U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

RECOVERYPLAN

for

Purple Cat’s Paw Pearlymussel

(EDioblasma (=Dvsnomia) oblipuata oblipuata (=E. sulcata sulcata)

)

Prepared by

Richard G. BigginsField OfficeWildlife Service

North Carolina

for

Southeast RegionU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Atlanta, Georgia

February 1992

Re~’ional Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

March 10, 1992

AshevilleU.S. Fish and

Asheville,

Approved:

Date:

Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions which are believed to berequired to recover and/or protect the species. Plans are preparedby the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, sometimes with the assistanceof recovery teams, contractors, State agencies, and others.Objectives will only be attained and funds expended contingent uponappropriations, priorities, and other budgetary constraints.Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views nor theofficial positions or approvals of any individuals or agencies, otherthan the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, involved in the planformulation. They represent the official position of the U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service ~fliy after they have been signed by the RegionalDirector or Director as aDDroved. Approved recovery plans aresubject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes inspecies status, and the completion of recovery tasks.

Literature citations should read as follows:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Purple Cat’s Paw Pearlymussel

Recovery Plan. Atlanta, GA. 26 pp.

Additional copies of this plan may be purchased from:

Fish and Wildlife Reference Service5430 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110Bethesda, Maryland 20814Phone: 301/492-6403 or

1-800/582-3421

The fee for a plan varies depending on the number of pages in theplan.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYFOR THE PURPLE CAT’S PAW PEARLYMUSSELRECOVERYPLAN

Current Status: This subspecies is listed as endangered. Presently,the purple cat’s paw pearlymussel is known from two relic, apparentlynonreproducing, populations--one in Tennessee and one in Kentucky.Historically, the subspecies occurred in the Ohio River and itslarger tributaries in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee,and Alabama.

Habitat Reauirements and Limitina Factors: The purple cat’s pawinhabits boulder to sandy substrates in large rivers of the OhioRiver basin. The subspecies’ distribution and reproductive capacityhave been seriously impacted by the construction and operation ofreservoirs on these large rivers. Unless reproducing populations arefound or created and existing populations are maintained, thissubspecies will likely become extinct in the foreseeable future.

Recovery Objective: Downlisting. Because of the lack of availablehabitat for the establishment of all needed populations, recovery isunlikely.

Recovery Criteria: To establish six distinct viable populations.

Actions Needed

:

1. Create captive population to prevent the subspecies’ imminentextinction.

2. Utilize existing legislation/regulations to protect subspecies.3. Search for new populations and monitor existing populations.4. Develop and utilize an information/education program.5. Determine threats and alleviate those that threaten the

subspecies’ existence.6. Through reintroduction and protection, establish six viable

populations.7. Develop and implement cryopreservation techniques for the

subspecies.

~it (1,000’s):

Year Need 1 Need 2 Need 3 Need 4 Need 5 Need 6 Need 7 Total1992 25.0 3.0 30.0 25.0 0.0 25.0 5.0 113.01993 25.0 3.0 30.0 20.0 25.0 25.0 5.0 133.01994 25.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 25.0 25.0 5.0 86.01995 2.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 25.0 10.0 2.0 43.01996 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 10.0 2.0 20.0*1997 2.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 10.0 2.0 18.0*1998 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 10.0*1999 2.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 8.0*2000 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 10.0*2001 2.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 8.0*2002 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 10.0*

Total: 91.0 33.0 70.0 54.0 75.0* 105.0 31.0 459.0*

*See next page.

*Habitat improvement costs needed for the subspecies’ recovery willnot be known until the magnitude of specific threats is determinedthrough research.

Date of Recovery: Total recovery is unlikely for this subspecies.The downlisting date cannot be estimated at this time. As mussels donot reproduce until about age 5, more than 10 years is needed todocument reproduction and assess viability.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I:INTRODUCTION

Description, Ecology, and Life HistoryDistribution, Reasons for Decline, and Threats to

Its Continued Existence

PART II:RECOVERY

Recovery Objectives . .

Narrative OutlineLiterature Cited

PART III:IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE . .

PART IV:LIST OF REVIEWERS

Paoe

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PART I

INTRODUCTION

The purple cat’s paw pearlymussel (Epioblasma (=Dvsnomia) oblipuataoblipuata (=f. sulcata sulcata)) was listed as an endangered species(without critical habitat) on July 10, 1990 (55 FR 28210). Thisfreshwater mussel historically occurred in the Ohio River and itslarger tributaries in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee,and Alabama. Presently, the purple cat’s paw pearlymussel is knownfrom only two relic, apparently nonreproducing, populations--one in areach of the Cumberland River in Tennessee and one in a reach of theGreen River in Kentucky. The distribution and reproductive capacityof this subspecies was seriously impacted by the construction ofimpoundments on the large rivers it once inhabited. Unlessreproducing populations are found or methods are developed to enhancethe reproductive capabilities of the existing populations, thissubspecies will likely become extinct in the foreseeable future.

