U.S. HISTORY MRS. TOTH. * 1896 PLESSY V. FERGUSON- * SEPARATE BUT EQUAL * DID NOT VIOLATE 14 TH...
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Transcript of U.S. HISTORY MRS. TOTH. * 1896 PLESSY V. FERGUSON- * SEPARATE BUT EQUAL * DID NOT VIOLATE 14 TH...
*PLESSY V. FERGUSON
*1896 PLESSY V. FERGUSON-
*SEPARATE BUT EQUAL
*DID NOT VIOLATE 14TH AMENDMENT
*JIM CROW LAWS-
*FORBADE MARRIAGE BLACK/WHITE
*EVERYTHING SEPERATED
*“COLORED WATER”– “NO BLACKS ALLOWED”
*Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
*May 17, 1954
*Linda Brown-8 yrs. Old
*21 Blocks to School
*Father charged school board with violating rights
*Chief Justice Earl Warren
*Types of Segregation
*De-Facto Segregation
*Exists by practice and custom
*Great Migration led to the “White Flight”
*“White Flight”- moving from the cities further out to suburbs
*De-jure Segregation
*Segregation by law
*Changing means changing attitudes not changing laws
*Little Rock Nine
*Arkansas (First Southern State)
*Set to Begin: September 1957
*High School: Central High School (all-white)
*Governor Orval Faubus:
*Ordered the AR National Guard to surround the school
*“to protect the school from attacks by armed protestors”
*One of the 9 showed up alone and was attacked
*Little Rock Nine
*3 Weeks
*Court Orders
*Pres. Eisenhower
*1.000 troops!
*Sept. 25, 1957
*Harassment, Suspensions,
*Expulsion
*Montgomery Bus Boycott
*Letter to the Mayor (Montgomery, Alabama)
*Refused to stop the Segregation (transportation)
*December 1, 1955:
*Rosa Parks (Seamstress, NAACP Officer)
*Took a seat on the front row of “Colored” sect.
*Driver asked her to vacate the seat for a white man to sit
*Rosa Parks refused to move! He threatened her arrest
*Montgomery Bus Boycott
*Many of the African-Americans of the community organized a bus boycott
*26 yr. old Martin Luther King (pastor of a church) led the boycott
*Filed a lawsuit against the city
*For 381 days, African Americans refused to ride the busing system
*Non-violent Protest (even with one bomb)
*1956: Supreme Court outlawed segregation
*Emmett Till
*14-year old boy
*From Illinois
*Visiting Uncle in MS
*Flirting with a white lady
*Beat, shot, and left at the bottom of the river
Southern Christian
Leadership Conference
(SCLC)*“carry nonviolent
crusades against the evils of second class citizenship”
*Planned to stage protests in the South
*King was the President
Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee
(SNCC)*“AA at Shaw Univ. in
Raleigh, North Carolina
*Pace from Brown v Board to slow!
*One of the most important student activist group in history
*Civil Rights
Congress of Racial Equality
(CORE)* Staged the first “sit-in” in
Chicago 1942
* Segregated Lunch Counters
* February 1960
*North Carolina: sit-in at a whites-only lunch counter
* Beating, pouring food, etc….refused to strike back!
*Civil Rights
*Freedom Riders
*1961: CORE Members took a bus trip through the South
*Purpose: Desegregated Interstate Bus Routes
*Wanted a violent reaction!
*Provoking Pres. Kennedy to enforce the Supreme Court decision
Bus One-AL State Line
*Racists boarded carrying:
*Chains
*Brass Knuckles
*Pistols
*Beat all AA and white riders
*Managed to escape—Kept on Riding!
*NEXT STOP: Birmingham!
Bus Two-Anniston Alabama
*200 whites attacked!
*Tire blew, windows were smashed, fire bomb thrown
*Bus Companies refused to go any further!
*SNCC sent another bus to pick those riders up
*Traveling from Nashville
*Freedom Riders
*Freedom Riders
Bus One-Birmingham,
Alabama (SNCC)*Policeman pulled them
from the bus and beat them
*Driven back to Tennessee
*Returned to Birmingham
*Driver was scared so instead they occupied “whites-only” waiting room for 18-hours!
