USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 Maryam Pourrabi, Amy Stewart, Kristin Evans, Michael Nocchiero
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Transcript of USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 Maryam Pourrabi, Amy Stewart, Kristin Evans, Michael Nocchiero
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Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and
Obstruct Terrorism
USA PATRIOT Act of 2001Maryam Pourrabi, Amy Stewart, Kristin Evans, Michael Nocchiero
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Prior to the Patriot ActAgenda Formation
Pre-9/11
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Evolution of Anti-Terrorism Policy
1950s • “Guilt by Association” law - associating with Communist or anarchist
group can lead to exclusion and deportation- Repealed by Congress in 1990
1980 - 1990s • Reagan Administration
- initially proposed provisions that later became apart of the USAPA• Bush (I) Administration
- made similar proposals >> use of secret evidence, guilt by association law, right of Sec. of State to label groups as terrorist without review, ban on supporting legal activities of terrorist-labeled groups
• Broad based legislative opposition to such legislation; Congress refused to enact provisions on constitutional grounds and lack of necessity• Legislation was headed for defeat until….
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1996 - Oklahoma City Bombing
• Bombing of the Federal Building by Tim McVeigh killing 175 people• Led to passage of the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act of 1996 • Passed by a 91 to 8 margin in the U.S. Senate• Included key provisions to combat terrorism, which is
included in USAPA- Illegal to provide expert advice to terrorist groups- Allow the use of secret evidence in terrorism cases- Sec. of State, Sec. of Treasury and the Attorney General
can designate groups as terrorist - Resurrected the guilt by association law - Limit habeas corpus - federal courts hear terrorism cases• Many provisions were under review until…
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September 11, 2001
• Gerston - crisis as trigger mechanism • Elevated problem of homeland security to public agenda• Widespread support - President had 90% approval rating• Framed as homeland security issue• Legislators could not say no to Act• History shows that a trigger is needed to pass homeland
security reform• 9/11 gave Congress the impetus to pass it• USAPA is extension of 1996’s Anti-Terrorism Act and
implementation of recommended reforms/provisions
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Policy Inception2001
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A Charge from the Bush Administration
• 9/21/01: Administration sent set of fifty proposals to Congress – Viet Dinh (Assistant Attorney General)– DOJ
• Proposal went to Senate and House Committees– Deliberations, hearings
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The Legislative Process
House/Senate Anti-Terrorism Bills– S. 1510: Daschle + 25– H.R. 2975: Sensenbrenner + 26
Merger of House and Senate Versions– Sensenbrenner introduced H.R. 3162 in the House
10/23/01• Cosponsor: Oxley
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Key Actors
• Congressman Sensenbrenner (Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, sponsor of both HR Bills)
• Congressman Oxley (co-sponsor of HR 3162)• Senator Daschle (Senate Majority Leader,
sponsor of Senate bill)• Senator Leahy (Chairman of the Senate
Judiciary Committee)
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The Bill in a Nutshell
• Bolters ability to conduct criminal and intelligence investigations
• Bar and expel terrorists from the U.S.• Separate terrorists from their funding sources• Punish acts of terrorism• Address needs of 9/11 victims• Increases information sharing between law
enforcement and intelligence agencies
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Complementary Legislation
• Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978• Immigration and Nationality Act• Electronic Communications Privacy Act• Bank Secrecy Act of 1970
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H.R. 3162 became Public Law 107-56
House Vote Outcome
• 357 Yeas (211-R, 145-D, 1-I)• 66 Nays (62-D, 3-R, 1-I)• 9 Non-votes (5-R, 4-D)
Senate Vote Outcome
• 98 Yeas• 1 Nay (Feingold, D-WI)• 1 Non-vote (Landrieu, D-LA)
And the Yeas Have It
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President George W. Bush signs the Patriot Act, Anti-Terrorism Legislation, in the East Room Oct. 26, 2001. White House photo by Eric Draper.