Descriotion. Ecology, and Life History

The purple cat’s paw pearlymussel was described by Rafinesque (1820).The white cat’s paw (EDioblasma (=Dvsnomia) oblipuata Derobliaua(=f. sulcata delicata)), also a federally listed species, is thenorthern subspecies of the cat’s paw pearlymussel. The purple cat’spaw has a medium-sized shell that is subquadrate in outline (Boganand Parmalee 1983). The shell’s outside surface has numerousdistinct growth lines. It is yellowish-green, yellow, or brownish incolor and has fine, faint, wavy green rays with a smooth and shinysurface. The shells of the young often have a satin-like surface.The inside of the shell is purplish to deep purple (the inside of thewhite cat’s paw shell is white). For a more detailed description,see Bogan and Parmalee (1983).

Little is known of this rare subspecies’ life history. The purplecat’s paw, which is characterized as a large-river species (Bates andDennis 1985), has been found inhabiting water of shallow to moderatedepth and with moderate to swift currents (Bogan and Parmalee 1983,Gordon and Layzer 1989). The subspecies has been reported fromboulder and sand substrates. The specific food habits of the purplecat’s paw are unknown, but it likely feeds on food items similar tothose consumed by other freshwater mussels. Freshwater mussels areknown to feed on detritus, diatoms, phytoplankton, and zooplankton(Churchill and Lewis 1924).

The subspecies’ reproductive biology remains virtually unknown, butit likely reproduces like other freshwater mussels. Males releasesperm into the water column, which are taken in by the femalesthrough their siphons during feeding and respiration. The fertilizedeggs are retained in the females’ gills until the larvae (glochidia)fully develop. The glochidia are released into the water where theyattach and encyst on the gills or fins of a fish host. Whenmetamorphosis is complete, they drop to the streambed as juvenile

mussels. The fish hosts utilized by the purple cat’s paw and thehabitat of the juvenile mussel are unknown.

Distribution, Reasons for Decline, and Threats to Its ContinuedExistence

The purple cat’s paw pearlymussel was historically distributed in theOhio, Cumberland, and Tennessee River systems in Ohio, Illinois,Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama (Bogan and Parmalee 1983,Isom, ~ il.~ 1979, Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission 1980,Parmalee, j~, ji., 1980, Watters 1986, Stansbery 1970). Based onpersonal communications with knowledgeable experts (Steven Ahlstedtand John Jenkinson, Tennessee Valley Authority, 1987; Mark Gordon andRobert Anderson, Tennessee Technological University, 1988; ArthurBogan, Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, 1988; Ronald Cicerello,Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission, 1988; and DavidStansbery, Ohio State University, 1987) and a review of literature,the subspecies survives (see map) in only two river reaches--theCumberland River in Tennessee and the Green River in Kentucky. Manyof the historic populations were apparently lost when the riversections they inhabited were impounded. These impoundments seriouslyreduced the availability of riverine habitat and likely affected thedistribution and availability of the mussel’s fish host.

The State of Indiana has no current records of the subspecies in theState (Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Ia ij~., 1988). Thesubspecies has not been collected in Illinois in over 100 years(Illinois Natural History Survey Division, iii ~ 1988). Thesubspecies is apparently extirpated from the State of Ohio (MichaelHoggarth, Ohio Department of Transportation, Ia litI., 1991). Thehistoric collection site in Alabama (on the Tennessee River at MuscleShoals) is now impounded (Bogan and Parmalee 1983).

In Kentucky the subspecies is now known only from the Green River,Warren and Butler Counties (Kentucky Department of Fish and WildlifeResources and Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission, In lili.~1988). This Green River population is represented by only one oldbut freshly dead individual taken on the Green River in Warren andButler Counties, Kentucky, in 1988 (Robert Anderson, TennesseeTechnological University, In lilt., 1988). Prior to 1988, the musselhad not been collected in the Green River since 1971 (Kentucky StateNature Preserves Commission, in litt., 1988). The middle CumberlandRiver (Smith County, Tennessee) contains the only known livingrepresentative of the purple cat’s paw in Tennessee (U.S. Army Corpsof Engineers, in litt., 1988)

The continued existence of these two surviving populations isquestionable. Unless reproducing populations can be found or methodscan be developed to maintain these or create new populations, thesubspecies will become extinct in the foreseeable future. Anyindividuals that do still survive in these two river reaches are alsothreatened from other factors. The Green River in Kentucky has

2

Distribution of the purple cat’s pawpearlymussel (Enioblasina (=Dvsnomia

)

oblipuata oblipuata (=E. sulcatasulcata)): All States with historicpopulation records, counties withextant populations, and counties withpossible extant populations.

w

PRESENT POPULATIONS

U KNOWN EXTANT

experienced water quality problems related to the impacts from oiland gas production in the watershed, and commercial mussel fishinghas occurred in the Green River in recent years. The individualsstill surviving in the Cumberland River are potentially threatened bygravel dredging, channel maintenance, and commercial mussel fishing.Although the subspecies is not commercially valuable, incidental takeof the species has occurred in the Cumberland River during commercialmussel fishing for other species.

Additionally, neither of the two extant populations is known to bereproducing. Therefore, unless reproducing populations can be foundor methods can be developed to maintain these or create newpopulations, the subspecies will be lost in the foreseeable future.In fact, the two populations (Cumberland and Tennessee Riverpopulations) may contain only old individuals that have passed theirreproductive age.

