Use of bitumen in tank foundation and as a joint filling material
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Transcript of Use of bitumen in tank foundation and as a joint filling material
PREPARED BY-
ASHISH KUMAR YADAV
AMIT KUMAR
ANKIT RAJPUT
CHANDRASHEKHAR
SHARMA
YOGESH PACHAURI
GUIDED BY-
RAJIV GARG
Dr. PRATAP SINGH
Bitumen is defined as “A viscous liquid, or a
solid, consisting essentially of hydrocarbons
and their derivatives, softens gradually when
heated. It is black or brown in colour &
possesses waterproofing and adhesive
properties. It is obtained by refinery processes
from petroleum, and is also found as a natural
deposit or as a component of naturally
occurring asphalt”.
Molecular weight wise, bitumen is a mixture
of about 300 - 2000 chemical components,
with an average of around 500 - 700.
Elementally, it is around 95% carbon and
hydrogen (± 87% carbon and ± 8%
hydrogen), and up to 5% sulphur, 1%
nitrogen, 1% oxygen and 2000ppm metals.
also contain several elements, a number of
which are toxic.
Adhesion: Bitumen has the ability to adhere to a solid surface
in a fluid state depending on the nature of the surface. The
presence of water on the surface will prevent adhesion.
Resistance to Water: Bitumen is water resistant. Under some
conditions water may be absorbed by minute quantities of
inorganic salts in the bitumen or filler in it.
Hardness: To measure the hardness of bitumen, the
penetration test is conducted, which measures the depth of
penetration in tenths of mm. of a weighted needle in bitumen
after a given time, at a known temperature.
Commonly a weight of 100 gm is applied for 5 sec at a
temperature of 77 °F. The penetration is a measure of
hardness. Typical results are 10 for hard coating asphalt, 15 to
40 for roofing asphalt and up to 100 or more for water proofing
bitumen.
Viscosity and Flow: The viscous or flow properties of bitumen are of importance both at high temperature during processing and application and at low temperature to which bitumen is subjected during service. The flow properties of bitumen vary considerably with temperature and stress conditions. Deterioration, or loss of the desirable properties of bitumen, takes the form of hardening.
Produced by fractional distillation of crude oil.
Crude oil heated at 300-350°c in distillation
column .lighter fraction separated at different
column ht. Bottom product called long residue
long residue heated upto 450°c in vacuum
distillation column .bottom residue used for
manufacturing bitumen
TYPE-
Penetration Grade
Bitumen 80/100
Bitumen 60/70
Bitumen 30/40
Industrial grade bitumen
Cutback
Bitumen Emulsion
Modified Bitumen
Viscosity grade Bitumen
USE-
In construction of roads , runways & platforms .
In water proofing.
In canal lining to prevent erosion.
Damp proof courses for masonry.
Mastic flooring for factories & godowns .
In tank foundation.
As a joint filling material for mason.
Penetration Grade
Bitumen 80/100: The characteristics of this grade confirm to that of S 90
grade of IS-73-1992. This is the softest of all grades available in India. This is
suitable for low volume roads and is still widely used in the country.
Bitumen 60/70: This grade is harder than 80/100 and can withstand higher
traffic loads. The characteristics of this grade confirm to that of S 65 grade of IS-
73-1992. It is presently used mainly in construction of National Highways & State
Highways.
Bitumen 30/40: This is the hardest of all the grades and can withstand
very heavy traffic loads. The characteristics of this grade confirm to that of S 35
grade of IS-73-1992. Bitumen 30/40 is used in specialized applications like
airport runways and also in very heavy traffic volume roads in coastal cities in the
country.
Industrial grade bitumen.
Industrial grade bitumen is also known as blown bitumen. This is obtained by
blowing air into hot bitumen at high temperatures (normally beyond 1800°C).
Blowing hot air into bitumen at high temperatures results in structural changes in
bitumen.
Cutback
Cutback is a free flowing liquid at normal temperatures and is obtained by
fluxing bitumen with suitable solvents. The viscosity of bitumen is reduced
substantially by adding kerosene or any other solvent.
Bitumen Emulsion
Bitumen emulsions are products in which tiny droplets (the dispersed
phase) of bitumen or bituminous binder are dispersed in an aqueous
medium (the continuous phase). The bitumen particle charge can be
positive (cationic), negative (anionic), or uncharged (non-ionic) depending
on the emulsifier employed. The binder can be either a bitumen, cutback, or
modified bitumen.
Modified Bitumen
Modified Bitumen are bitumen with additives. These additives help in further
enhancing the properties of bituminous pavements. Pavements constructed with
Modified Bitumen last longer which automatically translates into reduced
overlays.
Viscosity grade Bitumen
The new method of grading the product has now rested on the viscosity of the
Bitumen (at 600°C and 1350°C).
Use of Bitumen in Tank Foundation-A smooth Bitumen-sand mix of minimum 50 mm thickness shall be hot laid over the foundations for weather proofing/weather protection and to provide a sufficiently firm layer. This surfacing shall also be required to retard corrosion of the tank bottom.
The Bitumen-sand mix shall be such as for the bitumen to just wet the sand. A suitable bitumen-sand can be produced by hot-mixing in the following proportions by mass:
9 ± 0.5% (m/m) non-toxic cut back bitumen (i.e. fluxed with kerosine )
10 ± 1.0% (m/m) filler: either limestone dust passing a sieve of nominal aperture size 75 μm complying with ordinary Portland cement .
Use of Bitumen as a Joint filling material-
Bitumen used as a joint filling material for masonry work which is capable of expansion and contraction, generally placed between two slabs. In the construction of runways, roads and buildings, involving the casting of concrete in slab form, provision must be made to accommodate the expansion and contraction which occurs with seasonal variation in temperature.
It permits free movement of the concrete slab in expansion and contraction. It also resist entry of foreign matter into the joint space thereby avoiding interference with the free movement of the slabs under expansion and thus preventing damage to the slab. It is useful in all types of concrete construction in both interior and exterior applications.
Bitumen processing and Bitumen manufacturing
facilities are major sources of hazardous air
pollutants. Areas surrounding the refineries -
where a higher proportion of society's vulnerable
minority, aging and poor communities live - exhibit
intense levels of sulphur dioxide (SO2) as a result
of the high sulphur content of bitumen feed stocks
used in the process. Sulphur dioxide pollution is
associated with asthma and heart disease.
According to one health agency, Bituminous fumes
contain substances known to cause cancer, can
cause coughing, wheezing or shortness of breath,
severe irritation of the skin, headaches, dizziness,
and nausea.
To study the environmental impact of bitumen
when used in tank foundation and as a joint
filling material in masonry work.
Identification of pollutants and determination of
distribution pattern of contaminates in premises
of petro-chemical areas.
Develop & design a system and
recommendation for the minimization of
pollutants in petro-chemical areas.
We have chosen 4 sites ; dolphin waterworld, runakta , Mathura refinery and Fatehpursikri.
We have taken air sample , water sample and plant sample at all of four sites.
Analyze these samples.
Study the presence of bitumen on these sites.