusing!

Essential Oils (Fragrance/Taste)

Mouthwash, Toothpaste (Antiseptic/Flavor) Oil of Wintergreen (methyl salicylate) Thyme (extract = thymol) Eucalyptol (Eucalyptus globulus) Peppermint

Others Clove (extract = eugenol) Cedar wood Oregano Lavender

Pesticidal Activity

Petroleum oils generally provide better control of insects, mites

and plant diseases than oil derived today from plants.

Petroleum oils are from ancient remains zooplankton and algae.

Petroleum Oils: Characteristics

•Lighter than water

•Will not mix with water without emulsifier (polar vs. non-polar)

•Emulsifier-a molecule with one end that loves water and the other end loves oil

•Emulsifiers: 1-3% by weight

•Emulsifiers facilitate uniform applications

Petroleum Oil Chemistry

Toxicity to Plants = Phytotoxicity

Reduction of phytotoxicity is a result of reactions of double and triple bonds with oxygen.

Purification is removal of double and triple bonds.

Environmental Fate

Petroleum oils as well as other plant oils are degraded by soil-borne

bacteria.

Example: Bacteria in the genus Pseudomonas

Uses of Emulsified Petroleum Oils

1.Insect and Mite Control

2. Disease Control (black & yellow Sigatoka, greasy spot, powdery mildews, foliar fungal pathogens etc.

3. Inhibition of virus transmission by insect vectors

4. As an adjuvant: improve pesticide efficacy.

Emulsified Petroleum Oils Uses

Large Markets Worldwide

Dormant Oil Sprays for Insect Control

almonds, apricots, apples, cherries, peaches, pears plums, pecans,

walnutsetc.



Bananas/Pineapples

• Control of foliar black sigatoka in bananas

~ 30% of cost of banana production

• Insect control in pineapples



Citrus

Control of insects, mites and a foliar disease called greasy spot.


“Large Markets” Worldwide???

Cacti and Succulents

Control of insects, mites and diseases.

Petroleum Oil Basics

•Purity or Unsulfonated Residue %

•Mid-Boiling Point (Av. Molecular Size)

•Paraffinic and Naphthenic Content

•Range = Refinement (narrow vs. broad)

Petroleum Oil Purity

Purity or Unsulfonated Residue %

Purity is about removing double and triple bonds.

Yellow Clear

High Purity > 99.5%

Mid-Boiling Point

Temperatures at 10 mm Hg vacuum Often stated as oil weight: light vs. heavy

Related as Fahrenheit (+ or – 8 0F)

Market: 415, 435*, 440*, 455*, 470 0F * most common

Carbons: 19-24

Mid-Boiling Point Too light = poor pesticidal activity

Too heavy = phytotoxicity?

Some studies show that pure heavier oils are more effective.

Heavier oils are not on market.

Paraffinic versus Naphthenic

Paraffinic-chains and branched chains

Naphthenic-ring structures

Paraffinic content---60% plus

More pesticidal activity

Less phytotoxicity

Oil Range

Range is difference in degrees F between the 10% distillation point and 90% distillation point.

Wider ranges indicates less uniformity.

Narrow range oils are considered to have less then 80 degrees F between the 10% and 90% distillation points.

Oil Range

Much of the oil research is old and not done with highly purified oils.

Range is of less significance if the oil is highly purified.

Highly purified = 99.5% purity or greater.

Oil Labels

•May not provide:

Purity (Unsulfonated Residue) Mid-boiling Point Paraffinic Content Range

The % petroleum oil, %paraffinic oil & % petroleum distillates are not helpful.


1.Insect and Mite Control

2. Disease Control (black & yellow Sigatoka, greasy spot, powdery mildews, foliar fungal pathogens etc.

3. Inhibition of virus transmission by insect vectors

4. As an adjuvant: improve pesticide efficacy.

Actions of Emulsified Petroleum Oils Sprays

• Contact (insects, mites and fungi)• Suffocation • Soluble in tissues• Inhibits biological processes• Reduces recognition of host • Gums up mouth parts (insects and mites)• Film reduces mobility • Repellent• Coats eggs• Stops or reduces feeding

Action of Emulsified Petroleum Oils Sprays

• Modify insect and mite behavior

A) Less recognition e.g. whiteflies B) Decrease in attack e.g. leaf miners

• Repellent to some pest, e.g. whiteflies

• Kill eggs

• Reduce population growth: less eggs laid

Emulsified Oil Uses for Cacti and Succulents Problem Control _Powdery Mildew YesCochineal Scale & Other Scales YesMealy Bugs YesSpider Mites YesWhite flies YesWestern Flower Thrips SuppressionSlugs & Snails NoLeaf Cutter Bees NoSciarid Flies MaybeCaterpillars eggs SomeWeevils No

Repellency on adult whitefly colonization of chrysanthemum as measured by

residual activity of mineral oil

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

180.0

water oil water oil water oil

_ 0 Days 3 days 11 days

A

d

u

l

t

s

Water Oil Water Oil Water Oil

166.8 0.8 110.2 2.2 130.6 4.8

Repellent effect of mineral oil on adult whitefly colonization and oviposition of

chrysanthemum

Number of Adults/Eggs

Insect Water 1% Oil 2% OilAdults 488.6 32.8 27.6

Eggs 162 0.6 0.2

Repellent activity of mineral oil on two spotted spider mite colonization*

Treatment Eggs MitesWater 72.2 27.8

2% Oil 9.4 2.6

*Mites were given a choice between water treated and

mineral oil treated leaves on the same plant.