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PART II

RECOVERY

A. Recovery Obiectives

The ultimate goal of this recovery plan is to restore viablepopulations of the purple cat’s paw (Epioblasma (~Dvsnomia

)

oblipuata oblipuata (=E. sulcata sulcata)) to a significantportion of its historic range in the Ohio River basin and toremove the subspecies from the Federal List of Endangered andThreatened Wildlife and Plants. However, total recovery for thepurple cat’s paw may not be possible. The subspecies ispresently known from only two, apparently nonreproducing,populations, and suitable habitat for reintroduction is limited.NOTE: A viable population is defined as a reproducing populationthat is large enough to maintain sufficient genetic variation toenable it to evolve and respond to natural habitat changes. Thenumber of individuals needed to obtain a viable population willbe determined as one of the recovery tasks.

The subspecies will be considered for reclassification tothreatened status when the likelihood of the subspecies becomingextinct in the foreseeable future has been eliminated byachievement of the following criteria:

1. Through protection of existing populations and successfulestablishment of reintroduced populations or the discovery ofadditional populations, a total of at least four Ohio Riversystem tributaries contain viable populations. Thesepopulations will be distributed within the Ohio River systemas follows: two populations in the upper Ohio River basin inOhio, Indiana, or Illinois; one population in Kentucky; andone population in Tennessee.

2. Two naturally reproduced year classes exist within each ofthe four populations. Both year classes must have beenproduced within 10 years, and one year class within 5 years,of the downlisting date. Within 1 year of the downlistingdate, gravid females of the subspecies and its fish host mustbe present in each river.

3. Biological and ecological studies have been completed, andthe recovery measures developed and implemented from thesestudies are beginning to be successful, as evidenced by anincrease in population density and/or an increase in thepopulation size and the length of the river reach inhabitedwithin each of the populations.

The subspecies will be considered for removal from EndangeredSpecies Act protection when the likelihood of the subspecies

5

becoming threatened in the foreseeable future has been eliminatedby the achievement of the following criteria:

1. Through protection of existing populations and successfulestablishment of reintroduced populations or the discovery ofadditional populations, a total of at least six Ohio Riversystem tributaries contain viable populations. Thesepopulations will be distributed within the Ohio River systemas follows: one population in Ohio, one population inIndiana, one population in Illinois, two populations inKentucky, and one population in Tennessee.

2. Two distinct naturally reproduced year classes exist withineach of the six populations. Both year classes must havebeen produced within 10 years, and one year class within5 years, of the downlisting date. Within 1 year of therecovery date, gravid females of the subspecies and its fishhost must be present in each river.

3. Studies of the mussel’s biological and ecologicalrequirements have been completed, and recovery measuresdeveloped and implemented from these studies have beensuccessful as evidenced by an increase in population densityand/or an increase in the population size and the length ofthe river reach inhabited within each of the six populations.

4. No foreseeable threats exist that would likely threatensurvival of any of these six populations.

5. Where habitat had been degraded, noticeable improvements inwater and substratum quality have occurred.

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B. Narrative Outline

1. Prevent the imminent extinction of the DurDle cat’s Daw

.

Presently, the purple cat’s paw exists only in two rivers,and it is likely that neither population is reproducing. Itis thus critical to the subspecies’survival that it bebrought into captivity and artificially propagated.

1.1 DeveloD the technoloav to maintain and reDroduce musselsin caDtivitv. Research is underway to artificiallypropagate freshwater mussels. However, the technologyto maintain adult mussels in captivity has not beendeveloped. Techniques are needed for the long-termcaptive maintenance of adult mussels as well as theprocedure to bring captive adults to a reproductivestate.

1.2 Determine the best methods of collectina DurDle cat’soaws for maintenance of an artificially reoroducinacaDtive oopulation and imDlement

.

1.3 Maintain a caDtive DoDulation of the DurDle cat’s ~awDearlvmussel. A captive population is needed to preventthe imminent extinction of the subspecies because of thelack of reproduction in the wild. However, a captivepopulation may also be needed to prevent the subspecies’extinction from the impacts of the zebra mussel(Dreissena DolvmorDha) (see Task 3.4). Large numbers ofzebra mussels have been found attached to native musselsin the Great Lakes. This exotic mussel, which hasrecently invaded the Ohio River, is known to kill thenative mussels it attaches to.

1.4 Determine the feasibility of auamenting extantpoDulations and reestablishina the ourole cat’s paw inhistoric habitat. Augment and reintroduce wherefeasible. The total historic distribution of the purplecat’s paw is unknown, but available records indicatethat the subspecies once was widespread in the largerivers of the Ohio River basin. To recover thesubspecies, extirpated populations will need to bereestablished, unless substantial additional populationsare found. Rivers for possible reintroduction will beselected based on present and expected future habitatand water quality.

1.4.1 Determine the need. aDDroDriateness. andfeasibility of auamenting and exDandinci existinapoDulatiOns. The existing populations are likelybelow the number needed to maintain long-termviability. Thus, they will likely need to besupplemented to reach a viable size.

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1.4.2 DeveloD a successful techniaue for reestablishinciand augmenting DoDulations. Sufficient specimensof the mussel are not available to allow fortranslocation of enough adults to establish oraugment populations. Propagation andreintroduction techniques should be developed andevaluated for the subspecies.

1.4.3 Coordinate with aDDroDriate Federal and Stateaaencv Dersonnel. local governments, andinterested Darties to identify streams suitablefor augmentation and reintroduction and thosemost easily Drotected from further threats

.

