U.S. History-HonorsUnit 3: An Emerging New Nation (1783-1850)

Chapters 7-9

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below indicating American scholars and artists of the late-17th and early-18th centuries. (pgs. 240-241)

Person Cultural Importance

Mercy Otis Warren

Benjamin Rush

Benjamin Banneker

Charles Willson Peale

Phillis Wheatley

Noah Webster

• Republican Virtues – self-reliance, hard work, frugality, harmony, and sacrificing individual needs for the common good.

• US population 1780 – 2.7 million 1830 – 12 million Why? Average birthrate ~5 children

• Effects of a Mobile SocietyGreat opportunity to improve your life Improved social skills to deal with new people and

settings• Marriage

Courtship – longer periods of getting to know potential spouse

• Protestants Christian Bible, aka Scripture, is the final authority Salvation can only be achieved through a personal belief in

Jesus Demonstrate faith through performing good deeds

• Evangelical movement focusing on congregations

Second Great Awakening

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below explaining the new denominations that grew during the Second Great Awakening. (pgs. 246-247)

Denomination Leader Beliefs

Methodists

Unitarians

Mormons

Millennialists

“the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.”

-John L. O’SullivanJuly 1845

Acquisition of FloridaSeminole War of 1818

Adams-Onís Treaty

Expansion

• Appalachians - through the Cumberland Gap (KY) into the Ohio River valley

• Rockies – mountain men fur trapped• Soon develop overland trails to mass migrate

settlersOregon Trail – began in 1842; 4-6 months travel.

Wanted land.Mormon Trail – 1847 led by Brigham Young,

Mormons settle near the Great Salt Lake to escape religious persecution

Santa Fe Trail – began in 1821 to trade with Mexico

California Trail – to Northern California to get rich

Daniel Boone

The Doomed Donner The Doomed Donner PartyParty

The Doomed Donner The Doomed Donner PartyParty

James Reed & Wife

James Reed & Wife

Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen

Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen

April 1846 – April 1847 Of the 83 members of

the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!

April 1846 – April 1847 Of the 83 members of

the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!

CANNIBALISM ! !

CANNIBALISM ! !

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail -Albert Bierstadt, 1869-Albert Bierstadt, 1869

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail -Albert Bierstadt, 1869-Albert Bierstadt, 1869

The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or 54’ 40º or Fight!Fight!

The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or 54’ 40º or Fight!Fight!

By the mid-1840s “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land.

The joint British-U.S. occupation ended in 1846.

California Gold Rush (1849)

California Gold Rush (1849)

Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.

Overland Immigration to the West

The Pony ExpressThe Pony ExpressThe Pony ExpressThe Pony Express

• Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA

• Took 10 days

• Replaced by the transcontinental telegraph line

• 1821 – Mexico wins independence from Spain• 1822 – Missourian Stephen Austin received permission

from the Mexican government to establish a colony in Texas on three conditions. No slavery Become a Mexican citizen Convert to Catholicism

• Americans ignored these and moved anyway

• They then pushed for greater political power

Texas

Stephen Austin

• Battle of the Alamo (2-3/1836)– Mexico defeats the Texans

• 3/2/1836 – Texans sign their declaration of independence founding the Republic of Texas

• Battle of San Jacinto (4/21/1836) – Texans led by Sam Houston defeat the Mexicans and capture Gen. Santa Anna

• Treaty of Velasco (5/14/1836) – Santa Anna is forced to sign recognizing Texan independence

• 1836-1845: Texas is an independent country

• 1845: Texas is annexed by the U.S.

Texas War for Independence

Sam Houston Davy Crockett

The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic

John C. FrémontJohn C. Frémont

The Revolt June 14, 1846

* White settlers declare their independence in California

The Revolt June 14, 1846

* White settlers declare their independence in California

The Mexican War The Mexican War (1846-1848)(1846-1848)The Mexican War The Mexican War (1846-1848)(1846-1848)

Causes• Dispute over southern border

of the newly annexed Texas US says Rio Grande Mexico says Nueces River

• Pres. Polk wanted to realize true manifest destiny

• Nov. 1845: US sent diplomat John Slidell to buy California and New Mexico for $30 million. Mexico refused to meet with him or hear his offer.

• Polk sends troops to the border, a few Americans are killed, thus providing a reason to declare war.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Nicholas Trist,American Negotiator

Nicholas Trist,American Negotiator

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Mexico gave up claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande.

Mexico gave the U.S. California and New Mexico, plus the modern states of Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Wyoming & Colorado

U.S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).

Mexico gave up claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande.

Mexico gave the U.S. California and New Mexico, plus the modern states of Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Wyoming & Colorado

U.S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession

Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846

“Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.”

“Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.”

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853

Gadsden Purchase – paid $10 million for land needed to build a southern transcontinental railroad

Gadsden Purchase – paid $10 million for land needed to build a southern transcontinental railroad

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below identifying the American inventor and explaining the effect of their new products during the Industrial Revolution. (pgs. 272-278)

Inventor Inventions When Political, Economic or Social Effect

Samuel Slater

Eli Whitney

Robert Fulton

Francis Lowell

• Roads – Cumberland (National) Road. Most were privately built for profit (i.e. tolls).

