U.S. History

Top 100

Goal 1

New Nation

George Washington• Precedents “Farewell Address”– Serving Two Terms

• Warnings for Country– Avoid entangling foreign

alliances– Avoid political parties

• Whiskey Rebellion-Proof that a stronger federal gov’t had been established!!

• Jay’s Treaty-Allows access to Mississippi River

Two-Party System

Hamilton & Federalist• Strong Central Gov.• National Bank• “Loose

Interpretation” of Constitution

Jefferson & Democratic-Republicans

• State Power• State debt State Banks• “Strict Interpretation”

of Constitution

Hamilton’s Economic Plan• Set up a sound financial plan to deal with nations debt

– Create National Bank– Gain Revenue

• Excise tax• Tariffs

– Nation assume states debts• Proposed to move capital to South (Washington, D.C.) to help plan pass

John Adams• XYZ Affair: French diplomats required payment

to talk with US diplomats• (Alien) and (Sedition) Act – limit freedom of

(speech)– Specifically designed to limit the political

participation of recent (immigrants) in the late 1790s, hurt Dem. Rep. party

• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – “Doctrine of Nullification” states refuse to follow

unconstitutional federal law• Marbury v Madison

– Midnight Judges- Adams appoints Federalist Judges the last night of his presidency

– “Judicial Review” Supreme Court can rule a law unconstitutional

Thomas Jefferson

• “Political Revolution”-political party transfer first time in history

• Suffrage-Property ownership requirement in voting• Louisiana Purchase– Challenged his “strict interpretation” philosophy, did not

have power to purchase– Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Embargo Act of 1807-prevent war with Britain, “Economic disaster” hurt U.S. Economy

James Madison

• War of 1812– Causes- “War Hawks” wanted

Canada, Impressment (kidnapping) of U.S. Soldiers into British Navy

• Treaty of Ghent-ends war of 1812

• Treaty of Greenville-Treaty to move Indians out of Ohio Territory

• The early political party that favored strong state governments, looked to Thomas Jefferson as its leader, opposed Hamilton’s plan and favored the interests of farmers over big business was which of the following?A. The FederalistsB. The DemocratsC. The Democratic-RepublicansD. The War Hawks

• During George Washington’s presidency, what was the major reason for conflict between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton?A. Washington’s decision not to seek a third termB. The distribution of power between the judicial

branch and the legislative branchC. The US government’s decision to remain neutral

in the war between France and BritainD. Hamilton’s objection to Jefferson’s strict

interpretation of the Constitution

• Which answer best expresses the significance of the Whiskey Rebellion?A. It protested excise taxesB. It let people express their grievancesC. It showed that rebellion would not workD. It forced the federal government to assert its

authority over the states

• Which of the following was a precedent set by George Washington?A. Serving only two termsB. Having a vice-presidentC. Living in the White HouseD. Choosing the members of Congress

• In which landmark decision did the Supreme Court first assert the power of judicial review?A. Marbury v. MadisonB. Worcester v. GeorgiaC. McCulloch v. MarylandD. Gibbons v. Ogden

• The Sedition Act made it a crime for US citizens to do which of the following?A. Openly support the French RevolutionB. Trade with Native Americans in the Ohio

territoryC. Publicly discredit the Federal GovernmentD. Fight for any country other than the United

States

• In an attempt to avoid war with the British in the early 1800s, what did President Jefferson persuade congress to do?A. Declare a trade embargo between the United States

and BritainB. Surrender disputed territory in the Great Lakes

region to BritainC. Apologize for US raids across the Canadian borderD. Lower tariffs for all British goods entering the

United States

One of the factors that led to the War of 1812 was impressments. What was impressment?

a. The refusal of the French to return runaway slaves who had escaped to Canada

b. The French seizure of smugglers who had crossed into Canada

c. The British seizure of American sailors from US ships for service in the British Royal navy d. The British act of drafting Native Americans along the US border into the British army