Bus One-Montgomery,
Alabama (SNCC)*Kennedy promised
Protection to the riders
*Mob waiting with bats and lead pipes
*Beatings led to National News
*Kennedy sent support and riders continued to Jackson, MS
*James Meredith
*University of Mississippi (Ole Miss)
*Gov. Ross Barnett
*Kennedy ordered troops
*Sept. 30, 1962-riots broke out on campus resulting in 2 deaths
*Soldiers, 200 arrests, 15 hrs to stop!
*Federal official escorting Meredith to class
*March on Washington
*August 28, 1963: 250,000 Met at the Washington Monument
*Plan to March from the Monument to the Lincoln Memorial
*Martin Luther King Jr.
*“I Have A Dream”
*Oct. 1963 President Kennedy was assassinated
*Vice President Lyndon B Johnson
* July 2, 1964: Civil Rights Act of 1964
*“prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, or national origin”
*Freedom Summer
*1964: CORE and SNCCC recruited college students to train (non-violent)
*To register African-Americans to vote in the south (Mississippi)
* June 1944
*Andrew Goodman
* James Chaney
*Michael Schwerner
*Disappeared in Neshoba County
*Klansman and Local Police murdered!
*Freedom Summer
*Campaign in Selma
*Fannie Lou Hammer organized 1964 MS Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)
*Wanted seats in MS Legislature
*1965: King responded with a 50 mile protest march from Selma to Montgomery
*600 marched
*Police swung whips, clubs and clouds of tear dust swirled around marchers
*Freedom Summer
*Voting Rights Act of 1965:
*Eliminated literacy tests; Federal people could j enroll those who were denied locally
*Malcolm X
*Reason for many race riots in the United States
*Jailed at 20—Began to study the “Nation of Islam” (Black Muslims)
*Preached to Society:” Whites cause all our problems”
*Assassinated Feb. 1965
*Led to the movement of: “Black Power”
Black Power* June 1966-non-violent vs.
violent activists
*Some members of SNCC began to shout slogans similar to those by Malcolm X
*Stokely Carmichael
*Preached “Black Power”
*King advised against!!
Black Panthers*Founded by Huey
Newton and Bobby Seale
*Oct. 1966 in Oakland, California to fight police brutality in the ghetto
*Self-sufficiency, full employment, decent housing, exempt from military service
*Dressed in Black leather jackets, black berets, and sunglasses
*Preached self-defense, sold copies of communist books, participated in numerous police shoot-outs
*Death of Martin Luther King Jr.
*Objected the Black Power Movement
*April 3, 1968 gave a speech in Memphis
*April 4th, the King stood on his hotel balcony
*James Earl Ray—high powered rifle
*100 cities exploded in flames with rage
*Women’s Fight for Equality
*Betty Friedan: “The Feminine Mystique”
*Feminism—The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men
*Civil Rights Act of 1964
*National Organization for Women (NOW)
*Pushed for creation of child-care facilities
*Ban gender discrimination for job hirings
*Wanted Sex-segregation jobs illegal
*Women’s Fight for Equality
*Roe V. Wade—Right to have an abortion
*Now Supported!
* 1973 Supreme Court ruled that women do have the right to choose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy
*Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) 1972:
* 38 states to ratify
* Phyllis Schlafly (Conservative)—drafting of women, end of homemakers, husband responsibility, same-sex marriages
* “Radical feminists “hate men, marriage, and children”
*Culture and Counterculture
*Counterculture: “a movement made up of mostly white, middle-class college youths who had grown disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustices in America during the 1960s
*Hippies: “American society and it’s materialism, technology, and war has grown hollow”
*“Tune it, turn on, drop out”
*Hippie Culture
*Rock ‘n’ roll music, outrageous clothing, sexual license, and illegal drugs
*(Marijuana and LSD)
*Zen Buddhism (religion)
*Ragged Jeans, tie-dyed T-shirts, military garments, love beads and Native American beads
*Haight-Ashbury (San Francisco)
*Hippie Culture
*“Do your own thing” has no guidance??
*1970
*Janis Joplin
*Jimi Hendrix
*Collecting Welfare, and Food Stamps
*Rock Music
*Rock ‘n’ Roll
*The Beatles
*Liverpool, England
*Broke up in 1970
*Woodstock
*Aug 1969
*Farm in New York
*Music and Art Fair