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USA PATRIOT Act Consensus Unravels2003-2008
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USA PATRIOT Act in Practice• Target of investigation does not have to be an agent of a
foreign power; investigation cannot be based solely upon activities protected by First Amendment
• Intelligence collected has to be relevant to terrorism investigation; targets must only be linked to terrorism
• Increase in intelligence collection:– pen register, trap and trace, permits roving wiretaps– “sneak and peek” allowed– courts authorize warrants for investigations outside jurisdiction
• Federal National Security Letter (NSL) statutes• No mention of Fourth Amendment rights
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Civil Liberty Issues Emerge
• May 2002: Jose Padilla, US citizen, detained as “enemy combatant”
• August 2002: DoJ Inspector General Report cited 762 illegal aliens detained; 0 charged with terrorism related crimes
• November 2002: FBI requires Middle Eastern refugee center release information on all Iraqi-born clients
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Are American Publics Concerned with Civil Liberties or Terrorism?
Source: Adapted from poll conducted for the Associated Press by International Communications Research in September 2003
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Impact on Government
• Drastically increases information collection and resources required for synthesis
• Significant strain on bureaucracy:– Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) – FBI: “hold until clear” policy
• Lack of internal consensus on boundaries of PATRIOT Act
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Impact on Federal Intelligence Agencies
• “Lowered… the wall traditionally separating criminal investigation from foreign intelligence gathering.”
• Shift from criminal investigation to intelligence gathering
• Broader use of NSL statutes
“The FBI is becoming the new CIA.” –FBI Intelligence Analyst
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PATRIOT Act Implementation at FBI
Source: March 2008 Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General Report, A Review of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Use of National Security Letters
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Judicial Involvement
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FISC Issuances of Tangible Item Orders
• “Unless made in bad faith”
• Bars suits against information providers
• National Security vs. Drugs
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The Media “Investigates”
• New York Times reports warrantless monitoring of international communications in 2005
• President Bush admits to authorizing Terrorist Surveillance Program
• “As long as nothing big happens, the media is uninvolved.”
• “The media isn’t probing enough.”
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The Legislative Debate• There hasn’t been another 9/11 vs. proof of effectiveness• Hearings in favor of both views through 2003• Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004• USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005
– 4 Republicans join Democrats in Senate filibuster• April-June 2005: 16 different hearings on civil liberty
violations to Committees on Judiciary• Reauthorized in 2006• Congress has protected civil liberties by rejecting certain
legislation
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Civil Liberty Interest Group Victories
“[NSL] effectiveness is disproportionately small compared with the extent of… the invasion of privacy they represent.”
Deputy Director of the Center for National Security Studies
• Muslim Community Association of Ann Arbor v. Ashcroft
• John Doe, Inc et al. v. Mukasey et al.
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Sunset of the Bush Administration
• Terrorist Surveillance Program (TSP) expired in 2007
• Supreme Court and warrantless surveillance program
• Protect America Act and FISA Amendments Act of 2008 protect TSP
• Attorney General Mukasey certifies that defendants’ actions were lawful
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“The real question is, ‘Does the PATRIOT Act work?’
There doesn’t seem to be a public case explaining the benefits of the tools the
PATRIOT Act provides.”
-Michelle Richardson, ACLU Lobbyist
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Michael Cover SlideYYYY-YYYY
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ReferencesAnonymous. FBI Interview. 8 Apr. 2010.
“A report to Congress in accordance with [sect] 357 of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001.” U.S. Department of Treasury, 26 Apr. 2002. Web. 7 March 2010.
“Chart comparing S.1692 and H.R. 3845.” Center for Democracy & Technology, 11 Nov. 2009. Web. 7 March 2010.
Doyle, Charles. “Terrorism Legislation: Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001.” CRS Report for Congress., 26 Oct. 2001. Web. 7 March 2010.
Henning, Anna, Elizabeth Bazan, Charles Doyle, Edward Liu. “Government Collection of Private Information: Background and Issues Related to the USA PATRIOT Act Reauthorization.” Congressional Research Service, 23 Dec. 2009. Web. 7 March 2010.
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Jost, Kenneth. “Civil Liberties Debates.” The CQ Researcher 13.37 (2003): 893-916. Web. 7 March 2010.
“Legislative History of P.L. 109-177: USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005.” LexisNexis Academic & Library Solutions. Web. 7 March 2010.
Robinson, Michelle. ACLU Interview. 1 Apr. 2010.
Uniting and Strengthening American by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT Act). Public Law 107-56. 26 Oct. 2001. Web. 1 March 2010.
VandeHei, Jim. “Bush Assails Democrats Over Patriot Act.” Washington Post. 4 Jan. 2006. Web. 7 March 2010.
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References
• http://www.duncanentertainment.com/interview_vietdinh.php