• How are the initial suffrage requirements of the young United States best summarized?A. Only males could voteB. Only white males could voteC. Only white males owning property could voteD. Only Northern white males owning property

could vote

• How did the US respond to the “XYZ Affair,” and how did it affect relations between the US and France?A. With outrage/it ended relations between the two

nations for a timeB. With pleasure/it began a new era in positive US-French

relationsC. Irritated/the US went into debt paying money to

FranceD. With disappointment/it meant that France and Great

Britain would be allies against the US

• Why did President Jefferson have to compromise his political philosophy to buy the Louisiana Purchase?A. He felt the territory would be too large to govern

democraticallyB. He did not feel a strict interpretation of the Constitution

gave him to power to acquire territoriesC. He felt some of the states would want to enlarge their

size at the expense of other states, causing domestic friction

D. He worried that Spain would use arms to try to take back territory that Spain once possessed

• Which of the following overturned the Alien and Sedition Acts?A. The Kansas-Nebraska ActB. The Missouri CompromiseC. The Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsD. The Tariff of Abominations

Goal 2

Nationalism and Sectionalism

Sectionalism

• Sectionalism: division b/w North and South, growing cause of Civil War

• Points of Tension:– slavery, – agrarian economy vs. industrial economy,– state rights vs. power of the federal gov’t

• Industrial Revolution: creates differences b/w north and south

• Two Major Issues by mid-1800s: slavery and state rights

Nationalism

• “Universal Male Suffrage”, landless farmers obtained suffrage (right to vote)

• Chief Justice Marshall: empowered national government through decisions– Marbury v. Madison Gibbons v. Ogden, & McCulloch v.

Maryland: all 3 secured the power to Federal gov’t• Adams-Onis Treaty: gained Spanish Florida and claims to

Oregon• Monroe Doctrine: warned European Powers that the US

considered the Western Hemisphere within its sphere of influence

Hudson River School for the Arts

• focused on American scenic beauty as being superior than that of Europe

• Washington Irving, Edgar Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and James Fennimore Cooper: writers created distinct American literature

• US painters offered affordable portraits of US landscapes to the public

• Webster’s Dictionary (1806) English to American language

Missouri Compromise 1820

• attempts to solve slavery issue in W. Territories• Slavery prohibited north of the 36, 30 parallel

in the Louisiana Purchase Territory• Maine admitted as a free state and Missouri a

slave state

Henry Clay

• “Great Compromiser”• American System-unify the country– Transportation System-Erie Canal, National Road– Protective Tariff– National Road– Bank of U.S.

Andrew Jackson• Indian Removal Act 1830

– Worchester v. Georgia: sided with Cherokee but Jackson said, “Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”

• disliked Bank of U.S.– Created “pet banks” that printed excess money, caused Panic

of 1837• Tariff of Abomination (1828 and 1832)-angered south

– South Carolina Nullification Crisis –S.C. refused to pay duties (tariff)

– President Jackson threatened to send federal troops to end the crisis

• Spoils System loyal supporter given gov’t job as a reward

Reforms

• Women’s rights– Seneca Falls Convention- “Declaration of Sentiments”

declaring women equal– Stanton, Susan B. Anthony

• Abolition-end slavery• Transcendentalism– Civil Disobedience focus on nature– Emerson and Thoreau– Sparks religious debate on slavery-Southern Women

join abolitionist movement

Mexican American War

• Causes– Texas Annexed – Polk favors expansion of U.S. Called “Manifest

Destiny”• Outcome– Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– Increased sectionalism over expansion of slavery– Territorial debates in congress over expansion of

slavery into new territories– Gadsden Purchase- land purchase from Mexico, final

piece of lower states

• What did the Hudson River artists paint?A. PeopleB. LandscapesC. BuildingsD. Fruit

• Which reform movement was Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott most involved in?A. AbolitionB. EducationC. Women’s suffrageD. Religious

