U.S. IMPERIALISM AND U.S. IMPERIALISM AND WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I

Unit VCUnit VC

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Fundamental QuestionFundamental Question

To what extent was the American To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign public supportive of increased foreign involvement?involvement?

Historical U.S. Foreign PolicyHistorical U.S. Foreign Policy Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address

Avoid permanent alliancesAvoid permanent alliances Jefferson’s Empire of LibertyJefferson’s Empire of Liberty

Model of republicanism and democracyModel of republicanism and democracy Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

Prevention of European intervention in Western HemispherePrevention of European intervention in Western Hemisphere Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase Oregon TerritoryOregon Territory Mexican-American WarMexican-American War

Limited InvolvementLimited Involvement Domestic economic expansionDomestic economic expansion Economic dependency on European powersEconomic dependency on European powers Civil WarCivil War

Protective tariffsProtective tariffs ImmigrationImmigration

U.S. Foreign Events Before 1880U.S. Foreign Events Before 1880

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine JapanJapan

Commodore PerryCommodore Perry Convention of Kanagawa (1854)Convention of Kanagawa (1854)

William H. SewardWilliam H. Seward Mexico (1866)Mexico (1866) Midway Island (1867)Midway Island (1867) Alaska Purchase - “Seward’s Folly” (1867)Alaska Purchase - “Seward’s Folly” (1867)

HawaiiHawaii Hawaii was an independent kingdomHawaii was an independent kingdom Christian missionaries and sugar plantation farmers settle Christian missionaries and sugar plantation farmers settle

since 1820ssince 1820s Rise of Sugar Oligarchy and Fall of KingdomRise of Sugar Oligarchy and Fall of Kingdom

Duty-free sugar led to sugar plantation owners become prosperous Duty-free sugar led to sugar plantation owners become prosperous and powerfuland powerful

Queen Liliuokalani resented American encroachmentQueen Liliuokalani resented American encroachment Sugar owners back by marines overthrew the Queen and Sugar owners back by marines overthrew the Queen and

established Republic of Hawaiiestablished Republic of Hawaii AnnexationAnnexation

Grover Cleveland refusedGrover Cleveland refused William McKinley argued manifest destinyWilliam McKinley argued manifest destiny Annexed in 1898 and territory by 1900Annexed in 1898 and territory by 1900

Why Hawaii?Why Hawaii?

Enforcing the Monroe DoctrineEnforcing the Monroe Doctrine

Pan-American Conference (1889)Pan-American Conference (1889) Permanent organization between U.S. and Latin Permanent organization between U.S. and Latin

American nations for mutual political and American nations for mutual political and economical prosperityeconomical prosperity

Venezuela and Great BritainVenezuela and Great Britain U.S. threatened force against BritainU.S. threatened force against Britain Deal made favoring U.S. and G.B.Deal made favoring U.S. and G.B.

Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War CubaCuba

Cuban revolt and Spanish retribution threatened American investmentsCuban revolt and Spanish retribution threatened American investments Yellow journalismYellow journalism

Sensational stories whipped up anti-Spanish sentimentSensational stories whipped up anti-Spanish sentiment DeLome Letter (Feb. 9, 1898)DeLome Letter (Feb. 9, 1898)

Spanish minister criticized McKinleySpanish minister criticized McKinley ““Remember the Remember the MaineMaine!” (Feb. 15, 1898)!” (Feb. 15, 1898)

250 Americans lost in explosion in Havana Harbor250 Americans lost in explosion in Havana Harbor War declaration and Teller AmendmentWar declaration and Teller Amendment

Spain’s refusal of American demands led to warSpain’s refusal of American demands led to war Teller Amendment promised Cuban independence once peace restoredTeller Amendment promised Cuban independence once peace restored

Cuban TheaterCuban Theater Inexperienced soldiers died from disease than SpanishInexperienced soldiers died from disease than Spanish Rough Riders and San Juan HillRough Riders and San Juan Hill Santiago BaySantiago Bay