Control of Foliar Fungal Pathogens

Alone and with Fungicides

Powdery mildewsDowny mildews

RustsBotrytis

Cercospora


Control of Insect Transmission of Plant Viruses

Principal Insects: Whiteflies, Aphids, Psyllids

Cucurbit virusesOkra viruses

Tomato virusesEtc.

Emulsified Petroleum OilsModes of Action

Suffocation or oxygen deprivation of insects and fungi

Prevent virus transmission by filling mouth parts of insects

Reduce attachment of fungal spores to plant surfaces

Emulsified Petroleum Oils

No known disease or insect resistance because of the mode of

action.

Mode of Action on Plant Feeding Insects Mode of Action on Plant Feeding Insects

Insects Typically Controlled/Suppressed :

Aphid, Mites (including Pacific, Willamette, European Red, Twospotted,) Mealybug, Scale, Leafhopper, Thrips, Whitefly,

As An Insecticide —• Two Modes of Action

• Suffocation• Behavior Modification

JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil — The Premiere White Oils Giving Growers A ClearClear Choice

TECHNICAL WHITE PARAFFINIC OIL

Technical Paraffinic Oil is a food grade white mineral oil, which is a non-restricted item. Contains paraffin additives.Not for use as a lubricant.Flashpoint is above 345 degrees F.

4423 5th PL SW PH: 772-562-8770Vero Beach, FL 32968 FAX: 772-562-7202

JMS Stylet Oil

•Most common rate: 1% volume to volume

•Rate range 0.5-3% v/v

•Read label!

JMS Stylet Oil

•30 years of research and use

•Organic Registration

•OMRI Certified

•Available at CPS, Tucson

Application DangerPhytoxicity

• Oil is dirty-contains double and triple bonds. Need high UR value

•Applied when too hot, not over 90oF

•Wrong rate: not over 1.5% V/V in AZ

Thank you

Questions

Effect of mineral oil on feeding and oviposition on leaf miner (Liriomyza trifloii) on chrysanthemums under

choice conditions*

Treatment Feeding Punctures Eggs LaidWater 946.8 22.64

2% Oil 1.4 0.04

4% Oil 0.8 0.02

*Leafminers were given a choice to choose between water

treated and mineral oil treated leaves.

Purity or Unsulfonated Residue

Purity: Less Phytotoxic Molecules

• Aromatics: rings with double bonded • Linear molecules with double/triple bonds

•Unsaturated molecules = phytotoxicity


Molecules: Aromatics Double & triple bonds

Not been shown to increase insect, mite of disease control.


Measurement of aromatics and double/triple bonded molecules:

Sulfuric acid added to oil or solvent- treated oil

Residue = sulfonated portion

Unsulfonated residue % = UR %

UR % = pure single bonded oil molecules

High Purity or Unsulfonated Residue

1. Severe Hydrocracking High temp. and pressure – appropriate

molecular length

2. Hydroisomeration

Changes straight chains to branched

High Purity or Unsulfonated Residue

3. Deep Hydrogenation

Changes double and triple bonds to single bonds-saturation

4. Final refining

Produces fractions used in sprays

Mid-Boiling Point

Mid-boiling point = 50% distillation point

Temperature at which 50% of the oil distills.

Reflects: molecular size composition

Mid-Boiling Point

Often stated as oil weight: light vs. heavy

Related as Fahrenheit (+ or – 8 0F)

Market: 415, 435*, 440*, 455*, 470 0F * most common

Carbons: 19-24

Paraffinic Oil

Saturated molecules-no double bonds

Strait chains

Branched chains (iso-paraffinic)

Research

Higher paraffinic oils = less phytotoxicity

Minimum paraffinic content = 60%

Questions:

What is the activity of paraffinic and naphthenic portions against certain insects and fungal pathogens?

Paraffinic vs. Naphthenic Oil

Paraffinic – less phytotoxicity

Naphthenic – More phytotoxicity

Both showed equal control of insects in early trials.

Paraffinic: 60% or greater best

Distillation Range

Temperature required to distill 10%

Temperature required to distill 90%

The range is the difference in temperature between these 2 points.

Distillation Range

Narrow Range Oils

Molecular composition more uniform

More consistent results

Distillation Range

Wide Range Oils

Molecular composition less uniform

Less consistent results

Distillation Range

Narrow Range Oil

10% distillation temperature: 412 0F


Difference = 55 0F

Distillation Range

Wider Range Oil



Difference = 85 0F

Distillation Range

Range less than 850F have shown consistent results.