• What was the Declaration of Sentiments?A. A declaration of women’s rights calling for

equality for womenB. A declaration of slaveholders’ rights passed by

southern statesC. A declaration by Nat Turner calling for an end to

slaveryD. A declaration calling for Americans to tolerate all

religions

A. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 provided for which of the following?A. Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state

and Kansas as a free stateB. Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state

and Maine would enter as a free stateC. Missouri would enter the Union as a free state and

no other states would be added to the UnionD. Missouri would enter the Union as a free state and

Louisiana would be added in the future

• Manifest Destiny became a rallying cry for Americans who believed that it was God’s plan for America to do which of the following?A. Adopt Protestantism as its official religionB. Abolish slavery in all statesC. Convert all Native Americans to ChristianityD. Extend the nation from the Atlantic Ocean to the

Pacific Ocean

• What did Andrew Jackson threaten to do if South Carolina did not pay the tariff?A. Take away South Carolina’s banksB. Force South Carolina to pay the tariff through

the militaryC. Make South Carolina leave the unionD. Give South Carolina $1000.00

• Which of the following groups disliked Andrew Jackson’s Indian policy?A. Southern plantation ownersB. Western settlersC. Georgia state representativesD. Supreme court justices

• Which statement describes the United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall?A. Refused to hear cases involving the right of the states

to secede from the UnionB. Made decisions which established the supremacy of

the federal government over the state governmentC. Broadened the Supreme Court’s interpretation of

individual libertiesD. Declared the Compromise of 1950 unconstitutional

• Who was most known for solving political problems?A. Henry ClayB. Andrew JacksonC. Thomas JeffersonD. John Quincy Adams

• Why was the invention of the cotton gin important?A. It decreased the need for slave labor in the

SouthB. It increased the need for slave labor in the SouthC. It allowed slaves to take frequent breaks

throughout the dayD. It caused the Industrial Revolution to fail

• Author’s Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, principal figures in the transcendental movement, shared which of the following beliefs?A. The way to end slavery was to abolish the slave

tradeB. Educational reform was more important than

prison reformC. The government must lead in reforming societyD. The individual needed to preserve ties to nature

• What was the impact of westward expansion on American Indians during the Jacksonian era?

A. Most American Indians were forced to move to Canada

B. Most American Indians were assimilated into U. S. society.

C. Most American Indians were relocated to lands west of the Mississippi River.

D. Most American Indians were able to negotiate to keep their land.

• Which statement best explains the increase in sectionalism between 1820 and 1850?

A. Westward expansion created a heated debate over the nation's policy concerning American Indians.

B. Westward expansion caused a recurring debate over the expansion of slavery into the new territories.

C. Westward expansion during the period occurred faster across the northern plains than the southern river deltas.

D. Westward expansion created a need for government spending to improve transportation.

• In the 1830-1850 period, which section of the United States most opposed a protective tariff?

A. WestB. NortheastC. SouthD. Northwest

Goal 3

Goal 3 United States History

Crisis, Civil War, and Reconstruction Sectionalism and Division

Compromise of 1850“States Rights”

• California admitted as a free state,• Popular Sovereignty –people decide slavery in

Utah and New Mexico Territories • Slave Trade abolished in Washington D.C.• Fugitive Slave Law: enabled slaveholders to

recapture slaves who had fled,

Dred Scott V. Sanford

• slaves were not citizens and had no right to sue in the U.S. courts

• Supreme Court Decision said that Congress had no power to deny slavery in the territories—Declared Missouri Compromise Unconstitutional

Bleeding Kansas

• Kansas-Nebraska Act -popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska

• pro-slavery and anti-slavery radicals clashed over the issue lead so blood shed

