USDA, APHIS, PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Raleigh, North Carolina
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Transcript of USDA, APHIS, PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Raleigh, North Carolina
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USDA, APHIS, PPQCenter for Plant Health Science and Technology
Raleigh, North Carolina
Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) and the
Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL)
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Outline
Part I: Overview - who we are
Part II: Introduction to PRA
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Our Mission:
…Apply state-of-the-art research and science-based processes to produce high-quality scientific analyses and technical information for identifying and managing pest risks associated with regulatory initiatives for the protection of plant resources of the U.S. and the import and export of agricultural commodities.
What we do:The PRA team collects and analyzes scientific information and evidence in response to APHIS needs regarding plant health threats and regulatory concerns associated with plant pests, including insects, mites, fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses and related agents, weeds and parasitic plants.
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A Glimpse into PERAL’s World
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PERAL’s world is populated by:20 Entomologists11 Plant Pathologists2 Ecologists2 Botanists1 Statistician1 Economist2 Biological Science Technicians1 Librarian1 Training Specialist 1 Technical Editor2 Cooperators1 IT Specialist2 Administrative Assistants2 Assistant Directors1 DirectorTotal = 50 Staff
Robert Griffin, PERAL Director
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Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis
Develop and apply methods that evaluate, predict, or describe pest outbreak or spread, including:
GIS
Modeling
Statistics
Economics
Commodity RA
Organism RA
Pathway RA
Risk management
Export support
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Responsibilities• Perform pest risk analyses (PRA)• Analyze risk-based operational questions• Identify and evaluate risk mitigation measures• Provide scientific support to facilitate exports• Evaluate new pests and imminent threats• Research scientific and technical questions• Collect and manage pest risk information
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Related activities
• Develop and evaluate analytical approaches and methodologies• Analyze offshore pest dynamics• Identify data needs for risk-based decision making• Develop, maintain, and integrate datasets for risk prediction, modeling, and management• Provide leadership to international and regional standard-setting
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Collaboration & linkage• PPQ Programs (HQ, Regions, Field)• ARS (data, research needs, review)• Other USDA (OGC, ORACBA, Forest Service)• Technical experts (universities, other agencies,
international organizations)• Stakeholders (States, producers)• Offshore counterparts (NPPOs, Centers of
Excellence, research orgs)
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Projects• Long-term: 90 days to several years
– Typically require a budget– Assigned and prioritized by the Agency
• Ongoing: Operational/functional– New Pest Advisory Group– Fruit and vegetable import regulations (Q-56)
• Ad hoc: less than 90 days
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2009 Productivity– 31 commodity assessments– 19 organism assessments– 64 new pest (NPAG) assessments– 7 pathway and operational assessments– 19 collaborative assessments– Database mgmt. – Capacity building – Standard setting
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Ad Hoc Projects
Tolerance level for Meloidogyne chitwoodi in U.S. potatoes exported into Korea (image: M. chitwoodi symptoms on potato (nematode.unl.edu/melsymp.htm))
Re-evaluation of Mexican ‘Hass’ Avocado pre-harvest orchard sampling for the work plan (image: ‘Hass’ avocado fruit (source: www.avocadocentral.com))
Pest risk map for Sirex noctilio and associated fungus Amylostereum areolatum (image: Sirex woodwasp adults (Sirex noctilio Farbricius) by Paula Klasmer (www.forestryimages.org))
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DoD Projects started in 2009Wood Packaging with
Ammunition to Europe
• Export analysis• Prove that untreated
wood is low risk• Statistically designed
sampling• Negotiation required
Base movement from Okinawa to Guam
• Large pathway analysis
• Multiple pests and multiple pathways
• Huge data collection challenge
• Collaboration with other agencies
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Capacity Building, Training, and Regulatory Curriculum
International training Workshops on risk analysis, pest free & low pest prevalence areas, pest management, etc.
