U.S. Foreign Policy 1778-Present Day Does US Foreign Policy Reflect Actions of an Arm of Empire or...
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Transcript of U.S. Foreign Policy 1778-Present Day Does US Foreign Policy Reflect Actions of an Arm of Empire or...
U.S. Foreign Policy1778-Present Day
Does US Foreign Policy Reflect Actions of an Arm of Empire or Beacon
of Hope?
Isolationism
• Defined
• Roots– Franco-American Alliance– Proclamation of Neutrality
• Formal Beginning– George Washington’s Farewell Address
Interventionism
• Defined• Origins
– War of 1812• Cause• Course• Consequences
– Monroe Doctrine, 1823• Extension
– Manifest Destiny, 1845– Mexican-American War, 1846-1848– Native American
• Indian Removal Act, 1830• Great Plains Wars, 1865-1890
Expansionism Begins:Spanish-American War
Defined
Causes:• Expansionism• Jingoism• Yellow Journalism• De Lome Letter• U.S.S. Maine• Teller Amendment
Consequences:• Platt Amendment• Territorial Gains• Filipino War• Insular Cases• Jones Act 1916
Expansionism Extends
1. Purchase of Alaska, 1867
2. Great White Fleet, 1907-1909
3. Roosevelt Corollary
4. Panama Canal, 1914
5. Open Door Policy
6. Dollar Diplomacy
7. Democratic-Imperialism
Neutrality• Defined• WWI
– Freedom of the Seas• Unrestricted Sub Warfare• Sinking of Lusitania• Sussex Pledge
– Belligerent Loans– Munitions Industry Interests– Zimmerman Note– Wilson’s 14 Points– Treaty of Versailles
• League of Nations• Senate Rejection
– German Economic Loan Plans• Dawes Plan• Young Plan
Neutrality in the Interwar Years
• 1930s Neutrality Embargo Acts– Kellogg-Briand Pact– Nye Committee Findings– 1935 Neutrality Act– 1936 Neutrality Act– 1937 Neutrality Act
• Modified Neutrality– Quarantine Speech, 1937– 1939 Neutrality Act– 1941 Lend-Lease Act– Arsenal of Democracy
Containment: Phase 1• Defined:
– WWII - Contain Totalitarianism– Nazism, Fascism, Militarism, Communism
– Lebensraum
– The Blitzkrieg
– Atlantic Charter
– Japanese Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor
– Second Front Pledge
– D-Day 1944
– Island Hopping
– Total War: Night Time Bombing of Civilian Targets
– Dropping of the Atomic Bomb
– Germany’s “Final Solution” and Life in Concentration Camps
– Executive Order 9066 and Japanese Internment
– Japanese Kamikaze bombers
– Nuremberg Trial and “Crimes against Humanity”
Containment: Phase 2
• Defined– Phase 2: Cold War - Contain Communism
• Cold War Defined (1945-1990)• WWII Cold War Origins• Cold War Heats Up• Cold War at Home• Cold War Abroad
– Korean War, 1950-1953 – Vietnam War, 1954-1973
• Détente• Reagan Real-Politick
Cold War Heats Up
• George Keenan’s Long Telegram, 1946• Truman Doctrine
– Communist Containment• Marshall Plan• Iron Curtain• United Nations• 1949 Turning Point Year?!• At Home
– McCarthyism
• Abroad: Korean War and Vietnam War
Vietnam War 1954-1973
• Vietnam Map• Early Developments
– 2000 Years of Foreign Oppression– 1946 Letter to President Truman (Ho Chi Minh)– Civil War (Viet Minh) and Battle of Dienbienphu– Geneva Agreements 1954
• American Involvement– Ngo Dinh Diem and Vietcong– SEATO and the Domino Theory– Military Advisors– “Americanization”
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and Escalation
Vietnam War 1968-1973
• Cynicism and Loss of Trust – Tet Offensive, 1968– My Lai Massacre, 1968– Kent State University Incident, 1970– Ho Chi Minh (Trail) and Cambodia Incursion 1970– Pentagon Papers Leaked 1971– Antiwar Protest Movement and SDS
• Withdrawal and Treaty Settlement– Vietnamization Policy and “Peace with Honor”– Paris Peace Accords 1973– War Powers Act, 1973 (Constitutional?)
• Abandonment and Reunification– Fall of Saigon and Reunification 1975
Containment Modified
• Détente– Realpolitik (Practical vs. Idealistic concerns)– Cultural Exchange
• “Ping-Pong Diplomacy” 1971
– SALT
• Reagan Doctrine– SDI– Third World Anti-communism Aide
• Iran-Contra Affair (Reading)
• End of the Cold War
Detente
Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong shakes hands with U.S. President Richard Nixon in Beijing, February 21, 1972. (Nixon Presidential Library)
Nixon and Brezhnev during the latter’s visit to the U.S. in 1973. (Nixon Presidential Library)
Reagan Doctrine
• "We must not break faith with those who are risking their lives on every continent from Afghanistan to Nicaragua to defy Soviet-supported aggression and secure rights which have been ours from birth . . . Support for freedom fighters is self-defense."
• --President Reagan, in the State of the Union, February 1985
Preventionism
• Defined: Reaction v. Preventionism
• 9/11/01
• War on Terror– Afghanistan War 2001-Present
• The Bush Doctrine– Pre-emptive Strike Policy
• Iraq 2003-2012
– PATRIOT Act, 2001