Abolition

• End Slavery• Harpers Ferry-John Brown, Harpers Ferry,

Virginia: he hoped to stole federal weapons to lead revolt– John Brown hanged

• Free-Soil Party-opposed extension of slavery

Political Parties

• Know-Nothings opposed immigration, Nativist-support people born in US

• Democrat Party split over slavery• Republicans: new party, against slavery for

territories and new states, formed from Whigs, Free-Soilers, and Northern Democrats

Lincoln v. Douglas debates

• Freeport Doctrine- Douglas’s argument for Popular Sovereignty

• Lincoln gained a reputation as a strong Republican candidate for the Presidency in 1860 Election

1860 Election

• Lincoln Elected• Southern states seceded-feared abolition and

threat to popular sovereignty• Lincoln argued that secession was illegal a

state ratified the constitution they surrendered their power to the federal gov’t

Civil War

• Gettysburg-Turning Point in Civil War– “Gettysburg Address” Lincoln’s purpose of the war

preserve the Union.• Effects– confirmed power of National Gov’t and made by

making succession illegal – Precedence Presidents cite “national security” as

reason to expand power of Executive Branch– Income tax used to pay for war

Emancipation Proclamation

• Lincoln freed slaves in the Confederate States• Paved the way for the 13th Amendment:

abolished slavery

Reconstruction

Civil War Amendments• 13th Abolished Slavery• 14th Citizenship and due process to African Americans• 15th Suffrage rights to African AmericansCivil Right Act of 1866 passed to stop black codesJohnson Impeached!!Compromise of 1877-Ended Reconstruction Hayes Elected• Democrats came to power republicans conceded to

Democrats demands• KKK founded

“Jim Crow”

• Restricted rights of newly freed slaves– Poll Tax– Grandfather Clause– Literacy Test

Goal 4

“Westward Expansion”

Settlement

• Wagons West—for furs, for gold, for farms: economic motivation

• Gold Rush: 49ers• Mormons and Utah—seek religious freedom• Joseph Smith and Brigham Young migrated to

Salt Lake City, Utah

Transcontinental Railroad

• (built by Chinese and Irish immigrants)• had the greatest impact on successful

settlement of the Great Plains• Railroad killed off the Buffalo…ending the

Native American way of life

Homestead Act

• Homestead Act: strongly supported by Ranchers and Farmers

• Gave 160 acres of land which had to be lived on for 5 years

Indian Wars

• Battles: Sand Creek Massacre, Little Big Horn, • Wounded Knee-ends Indian Wars• Dawes Severalty Act: Assimilate American

Indians by turning them into farmers• Inspired to help by the book “A Century of

Dishonor,” by Helen Jackson, explains broken promises of the federal government

The Plains

• Farming innovations: windmill, steel plow• McCormick, Eli Whitney, John Deere, and

Joseph Gilden all dealt with agriculture• The Long Drive: cowboys moving cattle north

to the railroads on the Open Range• Refrigerated railroad cars benefited the cattle

industry economically• End of Open Range: Barbed Wire

Populism

• The Grange: farmer organization against railroads and part of Populism late 1800s

• Populist Party: formed by farmers in 1891 called for gov’t regulation of RR

• Reforms: bimetallism, a graduated income tax, federal loan program, election of US senators by popular vote (17th Amendment) single terms for presidents, secret ballot to end voter fraud, 8hr work day, restrict immigration

Goal 5

Industrialization and Immigration

Big Business

• Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Carnegie, J.P. Morgan• Business Tactics

– Monopoly- Eliminates Competition• Horizontal Integration-buy out competition

• Vertical Integration-buy out suppliers

• Captains of Industry vs. Robber Barons• Philosophies-Social Darwinism…survival of fittest…Laissez-

Faire…little gov. intervention

Nativism

• Favor Native born citizens• Chinese Exclusionary Act-limits immigration• Immigrants moved into Urban areas for