Philippines TheaterPhilippines Theater Destruction of Spanish fleet in Manila Bay (May 1, 1898)Destruction of Spanish fleet in Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) Americans capture Manila (August 13, 1898)Americans capture Manila (August 13, 1898)

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris Cuban independenceCuban independence Annexation of Puerto Rico, Guam; Philippines for $20 millionAnnexation of Puerto Rico, Guam; Philippines for $20 million

A Cry for WarA Cry for War

Imperialists and Anti-ImperialistsImperialists and Anti-Imperialists

Mostly from Republican Mostly from Republican PartyParty

Theodore Roosevelt, John Theodore Roosevelt, John Hay, James G. BlaineHay, James G. Blaine

Economic expansion, Economic expansion, political security, political security, international prestige, international prestige, humanitarian effortshumanitarian efforts

Insular CasesInsular Cases (1901-1903) (1901-1903) Constitutional provisions and Constitutional provisions and

guarantees granted only by guarantees granted only by Congress to territoriesCongress to territories

Anti-Imperialist LeagueAnti-Imperialist League William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan,

Samuel Gompers, Mark Samuel Gompers, Mark Twain, Ben Tillman, Twain, Ben Tillman, Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie

Mostly from Democratic Mostly from Democratic PartyParty

Undemocratic, violated Undemocratic, violated republicanismrepublicanism

Big Stick by TeddyBig Stick by Teddy

Policies of DiplomacyPolicies of Diplomacy

Big Stick Policy (Roosevelt 1901-1908)Big Stick Policy (Roosevelt 1901-1908) Aggressive and interventionist policiesAggressive and interventionist policies Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

Right for American intervention if a nation proved incapable to protect Right for American intervention if a nation proved incapable to protect American investments and hemisphere stabilityAmerican investments and hemisphere stability

Dollar Diplomacy (Taft 1909-1912)Dollar Diplomacy (Taft 1909-1912) Endorse American expansion through overseas investment and Endorse American expansion through overseas investment and

infrastructureinfrastructure Lodge Corollary extended Monroe Doctrine to non-European Lodge Corollary extended Monroe Doctrine to non-European

nationsnations Moral Diplomacy (Wilson 1912-1921)Moral Diplomacy (Wilson 1912-1921)

Opposition to aggressive expansionOpposition to aggressive expansion Promote democratic and republican ideals especially in affected Promote democratic and republican ideals especially in affected

nations/territoriesnations/territories

Intervention in Latin AmericaIntervention in Latin America CubaCuba

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment Removal of U.S. troops on acceptanceRemoval of U.S. troops on acceptance Became a U.S. protectorateBecame a U.S. protectorate

Haiti (BSP)Haiti (BSP) Santo Domingo (BSP)Santo Domingo (BSP) Panama (BSP)Panama (BSP)

Revolution and Hay-Pauncefote TreatyRevolution and Hay-Pauncefote Treaty After U.S.-supported rebellion, U.S. awarded rights to canal zone After U.S.-supported rebellion, U.S. awarded rights to canal zone

connecting Atlantic and Pacific interestsconnecting Atlantic and Pacific interests Panama CanalPanama Canal

1904-19141904-1914 Eliminated American exemption in 1914 (MD)Eliminated American exemption in 1914 (MD)

Nicaragua (1911) (DD)Nicaragua (1911) (DD) Marines sent to protect investmentsMarines sent to protect investments

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico Limited sovereignty and citizenship in 1917 (MD)Limited sovereignty and citizenship in 1917 (MD)

MexicoMexico Tampico and Pancho Villa (1913-1917)Tampico and Pancho Villa (1913-1917)

Panama Canal ZonePanama Canal Zone

Caribbean InvolvementCaribbean Involvement

Intervention in AsiaIntervention in Asia PhilippinesPhilippines

Annexed by Treaty of Paris (1899)Annexed by Treaty of Paris (1899) Guerilla warfare led by Emilio AguinaldoGuerilla warfare led by Emilio Aguinaldo Jones Act of 1916 (MD)Jones Act of 1916 (MD)