Range appears less important for highly pure oils.

Today, most agricultural oils are more refined and have narrow ranges.

Best Oil

•Purity 100% (Normal 99% +)

•No double bonds, saturated

• Paraffinic = or > 60%

• Narrow Range

Other Measurements

1.Cp - % carbons atoms in paraffinic structure

Paraffinic structure appears less important for highly purified oils.

2. API gravity: Higher = more paraffinic

Typical narrow range oils have an API gravity between 31-37

Other Measurements

3. Molecular weight

Directly related to distillation range

4. Pour point

Related to wax content

Not an issue in warm weather

Vegetable Oils

Many tested and some have good activity against certain insects and mites.

Generally not as effective as the highly purified petroleum oils.

Not very effective against diseases or to reduce virus transmission by vectors.

JMS Stylet Oil

Proven

Over 30 years of research and use.

JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil —

• Technical Grade White Oil (Similar to Johnson’s Baby Oil)

• Exceeds standards set by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration for “Food Grade Quality” white oil (b&c)

• Is colorless, tasteless and odorless

• Has the highest purity level (UR = 99.1%) of any oil sprayed on food crops

• Impurities are leading cause of phytotoxicity

• Zero percent aromatic content

Product SummaryProduct Summary


JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil —

• CAUTION

• 4 hour REI

• pH neutral: Non-ionic material

• Exempt from tolerance requirements

• PPE: Long sleeved shirts & Long pants; Shoes plus socks; Chemical resistant gloves

Product SummaryProduct Summary


Mode of Action on Powdery Mildew

• Eradicant — kills powdery mildew on contact ~ “3 seconds”; On a scale from 1 to 10, rated a “10” as an eradicant versus a “4” for wettable sulfur ~ Dr. Doug Gubler, Plant Pathologist, UC Davis

Very few true eradicants on powdery mildew — JMS Stylet-Oil is ~ Dr. Wayne Wilcox NYSAES, Cornell University

• Protectant — sprayed plant surfaces protected from powdery mildew development for 10 to 14 days

• Antisporulant Activity — Prevents sporulation of mildew and thus disease spread

Mode of Action on Botrytis — Preventative activity


Effective on—

• Fungal Diseases — Powdery mildew, Rust, Botrytis, White mold

• Insects — Aphid, Coddling moth, Leafhopper, Leafminer, Leafroller, Mealybug, Psylla, Scale, Thrip, Whitefly

• Mites — Two-Spotted, European Red Mite; Pacific; Willamete

• Aphid-Transmitted Plant Viruses — Cucumber Mosaic, Tobacco Etch, Pepper Mottle, Watermelon Mosaic Virus II, Papaya Ringspot Virus, Potato Virus Y, Potato Leafroll

JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil—JMS/Organic Stylet-Oil—


Thank you!

Efficacy of Various Rates of Stylet-Oil for Control of Powdery Mildew on Greenhouse Tomato, Ray Cerkauskas, Ag & Ag-Food

Canada, Harrow, Ontario Canada

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

% Powder Mildew Control

1% Stylet-Oil

1.3% Stylet-Oil

2% Stylet-Oil

Check

Efficacy of Various Rates of Stylet-Oil for Control of Powdery Mildew on Greenhouse Pepper, Ray Cerkauskas, Ag & Ag-Food

Canada, Harrow, Ontario Canada

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

% Powdery Mildew Control

1% Stylet-Oil

1.5% Stylet-Oil

Control

Did You Say Kills Plant Feeding Insects But Soft on Beneficials?

Did You Say Kills Plant Feeding Insects But Soft on Beneficials?

Population of Beneficials not Impacted When Spraying

Beneficials do not have Sensillae —• Rely on Eyes, Pinchers and legs to catch

prey


Behavior Modification:

Plant feeding Insects Have to Determine What is a Host Planta) Chemotactile Responseb) Keys insects to feed and lay eggs

Organic JMS Stylet-Oil:

1) Interferes With Insects Ability to Recognize Host Plants by Plugging Sensillae

2) Feeding and Egg Laying Activity Impacted


Mode of Action on Powdery Mildew

• Eradicant — kills powdery mildew on contact ~ “3 seconds”; On a scale from 1 to 10, rated a “10” as an eradicant versus a “4” for wettable sulfur ~ Dr. Doug Gubler, Plant Pathologist, UC Davis

Very few true eradicants on powdery mildew — JMS Stylet-Oil is ~ Dr. Wayne Wilcox NYSAES, Cornell University

• Protectant — sprayed plant surfaces protected from powdery mildew development for 10 to 14 days

• Antisporulant Activity — Prevents sporulation of mildew and thus disease spread

Mode of Action on Botrytis — Preventative activity


Use of Emulsified Pure Oils for Control of Insects and Diseases of Cacti and Succulents Jerald E....

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