Factory jobs

Railroad

• Built by Chinese and Irish immigrants• Credit-Mobilier-members of Congress given

profits from construction of RR• Munn V. Illinois-states won right to regulate

railroads, Fed. Gov now regulates private industry

• Interstate Commerce Act-right of Fed gov. to supervise RR activities

Haymarket Square Incident, Pullman Strike, Great Strike of 1877

• Strikes: become violent, gov’t sides with employers

• (Effect of Haymarket Square)the public came to associate labor unions with violence and anarchist activity

• Gov. uses law to stop strikes, interferes with commerce

Political Machines• corrupt gov’t institutions where gov’t is

bought and paid for with bribes and favors - graft

• Tammany Hall—Political Machine in NY City and Boss Tweed was the famous leader; “Tweed Ring” – Exposed by Thomas Nast-Cartoonis

• Spoils System, bribes, & graft helped support Political Machines

• Supported by poor and immigrant

Goal 6

Imperialism

Imperialism

• Causes– Quest for raw materials, new markets– “White Man’s Burden” cultural superiority– Military strength-Alfred Mahan

Alaska

• Purchases• “Seward’s Folly” Americans thought it was a

worthless purchase• Found to have natural resources

Spanish American War

• Causes– Yellow Journalism-sensationalized stories– “Remember the MAINE”– American investment in Cuba

• Outcome– Treaty of Paris• U.S. gains Guam, Puerto Rico, and Phillippines

Open Door Policy

• China• Open Door Notes-John Hay-policy of

imperialist nations sharing trading rights with the U.S.

Theodore Roosevelt

• Intervention in Caribbean to protect American investment– Panama Canal-allow America to maintain

presence in Caribbean– Roosevelt Corollary-addition to Monroe Doctrine

U.S. use “force” to exercise international police power in the West.

Dollar Diplomacy

• William Taft• U.S. guarantee loans to foreign countries by

American businesspeople• Latin America

Missionary Diplomacy

• Woodrow Wilson• U.S. has moral responsibility to not recognize

oppressive hostile nations in Latin America• First Test Mexican Revolution– Mexican Rebel Pancho Villa carried out raids,

killing Americans in Mexico– He was never captured…U.S. troops ordered out

by Mex. Gov.

Goal 7

Progressive Era

Progressive Movement• Causes– Poor Working Conditions• Ex. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

– Corrupt gov.• Goals– Moral Improvement– Social Improvement– Political improvement

Muckrakers

• Writings exposed political corruption, unfair business practices, poor living and working conditions– Upton Sinclair-The Jungle– Ida Tarbell-Standard Oil Company– Jacob Riis-How the Other Half lives– Robert Lafollette-U.S. Senator opposed to

Corporate power

Reforms

• Women’s Rights Movement – women’s suffrage – right to vote– Leaders: Stanton, Mott, and Susan B. Anthony

• Temperance Movement: Alcohol Prohibition• Social Gospel Movement: church should help

the poor – Hull House: helped poor immigrants

Legislation• Pure Food and Drug Act—gov’t inspection of food• Sherman Anti-trust Act: control & prevent the formation of

monopolies• Increase voter participation

– Referendum – voters approve laws/ – Initiative – voters start laws– Direct Primary: voters choose candidates for political parties– 17th Amendment – Senators directly elected by people, – Recall: remove official by vote of people

• Public Utilities: owned by city and run by city council • not state legislatures• 18th Amendment– Prohibition: alcohol is illegal• 19th Amendment – Women’s suffrage: right to vote • Federal Reserve System-Americas banking system,

Theodore Roosevelt

• Expands role of the federal government in the US economy

• Trustbuster: enforced the Sherman Anti-trust Act

• Conservation

Jim Crow “Segregation”

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) “separate but equal” • Great Migration –African Americans move

North • WEB Dubois vs. Booker T. Washington• WEB Dubois -Immediate End to Segregation• Booker T. Washington: Gradual acceptance

and equality

Goal 8

World War I

Causes of WWI

• Nationalism: extreme pride in one’s country: Germany, Serbia, Austria-Hungary

• Imperialism: Germany seeks land but Africa & rest of World mostly taken already