• Rivers – acted as transportation themselves or to connect roads. Most important: Ohio and Mississippi

• Canals – man-built waterways connecting waterways. Most important: Erie Canal – linked Atlantic Ocean with Great Lakes

• Railroads – 1828: first railroad in America is constructed connecting Baltimore to the Ohio River (B&O)

Transportation Revolution

• America shifts from an agrarian to manufacturing economy, most notably in New England

• Growth of the free enterprise system aka capitalism• People work outside of the home in specialized jobs• Less self-sufficiency leads to more shopping

• Banking – first appears in the 1780s Loan people money and charge interest thus making a profit Uncontrolled lending led to economic recessions/depressions

called “Panics” in 1819, 1837 & 1839 Banks created bank notes rather than deal in specie

Market Revolution

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below comparing the economies of the North. (pgs. 280-283)

Economy Old Northwest Northeast

Type of Economy

Industrial

Urban Growth

Major Products

Economic Challenges

Spoiled products

• Manufacturing led to migration to cities from rural areas

• Standard of living was very poor Unsanitary: no sewage or fresh water Lived in tenements

• New factories were designed to make $• Thus they paid laborers very little and forced them to

work long hours (12+ a day)• Led to workers going on strike and forming Labor

Unions to protect their interests

Growth of Northern Cities & Labor

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

18201820

18601860

• “King Cotton” – nearly all southern states were dependent on cotton productionVirginia and North Carolina stuck with tobacco

• RuralVery few major cities – Richmond, VA; Charleston, SC & New Orleans, LAVery little industry, roads, railroads, or banks

Thus dependent on the North and Europe

Southern Economy

Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports

Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports

Southern Southern PopulationPopulationSouthern Southern

PopulationPopulation

Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)

Only 25% of Southern white families owned slaves.

Southern farmers who did not own slaves were called yeoman.

• Viewed as propertyMost worked in the fieldsOthers cooked, cleaned, or served their masters

• RevoltsDenmark Vesey (1822)

– planned to seize Charleston, SC. Ratted out and hanged.

Nat Turner (1831) – attacked four plantations killing 50+ whites in Virginia. Hanged.

Slavery System & Revolts

Supreme Court case

Significance

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819):

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer explaining nationalist Supreme Court decisions. (pgs. 291-292)

“Our policy, in regard to Europe…is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy; meeting, in all instances, the just claims of every power; submitting to injuries from none…It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent, without endangering our peace and happiness.”

-President James MonroeDecember 2, 1823“Monroe Doctrine”

• 1824 – “Corrupt Bargain” J.Q. Adams wins Along with Sec. of State Henry Clay, promotes American System which saw gov promote economic

development and pass protective tariffs encouraging business growth

• Democratic (Jeffersonian) Republican Party splits Jacksonian Democrats National Republicans

• 1828 – Andrew Jackson wins Largely due to relaxing voting laws

(i.e. you no longer had to own land)

Elections of 1824 & 1828

Henry Clay

“The Great Compromiser”

Voting Requirements in the Early 19th Century

• “The Spoils System” aka patronage • Relied on his “Kitchen Cabinet”• Vetoed more bills than all presidents before him.• Nullification Crisis

Congress passed the Tariff of 1828 heavily taxing imports Hurt the South since it increased the cost of manufactured goods. Called it the “Tariff of Abominations.” South Carolina, led by VP and ex-Sen. John Calhoun declared states could nullify federal laws they viewed as unconstitutional In 1832, they nullified a new tariff and threatened to secede Jackson threatened to send in troops, but Henry Clay negotiated a compromise reducing the tariff and SC cancelled the

nullification

• Vetoed a bill re-chartering the Second Bank of the United States Moved money to pet banks in the states. The lack of a plan to deal with national finances led to the Panics of 1837 and

1839.

Age of Jackson

Andrew Jackson

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Trail of Tears1838 – 15,000 Cherokees are forced to walk over 1,000 miles from GA to OK

25% die.

Indian Leader

Tribe(s) Resistance & Result

Black Hawk

Osceola

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer explaining Indian resistance to the Indian Removal Act. (pgs. 301-302)

• Sequoyah developed Cherokee alphabet

Reform Effort Leader(s) Actions

Protestant Revivalists

Transcendentalists

Temperance

Public Education

Prison

Utopian Communities

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer describing the various reform movements, their leaders, and actions. (pgs. 310-316)

• 1822 – American Colonization Society establishes the colony of Liberia in West Africa to send emancipated slaves and free blacks

• 1831 – Newspaper publisher William Lloyd Garrison opens The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper calling for abolition

• Frederick Douglass Former slave that was self-educated Preeminent antislavery orator Published autobiography in 1845 Served an example of a “good” negro

Antislavery Movement

William Lloyd Garrison

Frederick Douglass

• Divisions within the Movement Women’s participation Race Tactics

• Abolitionists were a vast minority in the North

• They were nearly non-existent in the South

• Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman aka “Black Moses” Abolitionists communicated to slaves through Quilts Link 40,000+ slaves use to find freedom

Antislavery Movement

Harriet Tubman

• Cultural and Legal Limits Place was in the home Raise children Did not engage in public activities Could not vote or keep money earned

• Enter public life thru temperance and abolition movements• 1848 – Seneca Falls Convention

Wrote Declaration of Sentiments calling for women’s rights including suffrage

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott

Women’s Rights Movement

• 1820s – 143,000 immigrants• 1830s – 600,000 immigrants• 1850s – 2.6 million immigrants

• 1820s-1860s – First Great WavePrimarily from Ireland and Germany

Ireland suffered the Irish Potato Famine Settled in Northeastern cities

Germany had a series of failed rebellions Bought farmland in the Midwest

Rising Immigration