1.4.4 Reintroduce the subsDecies into its historicrancie and evaluate success. Using techniquesdeveloped in Task 1.3.2, reintroduce and monitorsuccess.

1.4.5 Implement the same Drotective measures for anyintroduced DoDulations that were outlined forestabl i shed DoDul ati ons

.

2. Preserve Dresent DoDulations and occuDied habitat. Becauseonly two populations exist, it is essential that thesepopulations be protected.

2.1 Continue to utilize existing legislation and regulations(Federal Endanciered SDecies Act. Federal and Statesurface mining laws. water quality regulations. streamalteration regulations. etc.) to Drotect the subsoeciesand its habitat. Prior to and during implementation ofthis recovery plan, the two extant populations should beprotected by the full enforcement of existing laws andregulations.

2.2 Solicit helD in Drotecting the subsDecies and itsessential habitat. Section 7 consultation under theEndangered Species Act, Fish and Wildlife CoordinationAct requirements, and other habitat protection programscan assist in protection of the subspecies, but theseprograms alone cannot recover the purple cat’s paw. Theassistance of Federal and State agencies, conservationgroups, and local governments will be essential. Also,support of the local industrial, business, and farmingcommunities, as well as other local individuals andgroups, will be needed to meet the goal of recoveringthe subspecies. Without a commitment from the localpeople who have the greatest influence on habitatquality in the streams inhabited by the subspecies,recovery efforts will be doomed.

8

2.2.1 Meet with aDDroDriate Federal. State. and localgovernment officials and regional and localDlanners to inform them of our Dlans to attemDtrecovery and reauest their suDDort andassi stance

.

2.2.2 Meet with local business, mining, logging

.

farming, and/or industry interests and elicittheir suoDort in imDlementing Drotective actions

.

2.2.3 DeveloD an educational orociram using such itemsas slide/taDe shows. brochures. etc. Presentthis material to Federal and State agencies

.

local governments, business grouDs. civic grouDs

.

youth grouDs. schools. church organizations. etc

.

Educational material which outlines the recoverygoals and emphasizes the other benefits ofmaintaining and upgrading habitat quality will beextremely useful in informing the public of therecovery objectives.

2.3 Evaluate the use of land acquisition and other landmanagement oDtions as a means of Drotecting Dresent andreintroduced DoDulations. and use these methods wherefeasible. Watershed and riparian habitat protection canbe an important tool in the protection and improvementof aquatic habitat.

3. Determine threats to the subsDecies. conduct researchnecessary for the subsDecies’ management and recovery. andimDlement manaaement where needed

.

3.1 Conduct life history research on the subsoecies toinclude such factors as reDroduction. food habits. acieand growth. and mortality rates. Unless the subspecies’life history and environmental requirements are defined,recovery efforts may be inconsequential or misdirected.

3.2 Characterize the subsoecies’ habitat requirements(relevant Dhysical. biological, and chemical comDonents

)

for all life history stages. The purple cat’s pawappears to be sensitive to habitat degradation. Wherethe subspecies coexists with other mussel species, itoccurs in fewer numbers than most other subspecies; andit has been extirpated from some river reaches whereother mussels still exist in large numbers. Knowledgeof the subspecies’ habitat needs and ecologicalassociations (especially host fish requirements) isneeded to focus management and recovery efforts on thespecific problems within the subspecies’ habitat thatlimit the recovery of the purple cat’s paw.

9

3.3 Determine Dresent and foreseeable threats to thesubsDecies. Reservoir development on the large riverswithin the Ohio River basin appears to have been themajor cause of the purple cat’s paw’s decline. However,other factors have and will likely continue to adverselyimpact the subspecies. The mechanisms by which thesubspecies and its habitat are impacted are also notentirely understood. To minimize and eliminate thesethreats where necessary to meet recovery, theinformation gathered under Tasks 2.1 and 2.2 must beutilized to target specific problem areas and determinethe specific causative agent(s).

3.4 Investigate the relationshiDs with nonnative bivalves

.

Some malacologists believe the Asiatic clam (Corbiculafluminea) poses a threat to our native mussel fauna.Another exotic clam, the zebra mussel (DreissenaDolymorDha), has recently invaded the Great Lakes, andsome adverse impacts to native mussels have been noted.The zebra mussel has just been discovered in the OhioRiver in small numbers. However, as the species spreadso quickly in the Great Lakes, it is expected to invadeother river systems in the near future. Therelationship between these nonnative mollusks and thenative fauna needs to be understood, and, wherefeasible, measures should be taken to minimize theirimpact. It has been suggested (Arthur H. Clarke;Ecosearch, Inc; personal communication; 1990) thatCorbicula may adversely impact native mussels byconsuming a significant portion of their sperm. Clarkesuggests that, by concentrating endangered mussels, theloss of sperm would decrease and reproductive successwould increase. A study using nonendangered musselsshould be used to test this hypothesis.

3.5 Determine the dearee of threat to the subsDecies fromcommercial mussel fishing: if this constitutes asignificant threat to the subsDecies. imDlement measuresto minimize or eliminate the threat. Commercial musselfishermen occasionally take the purple cat’s paw. Theimpact of this take to the subspecies should bedetermined, and steps should be taken to control take,where necessary. Some river reaches may need to bedeclared State mussel sanctuaries to fully protect thesubspecies from mussel fishing.