• Alliance System: Entente and Central = two original alliance

• Arch Duke Ferdinand Assassinated – sparks WWI

U.S. and WWI

• Isolationism – U.S. policy of neutrality during the beginning of the war

• U.S. forced into war-Unrestricted Submarine warfare by Germans

• Lusitania: British ship sunk by Germany 1915, 128 Americans died

• Zimmerman Note: Germany asks Mexico to attack US

• Wilson’s Speech: “Make the world safe for Democracy”

National Security

• Propaganda: used by US gov’t to gain public support for the war

• Selective Service Act draft passed by Congress• Sedition Acts: restricted 1st Amendment rights• Espionage and Sedition Acts affected freedom

of speech & civil liberties• Schenck vs. US (1919) “Clear and Present

Danger”; – National Security over Individual Rights

Results of WWI

• Wilson’s 14 Points – President Wilson’s plan for World Peace after WWI

• League of Nations Created– Senator Henry Cabot Lodge: opposed– U.S. never joins

Treaty of Versailles

• Germany punished– Pay war reparations– “War Guilt Clause”– Divided up into 9 new territories

Red Scare

• fear of Communism from the Bolshevik revolution in Soviet Union

• Targets: Sacco and Vanzetti, aliens, and labor Unions

• The Justice Department authorized the Palmer Raids as result of the increasing US fear of Communism after World War I

Goal 9

20s and 30’s

Prosperity

• Installment Plan=“easy credit”• Mass production-assembly line– Ford

• Farmers, immigrants, and many AA did not benefit

Prohibition

• 18th Amendment• “Legislating Morality” –Gov. finds it difficult to

pass laws that deal with moral issues• Led to rise in crime• Repealed by 21st amendment

Scopes Trial

• Monkey Trial• Evolution and the role of science and religion

in public schools

Great Depression

Causes• Overextension of Credit• Over production• Buying on the Margin (stocks)

– “Black Tuesday” marks beginning

Effects• Farmers hurt most

– “Dust Bowl” caused by severe drought and overproduction of crops

• Failed Banks • High Unemployment

New Deal• President Roosevelt• Provide – Relief-jobs (CCC, TVA, CWA, NYA)– Recovery– Reform-(SEC, FDIC, SSA)

Lasting Impact• Fundamental Principle: Government takes

responsibility of economic welfare of citizens

Goal 10

World War II

Causes of WWII

• Totalitarian Dictatorships • Violations of Treaty of Versailles– Weakness of League of Nations

• Appeasement– Giving into aggressive nations

America and WWII

• Beginning was Neutrality– Neutrality Acts– Lend-Lease Act-provide supplies to GB, and Soviet

Union• Bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japanese Dec. 7,

1941– America mobilizes for war– D-Day-Amphibious assault to liberate France,

War at Home

• Minorities and women contribute to war effort

• War Production Board-government takes control of resources to control production and prices

• Japanese Internment Camps– Korematsu V. U.S.-National Security made

internment constitutional

Effects of World War II

• Yalta Conference-– Divide Germany into 4 zones controlled by Allies

• United Nations Created• Potsdam Conference– Truman’s Goal was to create a new world order in

which nations had the right of self-determination.• Nuclear War becomes possibility after Atomic

bomb used• U.S. becomes a Creditor and World Power

Goal 10 and 11

Cold War

Cold War

• United States and Soviet Union• American Foreign Policy- “CONTAINMENT” of

COMMUNISM and DOMINO THEORY• Europe divided Eastern controlled by Soviet

Union

Truman and Cold War

• CONTAINMENT• Marshall Plan-provide financial aid to Western

Europe, promote Democracy• Berlin Airlift-provide assistance to West Berlin

when cut off by Soviet Union

Korean War

• Failure of Containment• Causes North Korea V. South Korea 38th

Parallel• UN forces 90% American Soldiers• MacArthur urges attack on China (Communist)• Truman Fires MacArthur• War end in Stalemate….still 38th Parallel

