US HistorySemester 2

Review

Governments of WWII

• Characteristics of Dictatorships– Germany: extreme nationalism and racism,

need for additional space– Italy: extreme nationalism– Russia: Communist– Japan: militarism

Steps to WWII

1. Appeasement of GermanyBritain and France give in to Hitler

2. Germany signs non-aggression pact with USSR and divides Poland

3. Germany attacks Poland (starts WWII)

4. Germany violates non-aggression pact and attacks USSR

5. Japan attacks US (Pearl Harbor)

Stages of US Involvement in WWII

1. Neutrality – stay out (1935-1939)

2. Assistance – help allies with weapons and cash “Arsenal of Democracy”(1939-1941)

3. Involvement – Pearl Harbor 1941Strategy – defeat Germany 1st , Japan 2nd

Manhattan Project = Atomic Bomb

Atomic bomb dropped to save American lives!

America on the Homefront

• Greater opportunities for women and minorities– Unemployment decreased

• Rationing and war bond drives

• Japanese internment

Tic Tac Toe

• With a partner, create a square with nine boxes:– Decide who goes first– If you answer correctly place your mark in the

box– If you are wrong your partner wins the box

– Ready???

Question #1

• During WWII the work on the development of the atomic bomb was called?

Question #2

• How did the Nazis plan to deal with inferior groups?

Question #3

• How did WWII start?

Question #4

• How did the USSR get into WWII?

Question #5

• Besides Pearl Harbor, why didn’t the US get attacked?

Question #6

• Where did the Americans fight the Japanese?– Atlantic or– Pacific or– Europe?

Question #7

• List one way WWII helped women and African-Americans?

Question #8

• Who did America decide to fight first when we entered the war?

Question #9

• In the policy of appeasement, who gave into who?

Causes of the Cold War

Causes

• The USSR wants Germany weak and believes nations on its border should have Communist governments to ensure they remain friendly.

• The US creates the ‘Policy of Containment’

•Truman issues the Truman Doctrine to restrict the spread of communism

•Marshall Plan issued to help rebuild Europe and make communism unattractive

Effects of the Cold War

Effects in Europe

• Germany is divided into two separate nations.

• The USSR blockades Berlin; U.S. organizes the Berlin Airlift.

• The U.S. creates NATO; the USSR creates the Warsaw Pact.

Effects of the Cold War

Global Effects

• When Communist North Korea invades South Korea, the U.S. organizes an international force to stop the invasion.

•Korea remains divided

Effects of the Cold War

Effects on the United States

• A new Red Scare leads to laws restricting the Communist Party in the U.S. and to investigations by the House Un-American Activities Committee and Senator Joseph McCarthy.

• Americans practice civil defense; some build bomb shelters.

• The first crisis occurred in Cuba, only 90 miles from American shores.

• Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959.

• Castro then established ties with the Soviet Union.

-The CIA and American government tried to overthrow Castro using Cuban exiles (Bay of Pigs invasion)

Crises of the Cold War

• On October 22, 1962 Kennedy announced on television that spy planes had taken aerial photographs showing that the Soviet Union had placed long-range missiles in Cuba.

•Kennedy ordered a quarantine (naval blockade) of Cuba

• Soviets removed the missiles and the US agreed not to invade Cuba

Crises of the Cold War

Cold War Review

• With your partner answer the following questions on scratch paper:

Round 1

1. Why didn’t the US and USSR attack each other?

2. What happened to Korea at the end of the Korean War?

3. What was the policy of containment supposed to contain?

4. How was the Marshall plan suppose to stop the spread of communism?

Round 2

5. Name one problem the US had with Cuba

6. Name one thing the US did to try and control Cuba

7. When the USSR launched Sputnik what happened to American education?

8. Name the country that the US went to war with because of the ‘domino theory’

Round 3

9. How did President Kennedy deal with the Cuban Missile Crisis?

10.How did Americans prepare for nuclear war?

The Prosperity of the 1950s

Population Patterns

• *The U.S. population experienced a “baby boom.”

• *Millions of Americans moved out of cities to the suburbs.

•Led to expansion of highways

• *CONFORMITY was the goal!

• African American contributions during World War II lead many African Americans to believe it is time to take action to demand change.