Guaranteed rights and independence given stabilityGuaranteed rights and independence given stability ChinaChina

Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy Equal trading among nations with spheres of influence in order to protect American Equal trading among nations with spheres of influence in order to protect American

investments in Chinainvestments in China Preserve Chinese independence for mutual benefitPreserve Chinese independence for mutual benefit

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion International force suppressed anti-foreigner rebelsInternational force suppressed anti-foreigner rebels Europeans further strangled Qing DynastyEuropeans further strangled Qing Dynasty

Railroad investment in China (DD)Railroad investment in China (DD) JapanJapan

Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Portsmouth Ended Russo-Japanese WarEnded Russo-Japanese War

““gentleman’s agreement”gentleman’s agreement” Japanese restrict emigration and U.S. repeal discrimination lawsJapanese restrict emigration and U.S. repeal discrimination laws

Great White Fleet (1907-1909) (BSP)Great White Fleet (1907-1909) (BSP) Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

Japan supported Open Door Policy in ChinaJapan supported Open Door Policy in China Acknowledged each nation’s territories in PacificAcknowledged each nation’s territories in Pacific

Great War in Europe (1914-1919)Great War in Europe (1914-1919)

Archduke and wife of Archduke and wife of Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary assassinated by assassinated by Serbian nationalist on Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914June 28, 1914

Alliances and Alliances and ultimatums dragged ultimatums dragged Europe into a Europe into a destructive conflictdestructive conflict

American Neutrality and OpinionAmerican Neutrality and Opinion

Wilson proclaims neutrality on August 4, 1914Wilson proclaims neutrality on August 4, 1914 Economic prosperity key to American progress and Economic prosperity key to American progress and

continue trade with both sidescontinue trade with both sides American ships seized by British and sunk by Germans American ships seized by British and sunk by Germans

violating freedom of the seasviolating freedom of the seas American loans toward AlliesAmerican loans toward Allies American public and American and British press favored American public and American and British press favored

Allies while depicting Central Powers as brutal aggressorsAllies while depicting Central Powers as brutal aggressors Ethnic opinions based on nation’s allegianceEthnic opinions based on nation’s allegiance Populists, Progressives, William Jennings Bryan, Populists, Progressives, William Jennings Bryan,

Socialists, Midwest, West, women, Jane Addams opposed Socialists, Midwest, West, women, Jane Addams opposed becoming more involved in warbecoming more involved in war

Toward American InvolvementToward American Involvement German U-BoatsGerman U-Boats

LusitaniaLusitania sunk on May 7, 1915 killing 128 Americans sunk on May 7, 1915 killing 128 Americans Sussex Sussex in March 1916in March 1916 Wilson threatened sanctions and Germany promised to abide by freedom Wilson threatened sanctions and Germany promised to abide by freedom

of the seasof the seas National Security LeagueNational Security League

Preparedness by developing and increasing military during 1915-1917Preparedness by developing and increasing military during 1915-1917 Unrestricted submarine warfare by GermanyUnrestricted submarine warfare by Germany Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution Zimmermann TelegramZimmermann Telegram

German request for Mexico alliance in return for lost land by U.S.German request for Mexico alliance in return for lost land by U.S. Wilson requested declaration of war by Congress against GermanyWilson requested declaration of war by Congress against Germany

Given on April 6, 1917 by near unanimous voteGiven on April 6, 1917 by near unanimous vote

American Home FrontAmerican Home Front War agenciesWar agencies

War Industries Board – prioritized production, limited use of resources, set pricesWar Industries Board – prioritized production, limited use of resources, set prices Food Administration – rationing of foodFood Administration – rationing of food National War Labor Board – union concessions, no strikesNational War Labor Board – union concessions, no strikes

Liberty BondsLiberty Bonds Americans purchase government bonds to finance warAmericans purchase government bonds to finance war

Committee on Public InformationCommittee on Public Information Provide a pro-Allies perspective in the newspapers, arts, literature, theaters, musicProvide a pro-Allies perspective in the newspapers, arts, literature, theaters, music