Cold War Alliances

• Satellite Nations• NATO-agree to defend nations attacked by

Soviet Union• SEATO-U.S. and pacific nations• Warsaw Pact-Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

alliance

“McArthyism”

• Fear of Communism in America-----result of failures of Containment in Korean War

• Loyalty Review Board-investigate loyalty of gov. officials

• House Un-American Activities Committee-hold hearings on suspected “enemies of the state”

Bay of Pigs

• failed invasion of Cuba supported by US CIA and Cuban Exiles

• Relationship US and Cuba deteriorates• tensions increased because of Castro’s military

alliance with the Soviet Union.

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Kennedy, Krushchev, • Soviet Missiles in Cuba……13 days• Closest America comes to Nuclear War

50’s culture

• “Automania”-leads to suburbia, Levitttown• G.I. Bill makes loans available to Veterans• “Baby boomers-” largest number of babies

born in America • “White Flight” whites move to suburbs• Feminine Mystique-encourages women to

seek a profession

Vietnam War

Domino Theory----(Kennedy to Johnson)Nixon-”Vietnamization” policy to end involvement in Vietnam Gulf of Tonkin Resolution-expands war powers of president, U.S. troops sent to VietnamMy Lai Incident-revealed to Americans the truth about the war, public opinion changesWar Powers Act of 1973-limits the war powers of the President

Watergate Scandal

• Nixon and Democratic Headquarters• U.S. V. Nixon- President not protected with

executive privilege in judicial matters.• Limits role of private contributions to

Presidential candidates

Civil Rights Movement

• Brown v Board of Education (1954) –ends segregation in schools, Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson, “Separate but equal is inherently unequal”

• Swann vs. Charlotte-Mecklenburg integrated schools by legalizing the use of forced busing

• Civil Disobedience: peaceful demonstrations: marches and sit-ins

• Civil Rights Act of 1964-prohibits discrimination in public places (ending Jim Crow Laws)

• 24th amendment…ends poll taxes

Affirmative Action

• Improve hiring practices for women and minorities

• Regents vs. Blakke (1978): declared the use of racial classifications for college admissions should be limited…affirmative action was reverse discrimination

• Title IX legislation(1972) schools & universities must spend equal amount of money for men and women athletic programs

Ford 1970’s

• Pardon’s Nixon• OPEC…and oil embargo• Battles Stagflation

Carter

• Stagflation: inflation (higher prices) with high unemployment

• 3 Mile Island – Nuclear plant dangerous near “melt down” incident

• Energy Crisis of the 1970s: US citizens purchased more fuel-efficient cars

• HUMAN RIGHTS• Iran Hostage Crisis • November 4, 1979, armed students seized the US

embassy in Tehran and took 52 Americans hostage

Reagan

• Rise of Conservatism– Gov Deregulation– Cut gov programs

• Reagonomics – tax cuts and trickle down economics• Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act (1985): main concept was

to mandate automatic across-the-board spending cuts• Star Wars – Reagan’s plan for a missile defense system…• Berlin Wall Torn Down• Afghanistan – U.S. supports Taliban who fight the Soviet

Union• Iran-Nicaragua –

George H. W. Bush

• Persian Gulf War: Desert Storm• 1991 Liberation of Kuwait from Iraq (drive

Iraqi forces out of Kuwait)• Texas v. Johnson: flag burning is form of

protest and protected by Constitution

Clinton

• NAFTA: free trade• Regarded universal health care as a major

issue for the federal government to resolve• Brady Bill: limit gun rights

George W. Bush

• No Child Left Behind Act (2001)• Terrorism• 9/11 attacks: Al-Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden

responsible• Department of Homeland Security• Patriot Act-monitor suspected terrorists• Afghanistan and Iraq• Operation Iraqi Freedom• Operation Enduring Freedom