Usability -1h. Learning Outcomes Readability Navigation Accessibility to challenged people Testing...
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![Page 1: Usability -1h. Learning Outcomes Readability Navigation Accessibility to challenged people Testing to ensure that the changes to the site have indeed.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649ebe5503460f94bc788c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Usability -1h
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Learning Outcomes
• Readability
• Navigation
• Accessibility to challenged people
• Testing to ensure that the changes to the site have indeed been improvements..
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Definitions of Usability Productivity: How fast or efficient can the user be with the
help of this system? Learnability: How easy is it for a newcomer to learn the
system? Memorability: When a user returns to the system, must
they relearn it or will they be able to remember skills they learnt first time round.
Error frequency: How easily can the average user make mistakes?
Satisfaction: Does the system make the user feel inadequate? Do they enjoy using it?
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More Definitions
The capability of the software product to be learned, used, and attractive to the user, when used under specified conditions (ISO/IEC 9126-1)
The extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use (ISO 9241-11).
The ease with which a user can learn to operate, prepare inputs for, and interpret outputs of a system or component (IEEE Std. 610.12)
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Readability
Categories:
• Titles
• Page Length
• Page Layout
• Text presentation
• Reading
• Graphics
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Titles
• Use the <TITLE> tag
• Give a good self-explanatory main title– Many users will have arrived via search engines– introduce the page so as to reorient these
visitors
• Use subheadings informatively– 79% of web users scan pages– scanners focus on titles rather than text
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Page Length
• Bailout rate is proportion who leave page before it has completely downloaded– Average background figure for bailout rate is
about 8%– This climbs to around 27% for a download time
of 8 seconds (around 40 k-bytes)
• Many users don't bother to scroll scrolling pages
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Page Layout
• Line up the various elements vertically.
• Background colours can lead the eye from one important point to another.
• The impatient surfer may not want to scroll.
• It is important to be consistent
• You don't need to sacrifice readability, just to improve visual style.
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Text presentation
• Don’t use more than two point sizes on the page.
• Text any smaller than ten-point is difficult to read; I aim for twelve-point.
• Try to use a readable typeface.
• Avoid the over-use of ornate decorative fonts.
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Reading
• Use a restricted vocabulary.• Too much solid text could frighten a user away.• Write scannable text:
– Subtitles self-explanatory– Make link-text say something pithy– Gems within the text could be emboldened
• Paragraphs should express only one idea
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Graphics
• Some will not be using monitors at all.
• Use ALT text.
• Don’t use graphics as links
• Make links look like links: "mine sweeping"
• Don’t hide the meaning of an image link until it is rolled over by the cursor.
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Consistent Navigation Aids
• Second nature
• Found in conventional places
• To where expects to go
• To where wants to go
• Breadcrumbs
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Text-based Navigation
• Use well chosen words
• Images are ambiguous
• Some will have images switched off
• Some browsers don’t show images
• Use ALT text and/or a caption which is also a link
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Navigation and Links
• Group your links into sensible groupings
• Put them where people expect them
• Sometimes more than one clump of links, in different zones of the page
• (But also contextual navigation)
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Navigation Map Design
• Where am I?
• Where can I go next?
• How can I recover from an error?
• The three-click rule
• Put important information high up the navigation hierarchy
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Accessibility: colour
• Some won’t be using monitors
• Fair number are colour blind (some don’t know it yet)
• Can’t rely on client’s hardware
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Accessibility: Alternative Formats
• Some can’t perceive:– Graphics– Video– Sound
• …So offer a text alternative!
• Use ALT tag
• Give text descriptions of videos etc
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Accessibility: User Control
• Slow readers have difficulties with:– Blinking text– Marquee– Timed slide shows
• Give them the option of control
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Testing
Categories:• Usability inspection• Group Walkthrough• User Testing• Diary Studies• Server Statistics
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Usability inspection
• Expert Critique =
• Trained professional goes through the site.
• List of heuristics
• Makes a note of any problem
• Five independent experts better
• Alternatively, ordinary person with a comprehensive checklist
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Group Walkthrough
• Group of non-designers
• Try to carry out specified tasks.
• people already involved in the conceptual design (e.g. users, directors, union representatives and office workers).
• Facilitator suggests guidelines or faults to look out for
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User Testing
• Watch individual user do tasks
• Reassure that test is of site and not of them
• Mistakes are probably due to imperfect site design
• Tasks deliberately made slightly general
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Diary Studies
• Some users are asked to make notes over a long period.
• Not possible to see what they are actually doing
• Long-term technique
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Server Statistics
• Which are your most/least popular pages
• How long do people spend reading?
• Success ratio of viewers to purchases
• Where do they bail out?
• What routes do they take through the site?
• Onto which page do they generally arrive?