3.6 Based on the biological data and threat analysis

,

investigate the need for management, including habitatimorovement. ImDlement management, if needed. to secureviable DoDulations. Individual components of thesubspecies’ habitat may be lacking, and these may limitthe subspecies’ potential expansion. Specific

10

management and habitat improvement programs may beneeded to improve the status of some populations.

3.7 Determine number of individuals required to maintain aviable oooulation. Theoretical considerations byFranklin (1980) and Soul~ (1980) indicate that500 breeding individuals represent a minimum populationlevel (effective population size), which would containsufficient genetic variation to enable that populationto evolve and respond to natural habitat changes. Theactual population size in a natural ecosystem necessaryto provide 500 breeding individuals can be expected tobe larger, possibly by as much as 10 times. The factorsthat influence effective population size include sexratio, length of subspecies’ reproductive life,fecundity, and extent of exchange of genetic materialwithin the population, plus other life history aspects.Some of these factors can be addressed under Task 2.1,while others will need to be addressed as part of thistask.

4. Search for additional DoDulations and/or habitat suitable forreintroduction efforts. Much of the potential availablehabitat in the Ohio River system has been surveyed. However,it is possible that some relic populations were missed.Further study may yield additional populations and also helpdelineate potential habitat for transplants.

5. DeveloD and imDlement cryogenic techniques to oreserve thesubsDecies’ genetic material until such time as conditionsare suitable for reintroduction. The purple cat’s pawpopulations that remain are apparently not reproducing.Artificial propagation techniques may be able to providejuvenile mussels for transplants. However, present habitatconditions may not be suitable in all rivers at this time forreintroduction to succeed. Cryogenic preservation of thepurple cat’s paw could maintain genetic material (much likeseed banks for endangered plants) from both extantpopulations until such time that the habitat is suitable forreestablishment of the subspecies. Additionally, if apopulation were lost to a catastrophic event, such as a toxicchemical spill, cryogenic preservation could allow for theeventual reestablishment of the population using the geneticmaterial preserved from that population.

6. DeveloD and imDlement a orooram to monitor nonulation levelsand habitat conditions of Dresentlv known DoDulations as wellas newly discovered. introduced, or exDanding DoDulations

.

During and after recovery actions are implemented, the statusof the subspecies and its habitat must be monitored to assessany progress toward recovery. This should be conducted on abiennial schedule.

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7. Annually assess overall success of the recovery oroaram andrecommend action (modify recovery obiectives. downlist

.

delist. continue to Drotect. imolement new measures. or otherstudies. etc.). The recovery plan must be evaluatedperiodically to determine if it is on track and to recommendfuture actions. As more is learned about the subspecies,recovery objectives may need to be modified.

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C. Literature Cited

Bates, J. M., and S. D. Dennis. 1985. Mussel resourcesurvey - State of Tennessee. Tennessee Wildlife ResourcesAgency Technical Report No. 85-3. 125 pp.

Bogan, A. E., and P. W. Parmalee. 1983. Tennessee’s rarewildlife, Volume II: the mollusks. 123 pp.

Churchill, E. P., Jr., and S. I. Lewis. 1924. Food and feedingin freshwater mussels. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 39:439-471.

Franklin, R. I. 1980. Evolutionary change in small populations.IN: Conservation biology, an evolutionary-ecologicalperspective. Michael E. Soul~ and Bruce A. Wilcox (eds.).Published by Sinauer Assoc., Inc., Sunderland, MA.Pp. 135-149.

Gordon, M. E., and J. B. Layzer. 1989. Mussels (Bivalvia:Unionoidea) of the Cumberland River: review of lifehistories and ecological relationships. U.S. Fish andWildlife Service Biological Report. 89(15). 99 pp.

Isom, B. G., C. Gooch, S. D. Dennis. 1979. Rediscovery of apresumed extinct river mussel Dysnomia sulcata (Unionidae).The Nautilus 93(2-3):84.

Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission. 1980. Kentuckynatural areas plan - appendix A. The purple cat’s paw(Eoioblasma (=Dvsnomia) obliquata obliquata (=E. sulcatasulcata)) (Rafinesque 1820). Frankfort, KY.

Parmalee, P. W., W. E. Klippel, and A. E. Bogan. 1980. Notes onthe prehistoric and present status of Naiad fauna of themiddle Cumberland River, Smith County, Tennessee. TheNautilus 94(3):93-105.

Rafinesque, Constantine 5. 1820. Monographie des coquillesbivalves et fluviatiles de la riviere Ohio. Generales desSciences-Physiques 5(13):287-322, 3 p1.

SouTh, M. E. 1980. Thresholds for survival: Maintainingfitness and evolutionary potential. IN: Conservationbiology, an evolutionary-ecological perspective. Michael E.SouTh and Bruce A. Wilcox (eds.). Published by SinauerAssoc., Inc., Sunderland, MA. Chap. 8, pp. 151-169.

Stansbery, David H. 1970. Eastern freshwater mollusks (I) TheMississippi and St. Lawrence River systems. Malacologia10(1) :9-22.

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Watters, G. T. 1986. The Nature Conservancy Element StewardshipAbstract: Evioblasma obliquata obliquata. The NatureConservancy, Midwest Regional Office, Minneapolis, MN.Unpublished report. 4 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Endangered and ThreatenedWildlife and Plants: Designation of the Purple Cat’s PawPearlymussel as an Endangered Species. Federal Register55(132) :28209-28213.

