U.S. History 1301

SOAPS

Subject – the general topic, content, and ideas contained in the

text

Occasion – the setting (time/place) and current situation

Audience – the group of readers to whom the piece is addressed

Purpose – the reason behind the text

Speaker – the voice that tells the story

Pre Columbian America

Asian Migration

• 16,000 years ago ice sheets covered Europe and North America

• Nomadic hunters from Asia crossed a land bridge searching for large game

• Ice Age 25,000 B.C. – 11,000 B.C.– Most came from 13,000-11,000B.C.

www.sscnet.ucla.edu/.../chicano125/map1.gif

Creation Myths

• The Great Turtle• People coming from openings in the

earth• The Tuscarora –N. Carolina

discusses movement from the land of ice to lush forest where the sun begins

Later Migrations

• Navajos and possibly Apache came by water around 6,000 B.C.

• Last migration – the Inuits (Eskimos)

Sedentary/ Nomadic

• Grouped by agriculture or Hunting• Some mixture – Hunting / gatherers /

Fishing

Cahokia

• Located near present day St. Louis• Largest City in present day U.S.• Had 20,000 – 30,000 inhabitants• Complex society – Priest, noble-warriors,

and peasants who presented tribute• Great tradesmen• As city grew, the civilization declined

tuberculosis, etc.

people.ucls.uchicago.edu/.../cahokiapainting.jpg

The Great Snake

The Great Serpent Mound is a 1,330 foot long, three foot high prehistoric effigy mound located on a plateau along Ohio Brush Creek in Adams County, Ohio. Including all three parts, it extends about 1,370 feet, and varies in height from less than a foot to more than three feet.

Mississippian Culture

• Great empire broke down into smaller groups

• Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaw, Caddoes, and Wichita's.

• Lived in smaller groups, kept the mounds, tradesmen and farmers

The Iroquois

• A matrilineal society – women respected, man’s power comes from the mother family

• A mother and her brothers raised the children

• Small villages set up by clans, joined together through a loose confederation

courses.pasleybrothers.com/images/seneca.gif

People of the Southwest

• 600 – Present Day• Hohokam, Mogollans, Anasazis – irrigated

the Arizona and New Mexico drylands• Lived in large dwellings made of Adobe,

with no doors; most villages had 1,000 people

• Long periods of droughts led to the people to abandon the large villages and they moved into smaller versions of villages

www.mesaverdecountry.com/tourism/media/images...

Complex Societies in Mexico

• Olmecs – 200 – 800 C.E. – could be sub-Saharan African migration

• Mayans- a farming society with an elite class who lived off taxes, Astronomers, mathematicians, developed accurate calendars

• Built great temples which were central to the development of their City states

• Some lasted till the Spanish Invasion

The Aztecs• 1325 built the great city of Tenochtitlan(city of

200,00 people) on Lake Texcoco• Adapted customs from Mayans and others• Complex society

– Priest and Noble/Warriors– Communal farm land worked by freemen– Slaves and serfs worked on nobles land. The people

belonged to the land– Practiced human sacrifice

www.solarnavigator.net/history/explorers_hist...

www.sbceo.k12.ca.us/.../tenochtitlan5.jpg

California – peaceful hunters and gatherers

imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/NGSPOD0...

Pacific Northwest – Tlingit

www.cobb.k12.ga.us/~austell/haon/buffalohunt.jpg

Plains Indians – Hunters

First Non Indians

• Romans?• Egyptians?• Chinese?• Olmec – African descent? Carved statuary

shows sub-Saharan features, always carved in obsidian

http://www.geocities.com/athens/academy/8919/Image6.gif

The Norsemen

• Around 1000A.D.• Maybe Newfoundland – some Viking

artifacts found all the way in Minnesota• Great travelers – Iceland, Russia, Sicily,

Normandy, Greenland settled.• Some Irish legends discuss sailing to a

western land

http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/nda/img/front.jpg

Why did Europe get interested in Exploration

• The Crusades• The spices of the East, silks, and

oranges• Marco Polo’s writings• What happened in 1454 that stopped

European easy access to the East?

http://www.theislamproject.org/images/crusades_final.jpg

http://www.historyonthenet.com/Medieval_Life/images/feudalsystem.gif

Portugal – a power?• Leader – Prince Henry set up a school for

navigators• Circumvent the Italian/Muslim monopoly of

Mediterranean trade• Search for an alternate route to Asia • 1450 rounded the curve of Africa• 1488 found Cape of Good Hope - Dias• 1498 India Vasco da Gama

www.mrdowling.com/images/609henrynavigator.jpg

http://img.search.com/thumb/d/db/Bartolomeu_dia_cape_of_good_hope.jpg/200px-Bartolomeu_dia_cape_of_good_hope.jpg

1491 - 1492

• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella complete Reconquista from Muslims.

• Granada last remaining outpost captured• Needed to recoup fortunes and spread

Christianity• Commissions Christopher Columbus to

find a western route to Asia

http://www.waidev2.com/php/IMAGES/HC_ThisDayInHistory/2---Image_large.jpg

1492

• After 6 weeks at sea, Columbus sights land in the Bahamas

• Calls the new lands the West Indies• Returns to Spain sends a large expedition

to Hispaniola and establishes the first permanent European colony in the Western Hemisphere

http://www.aoc.gov/images/landing_columbus.jpg

The Pope divides the world

http://www.pen.k12.va.us/Div/Stafford/ses/John_Cabot.jpg

John Cabot sails from England

Early 16th Century

• Amerigo Vespucci – maps the New World• Ponce de Leon – Governor of Cuba

explores Florida looking for the Fountain of Youth

• Vasco Nunez de Balboa – looks for riches in Panama. Crosses the Isthmus and is the first European to view the Western Pacific

• Europe now understands a new continent

Hernan Cortes

• The conquest of Mexico• Aztecs fall not to Spanish

technology, but by European disease and years of harsh rules of the other tribes of Mexico

http://www.mariner.org/exploration/mm_images/cortes_large.jpg

http://www.ecuadorspanish.com/images/fotos/country/inca_gold_2.jpg

Led 3 expeditions before he conquered Peru and the Inca Empire with 167 men and 67 horses.

Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther and the 95 Theses “Our baptism consecrates us all without exception and makes us all priest”

• Tired of indulgences• Henry VIII of England• John Calvin – predestination – certain

people are saved from the beginning ( Puritans and Presbyterians) No luxuries

http://www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com/rantpix/luther95.jpg

http://www.kingsmeadow.com/uploaded_images/John_Calvin_2_in_Library_1-708209.jpg

The Dutch and English challenge the Spanish at sea