American Protective LeagueAmerican Protective League Prejudice-based propaganda, especially against GermansPrejudice-based propaganda, especially against Germans

Espionage Act of 1917Espionage Act of 1917 Prohibit interference in military and obstruct the draftProhibit interference in military and obstruct the draft Schenck v. United States Schenck v. United States upheld; “clear and present danger”upheld; “clear and present danger”

Sedition Act of 1918Sedition Act of 1918 Prohibit criticism of U.S. governmentProhibit criticism of U.S. government

Selective Service Act of 1917Selective Service Act of 1917 American Society EffectsAmerican Society Effects

WomenWomen Filled in jobs as men fought warFilled in jobs as men fought war

BlacksBlacks Segregated as troopsSegregated as troops Job opportunitiesJob opportunities

MexicansMexicans Job opportunitiesJob opportunities

American PropagandaAmerican Propaganda

American War FrontAmerican War Front American Expeditionary Force (AEF)American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

Inspired to preserve democracy and defend American honorInspired to preserve democracy and defend American honor Reality of trench warfare and war of attritionReality of trench warfare and war of attrition

Naval convoys escort merchant ships to supply AlliesNaval convoys escort merchant ships to supply Allies Spring Offensive (1918)Spring Offensive (1918)

German offensive in Western theaterGerman offensive in Western theater Hundred Days Offensive (1918)Hundred Days Offensive (1918)

Allied counteroffensive; leads to end of the fightingAllied counteroffensive; leads to end of the fighting Armistice (11/11/1918)Armistice (11/11/1918)

German capitulationGerman capitulation 117,000 American casualties, most due to influenza117,000 American casualties, most due to influenza

Over 16 million total deadOver 16 million total dead 1 million British, 1.6 million French, 3.3. million Russian, 2.4 million 1 million British, 1.6 million French, 3.3. million Russian, 2.4 million

German, 2.9 million Ottoman, 1.5 Austrian-HungarianGerman, 2.9 million Ottoman, 1.5 Austrian-Hungarian 650,000 Americans die due to Spanish Flu/Influenza outbreak across the 650,000 Americans die due to Spanish Flu/Influenza outbreak across the

worldworld

Wilson and PeaceWilson and Peace ““Peace without victory” and Peace without victory” and

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points Self-determination and League Self-determination and League

of Nationsof Nations Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

German guilt, reparationsGerman guilt, reparations League of NationsLeague of Nations

Treaty Ratification in U.S.Treaty Ratification in U.S. Republican majority in Republican majority in

Congress – 2/3 majority needed Congress – 2/3 majority needed for ratificationfor ratification

Henry Cabot Lodge and Henry Cabot Lodge and RepublicansRepublicans

Irreconcilables and Irreconcilables and ReservationistsReservationists

Never ratified; separate peace Never ratified; separate peace couple of years latercouple of years later

America After the WarAmerica After the War Economic turmoilEconomic turmoil

Recession hit in 1919 and more severely in Recession hit in 1919 and more severely in 1920-19211920-1921

Overproduction, increased labor force, Overproduction, increased labor force, adjustment from war production to peace adjustment from war production to peace production, labor strife/unions, Fed and interest production, labor strife/unions, Fed and interest ratesrates

First Red ScareFirst Red Scare Fueled by Russian Revolution and labor strikesFueled by Russian Revolution and labor strikes Targets included socialists, communists, Targets included socialists, communists,

anarchists, Wobbliesanarchists, Wobblies 1919 Bombings1919 Bombings Newspapers and government spearheaded Newspapers and government spearheaded

raids and deportations, but public soon detested raids and deportations, but public soon detested actions as violations of civil libertiesactions as violations of civil liberties

StrikesStrikes Led to anti-union sentiment as national security Led to anti-union sentiment as national security

and welfare threatened by strikesand welfare threatened by strikes Race riotsRace riots

Increased competition led to increased racism Increased competition led to increased racism in Northern cities and Southin Northern cities and South