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PART III

IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

Priorities in column one of the following implementation schedule areassigned as follows:

1. Priority 1 - An action that must be taken to preventextinction or to prevent the species from decliningirreversibly in the foreseeable future.

2. Priority 2 - An action that must be taken to prevent asignificant decline in species population/habitat quality orsome other significant negative impact short of extinction.

3. Priority 3 - All other actions necessary to meet the

recovery objective.

Key to Acronyms Used In This ImDlementation Schedule

COE - U.S. Army Corps of EngineersFS - U.S. Forest ServiceFWE - Fish and Wildlife EnhancementFWS - U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceILDOC - Illinois Department of ConservationINDNR - Indiana Department of Natural ResourcesKDFWR - Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife ResourcesKSNPC - Kentucky State Nature Preserves CommissionNPS - National Park ServiceODNR - Ohio Department of Natural ResourcesTDOC - Tennessee Department of ConservationTVA - Tennessee Valley AuthorityTWRA - Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency

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IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

r 1

I I I I I RESPONSIBLE PARTY COST ESTIMATES ($000’S)I IITY TASK h +

PRIOR- TASK # TASK I DURATION FWS I I FY I FY FY I I# I DESCRIPTION I (Years) I Region I Divisioni Other I 1991 I 1992 I 1993 I COMMENTS I

I. + + + + + + + + + + -II 1 I 1.1, Develop and 3 years to~3, 4, 5 I FWE See *1.1 25.0 I 25.0 I 25.0 II 1.2, maintain captive develop, I I I I I I I II I 1.3 populations of then con-I I I I I II I Ispecies. Itinuous I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I

1 1.4 Develop tech- Ongoing 13, 4, 5 FWE See *1.1 25.0 25.0 I 25.0 I Task duration: II I niques, select 3years I

I I I sites, reintroducel I I I I I I (protection II I I the species back I I I I I I continues). II I lintohistoric I I I I I I I I I

I I Ihabitat,and I I I I I I I II I Ievaluateandpro-l I I I I I I I II I Itectanypopula- I I I I I I I

tions established.I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II 1 2.1 I Continue to Ongoing j3, 4, 5 I FWE See *1.13.0 I 3.0 I 3.0 II I utilize existing I I I I I I II I legislationand I I I I II I regulationsto I I I I I II I Iprotectspecies I I I I I I I II I anditshabitat. I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II 2 I 2.2.1, I Meet with local 3 years 3, 4, 5 I FWE See *1.1 --- 1.0 II 2.2.2lgovernmental I I I I I II I jofficialsand I I I I I II I I business interestsl I I I I I II I and elicit their I I I I I I II supportfor I I I I I I I II I I recovery. I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I II ~I. I I I I .1 I I j

16

IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

r 1

I I I I I RESPONSIBLE PARTY COST ESTIMATES ($000’S)I II I I I TASK ~ + 1 IIPRIOR I I TASK I DURATION I FWS I I FY I FY I FY I II ITY # I TASK # I DESCRIPTION I (Years) I Region I Division Other I 1991 I 1992 I 1993 I COMMENTS I

+ + + + + + + + + +I 3 I 3.1 I Determine number Il year 13, 4, 5 I FWE See *1.1 --- I --- I ? I II I ofindividuals I I I I I I I I II I requiredtomain-I I I I I I I I II I Itainviable I I I I I I I II I I population. I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II 1 I 4 I Search for 1 year 13, 4, 5 I FWE See *1. 30.0 I 30.0 I --- II I I additional popula-I I I I I I I I II I Itionsandsuitablel I I I I I I I II I habitat. I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I

1 5 I Develop and ~Ongoing 13, 4, 5 I FWE See *1.1 5.0 I 5.0 I 5.0 I II I utilizecryo- I I I I I I I I II I preservation I I I I I I I I II i techniques. I I I I I I I I II I .1 I I I I I I I I II 2 I 6 I Develop and Ongoing 13, 4, 5 I FWE See *1.1 --- I --- I 2.0 I Biennial. II I limplementa I I I I I I I I II I monitoring I I I I I I I I II I program. I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II 3 I 1 I Annually assess jOngoing 13, 4, 5 I FWE See *1.1 0.5 I 0.5 I 0.5 I II I recoveryprogram I I I I I I I I II I I andmodifyprograml I I I I I I I II I IandplanWhere I I I I I I I II I required. I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II *1 - COE, FS, ILDOC, INDNR, KDFWR, KSNPC, NPS, ODNR, TDOC, TVA, and TWRAI I I I II I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I -‘

18

IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

r RESPONSIBLEI I PARTY COST ESTIMATES ($000’S)II II II TASK #

I. + + +Develop Informa- Ongoingtion and educationlprogram and Ipresent. I

Ongoing

I 1 2.2.3 II I II I II I II I II 2 I 2.3 II I II II I I species.I I II 1 3.1, II I 3.2, II I 3.3, II I 3.4 II 13.5 II I II I II I II ISee I 3.6 Icoin- I

Iments. I II II II I II II I II II II I II .1. I

I II TASK I. +IDURATIONI FWS I I FY I FY I FY II (Years) I Region I Divisionl Other I 1991 I 1992 1993 I COMMENTS

+ + + + + + ~1~3, 4, 5 FWE See *1.1 25.0 I 20.0 I --- Task duration: II I I I I I 2yearstoI I I I I develop,then II I I I I I I continuous. II I I I I I I I13,4,5IFWE See*1.~~~ I--- I--- II I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I II I I I I I I I

14 years 13, 4, 5 I FWE See *1.1 25.0 I 50.0 I 50.0 II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I IIl year 13, 4, 5 FWE See *1.1 I --- I --- I Priority 1, 2, II I I I I I I or3(dependingI

-I I I I I I I onresultofI I I I I I 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, I

I I I I I I I 3.4, and 3.5).I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I II I I I I I I

I I I I I I I II I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I.1- I I I I I J

TASKDESCRI PT ION

Consider use ofland acquisitionto protect the

Conduct researchnecessary forspecies managementand recovery;i.e., habitatrequirements,biology, andthreat analysis.

Based on biologi-cal and threatanalysis, investigate need formanagement andimplement whereneeded.

PRIOR-ITY #

17

PART IV

LIST OF REVIEWERS

Dr. James LayzerTennessee Cooperative Fish and

Wildlife Research UnitTennessee Technological UniversityBox 5114Cookeville, Tennessee 38505

Dr. Michael A. HoggarthThe Ohio Department of TransportationBureau of Environmental Services25 South Front Street, Room 608Columbus, Ohio 43215

Mr. Robert A. Hunt, DirectorDivision of Water ResourcesTennessee Department of Conservation701 BroadwayNashville, Tennessee 37203

Mr. D. Elmo LunnTechnical SecretaryWater Quality Control BoardTennessee Department of Public Health621 Cordell Hull BuildingNashville, Tennessee 37219

Mr. Gary Myers, Executive DirectorTennessee Wildlife Resources AgencyP.O. Box 40747Ellington Agricultural CenterNashville, Tennessee 37204

Mr. Jerry LeeU.S. Soil Conservation ServiceU.S. Courthouse, Room 675801 BroadwayNashville, Tennessee 37203

Mr. Edward G. OakleyDivision AdministratorFederal Highway Administration249 Cumberland Bend DriveNashville, Tennessee 37228

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Mr. Jack E. RavanRegional Admi ni stratorEnvironmental Protection Agency345 Courtland Street, NE.Atlanta, Georgia 30365

Tennessee State Clearinghouse1800 James K. Polk Building501 Deadrick StreetNashville, Tennessee 37219

Mr. A. Stephen Reeder, CommissionerKentucky Department of HighwaysCapital Plaza TowerFrankfort, Kentucky 40601

Mr. Peter W. Pfeiffer, DirectorKentucky Department of Fish and

Wildlife ResourcesDepartment of FisheriesArnold L. Mitchell Building#1 Game Farm RoadFrankfort, Kentucky 40601

Ms. Charlotte Baldwin, SecretaryKentucky Natural Resources and

Environmental Protection CabinetCapital Plaza TowerFrankfort, Kentucky 40601

Colonel James P. KingNashville DistrictU.S. Army Corps of EngineersP.O. Box 1070Nashville, Tennessee 37202

Mr. William H. RedmondRegional Natural Heritage ProjectTennessee Valley AuthorityNorris, Tennessee 37828

Mr. Richard Hannan, DirectorKentucky State Nature Preserves Commission407 BroadwayFrankfort, Kentucky 40601

Mr. M. Paul Schmierbach, ManagerEnvironmental QualityTennessee Valley AuthorityRoom 201, Summer Place BuildingKnoxville, Tennessee 37902

20

Mr. Donald Harker, DirectorDivision of WaterKentucky Natural Resources and

Environmental Protection Cabinet5th Floor, Capital Plaza TowerFrankfort, Kentucky 40601

Mr. Dan EagarProgram Admi ni stratorTennessee Department of Conservation701 BroadwayNashville, Tennessee 37203

Colonel Robert L. OliverDistrict EngineerLouisville DistrictU.S. Army Corps of EngineersP.O. Box 59Louisville, Kentucky 40201-0059

Mr. Steven A. AhlstedtField OperationsDivision of Water ResourcesTennessee Valley AuthorityForestry BuildingNorris, Tennessee 37828

Dr. Arthur E. BoganDepartment of MalacologyAcademy of Natural SciencesNineteenth and the ParkwayPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19103

Dr. Paul W. ParmaleeDepartment of AnthropologyThe University of TennesseeKnoxville, Tennessee 37916

Dr. David H. StansberyMuseum of ZoologyOhio State University1813 North High StreetColumbus, Ohio 43210

Dr. Guenter A. Schuster, ProfessorDepartment of Biological SciencesEastern Kentucky State UniversityRichmond, Kentucky 40475-0950

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Dr. Paul Yokley, Jr.Department of BiologyUniversity of North AlabamaFlorence, Alabama 35630

Mr. Vince LangCounty JudgeP.O.. Box 486Munfordyille, Kentucky 42765

Mr. C. E. HackettCounty ExecutiveCounty CourthouseCarthage, Tennessee 37030

Mr. Max Henschen4307 Greenway DriveIndianapolis, Indiana 46220

Mr. Kevin CummingsIllinois Natural History Survey607 E. Peabody DriveChampaign, Illinois 61820

Mr. Charles D. Kelley, DirectorDivision of Game and FishAlabama Department of Conservation and

Natural Resources64 N. Union StreetMontgomery, Alabama 36130

Ms. Sally Van MeterDeputy Director for Resource ProtectionDepartment of Natural ResourcesFountain SquareColumbus, Ohio 43224

Mr. Richard E. Moseley, Jr., ChiefDivision of Natural Areas and PreservesDepartment of Natural ResourcesFountain SquareColumbus, Ohio 43224

Mr. Warren W. Tyler, DirectorEnvironmental Protection AgencyP.O. Box 1049361 E. Broad StreetColumbus, Ohio 43216-1049

22

Mr. Ron DardenSuperintendent, Natural ResourcesIllinois Department of AgricultureState FairgroundsSpringfield, Illinois 62706

Mr. Michael B. Witte, DirectorIllinois Department of ConservationLincoln Tower Plaza524 5. Second StreetSpringfield, Illinois 62706

Mr. Al Mickelson, ChiefForest Resources and Natural

Heritage DivisionIllinois Department of ConservationLincoln Tower Plaza524 5. Second StreetSpringfield, Illinois 62706

ChairmanEnvironmental Protection Agency2200 Churchill RoadSpringfield, Illinois 62706

ChairmanIllinois Nature Preserves Commission600 N. Grand AvenueSpringfield, Illinois 62706

Mr. James Lahey, ChairmanNatural Resources CommissionIndiana Department of Natural Resources608 State Office BuildingIndianapolis, Indiana 46204

Mr. Edward Hansen, HeadDivision of Fish and WildlifeIndiana Department of Natural Resources608 State Office BuildingIndianapolis, Indiana 46204

Mr. John Bacone, HeadDivision of Nature PreservesIndiana Department of Natural Resources608 State Office BuildingIndianapolis, Indiana 46204

Mr. Basil GriffinCounty Judge429 E. 10th StreetBowling Green, Kentucky 42101

23

Mr. David MartinCounty JudgeCourthouseMorgantown, Kentucky 42261

Mr. Mike TurnerLouisville DistrictU.S. Army Corps of EngineersP.O. Box 59Louisville, Kentucky 40201

Environmental Assessment SectionKentucky Natural Resources and

Environmental Protection CabinetDepartment for Natural ResourcesDivision of Abandoned Lands618 Teton TrailFrankfort, Kentucky 40601

Mr. David S. BeckDirector of Governmental AffairsKentucky Farm Bureau FederationP.O. Box 20700Louisville, Kentucky 40250-.0700

Dr. Arthur Clarke325 E. BayviewPortland, Texas 78374

Mr. Julius T. JohnsonDirector of Public AffairsTennessee Farm Bureau FederationP.O. Box 313Columbia, Tennessee 38401

Dr. G. Thomas WattersMuseum of ZoologyOhio State University1813 N. High StreetColumbus, Ohio 43210-1394

Dr. Mark GordonTennessee Cooperative Fish and

Wildlife Research UnitTennessee Technological UniversityBox 5114Cookeville, Tennessee 38505

24

Mr. Dennis SandersEnvironmental Special istVirginia Department of TransportationP.O. Box 1768Bristol, Virginia 24203

Mr. William BeuterVirginia Department of TransportationEnvironmental Division1201 E. Broad StreetRichmond, Virginia 23219

U.S. Forest ServiceWildlife, Fisheries, and Range1720 Peachtree Road, NW.Atlanta, Georgia 30367

World Conservation Monitoring Centre219c Huntingdon RoadCambridgeCB3 ODLUnited Kingdom

Environmental Protection AgencyHazard Evaluation Division - EEB (T5769C)401 M Street, SW.Washington, DC 20460

Fish and Wildlife Reference Service5430 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110Bethesda, Maryland 20814

Mr. Steve BeleuOklahoma Department of LibrariesU.S. Government Information Division200 N.E. 18th StreetOklahoma City, Oklahoma 73105-3298

Ms. Jackie ThompsonBig Rivers Electric Corporation201 3rd StreetHenderson, Kentucky 42420

Mr. David C. StarEnvironmental ScientistPesticides & Toxic Substances BranchU.S. Environmental Protection Agency230 South Dearborn StreetChicago, Illinois 60604

25

CBSG12101 Johnny Cake Ridge RoadApple Valley, Minnesota 55124

Mr. Peter D. McKoneFreese and Nichols, Inc.811 Lamar StreetFort Worth, Texas 76102

Wildlife BiologistEufaula National Wildlife RefugeRoute 2, Box 97-BEufaula, Alabama 36027-9294

Mr. Michael Bean, ChairmanWildlife ProgramEnvironmental Defense Fund1616 P Street, NW.Washington, DC 20036

Ms. Jayne BrimU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceNational Fisheries Research Center7920 N.W. 71st StreetGainesville, Florida 32606

Mr. Robert M. ToddCommercial Musseling CoordinatorTennessee Wildlife Resources AgencyEllington Agricultural CenterP.O. Box 40747Nashville, Tennessee 37204

Federal Highway AdministrationOffice of Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Analysis Division400 Seventh Street, SW., Room 3240Washington, DC 20590

Directorate of Biological, Behavioral,and Social Sciences

National Science Foundation1800 G Street, NW., Room 215Washington, DC 20550

26