• *NAACP strategy of using lawsuits to weaken segregation scores a major victory in 1954 with the Brown v. Board of Education ruling. Ends “separate but equal”

Origins of the Civil Rights Movement

Major Events of the Civil Rights Movement

• African American community in Montgomery, Alabama, led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., organizes the Montgomery bus boycott.

• *African American students are blocked from entering Little Rock High School. President Eisenhower sends in federal troops and asks Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

• *Sit-ins begin in Greensboro, and soon young people are staging sit-ins across the South to integrate public facilities.

• Freedom Riders end segregation on interstate bus travel

•Civil Rights Act of 1964End of discrimination based on race in public

placesLargest Civil Rights legislation passed

Major Events of the Civil Rights Movement

• After his election, Johnson began working with Congress to create the “Great Society” also known as the War on Poverty.

• Voting Rights Act of 1965

•Ended literacy tests, threats of violence and use of poll tax to prevent voting

The Great Society

Major Results of the Civil Rights Movement

• Inspiration to other groups (American Indians, Women, United Farm Workers)

• Growth of separation groups, aggressive leaders (Black Panthers, Malcolm X)

• American leaders become worried that a “domino effect” might cause all of Southeast Asia to fall to communism if South Vietnam falls.

• President Johnson escalates U.S. involvement and gains war powers after the Gulf of Tonkin incident.

• The war casualties and the unfair draft system cause civil unrest.

•US divided between ‘Hawks’ and ‘Doves’

Causes of the Vietnam War

• The wartime economy hurts domestic spending for programs such as the Great Society.

• President Nixon is elected largely on promises to end the war and unite a divided country.

• Congress passes the War Powers Act to limit the power of the president during wartime.

Effects of the Vietnam War

Watergate

1. Failed attempt to break in to Democratic National Headquarters

2. Massive cover-up and investigation

3. Nixon resigns to avoid impeachment

4. Public trust in government declines..

BUT…in the end the system works!

No one is above the LAW!

Quick Recap – One-Two Words!

1. What was the purpose of sit-ins, freedom rides, etc?

2. Describe MLK’s philosophy of civil disobedience.

3. Describe Malcolm X or the Black Panther philosophy of civil disobedience.

4. What program was designed to solve poverty in America?

Quick Recap 2

5. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended discrimination where?

6. How did the Little Rock Crisis end?

7. Why did the US go to Vietnam?

8. What does a ‘Dove’ want?

9. Why did Nixon resign?

New Policies and Activism

Foreign Policy Issues 1970s

• Nixon and Kissinger introduce the policy of détente and begin talks with both the USSR and China.

• Carter mediates negotiations between Israel and Egypt leading to the first Arab-Israeli peace treaty. *CAMP DAVID ACCORDS*

•GOAL = REDUCE TENSIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

• The United States imposes a grain embargo on the USSR for invading Afghanistan and boycotts the Moscow Olympics.

New Policies and Activism

• The hostage crisis with Iran drags on for more than a year; an American rescue attempt fails, and the hostages are not released until Carter leaves office.

Responding to Foreign Policy Issues

Goals of the New Conservatism

• Return to traditional values

• Reduce taxes

• Increase defense spending

• Decrease social programs

• WHY?

•Lack of trust in the government

The Reagan Administration

• Ronald Reagan is elected president in 1980 and 1984

• Reagan promotes supply-side economics and pushes large tax cuts through Congress.

• Many industries are deregulated, helping spur a boom in the oil, transportation, and communications industries.

• Gorbachev and Reagan agree to

reduce nuclear weapons

• Berlin Wall opens 1989

• Soviet Union breaks up 1991

Reducing Cold War Tensions

A Changing Society

A New Wave of Immigrants

• New immigration laws in 1965 and 1986 contribute to a rise in Hispanic immigration and an increase in immigrants from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.

• The American population becomes increasingly culturally diverse.

The Rise of a Global Economy

• Free trade, in combination with the technological revolution, creates a new global marketplace.

• Increasing awareness of the global economy also sparks a new global environmentalist movement.

•US = Environmental Protection Agency regulates pollution, water safety, etc.

• NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement expands trade between US, Mexico, and Canada

A Changing Society