Risk Analysis 101 and Risk Analysis Mentoring Program
RA 101 training every year (summer)
Risk Analysis Mentoring Training (RAMP) training ongoing
Regulatory Curriculum at NCSU
- Fundamentals of (Pest) Risk Analysis, 1 credit, NCSU
- Challenges in Plant Resource Protection, 3 credits, NCSU
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Library Services
• Over 2,500 hard references organized in Library of Congress classification order with electronic catalog and checkout system
• 17,000 PRAs, in-house publications, and scientific references in searchable electronic format
• Collections of posters, maps, photographs
Lucy ReidPERAL Information Specialist
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New Pest Advisory Group (NPAG)
Mission: assess exotic plant pests that are new or imminent threats to U.S. agriculture or the environment and recommend appropriate actions for PPQ to take
Products: datasheets & reports with recommendations
Amaryllis weevil, undescribed genus & species
Botryotinia sphaerosperma Achatina fulica
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Internet tool for pest prediction and detection
Interactive tool kits for building predictive models for insects, pathogens, and weeds
On-line national and international weather and climate databases
Model output can be graphical or map based for historical periods and climate match
NAPPFAST NCSU-APHIS Plant Pest Forecasting
View of the NAPPFAST interface showing map viewing capabilities. The map depicts the predicted risk of one or more days suitable for maize wilt infection in North America based upon 10 years of derived soil temperature data.
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The Phytosanitary Alert System (PAS) is the web-based pest reporting system of the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO)
Why CPHST?: PAS is directly in line with CPHST’s mission to identify pathways used by exotic pests and weeds, and to assess the risks posed by these pests
CPHST staff input: 2 risk analysts; 35% of their work week
Phytosanitary Alert System (www.pestalert.org)
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The Global Pest and Disease Database (GPDD)
Information provided includes: host range, distribution maps, biology, control, images (provided by UGA), links to related APHIS documents, references, etc.
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PART II
Introduction to PRA
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Initiation
• Request
• Prioritization
• Assignment
• Time
• Prerequisites
• Quarterly
• One + team
• Weeks to years
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Analysis
• Comprehensive Pest List• Quarantine Pest List• Pathway List• Pest Analysis
• Identify Mitigations• Formulate
Recommendations
Optional country consultation
Literature review, expert and country consultation
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Mitigationrequires
assessment
Risk requires
mitigation
Initiation
Identify hazard(s)
Estimate the likelihood ofoccurrence
Estimate the magnitudeof the consequences
Develop conclusions and describe uncertainty
Develop recommendationsand describe uncertainty
Evaluate mitigation options for: -Efficacy -Feasibility -Impacts
Identify mitigation options
Decisionmaking
Describe the concern which has created the need. Understand the background and expectations.
Evaluate recommendations against the current environment and values to select an option.
Risk Assessment
Risk Management
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Risk Assessment Questions• What information is available?• What quantity and quality of
information?• What can go wrong (if nothing is
done)?• What is the likelihood?• What is the magnitude of the
consequences?
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Elements of Pest Risk AssessmentLikelihood (X)
• Associated with host or pathway
• Escapes certification• Survives transit• Undetected at entry• Provided a favorable
environment• Able to
reproduce/spread
Consequences (+)• Direct economic or
health damage potential
• Indirect damage potential
• Environmental damage potential
• Perceived damage potential (social, political, aesthetic, etc.)
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Risk Management Questions• What can be done to eliminate or
mitigate the hazard?• How effective are the options?• How feasible are the options?• What impacts do the options have?• What is the recommended option?• What is the level of uncertainty?
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Variability and Uncertainty
• Variability is not reduced with more or better information
• Uncertainty may be: –modelling or measurement errors–gaps in information– incorrect assumptions
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Risk Communication
• Two-way exchange of information–consulting– informing–explaining or justifying
• Not for consensus, but understanding • Demonstrates openness and concern
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1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300Raleigh, North Carolina USA
27606-5202
Tel: +1-919-855-7512Fax: +1-919-855-7595
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/cphst/peral.shtmlhttp:/
Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory