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U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
A Consideration of Geospatial A Consideration of Geospatial Feature Formation in Linked Feature Formation in Linked Open VocabulariesOpen VocabulariesWorkshop on Linked Open Data: Workshop on Linked Open Data: Activities, Ideas, Practices Activities, Ideas, Practices @ @ GIForum 2014GIForum 2014
Dalia VarankaDalia VarankaJuly 1, 2014July 1, 2014
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Geospatial Feature
ISO 19112 Geographic Information – Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers
OGC 11-052r4 OGC GeoSPARQL – A Geographic Query Language for RDF Data
geo:Feature geo:Geometrygeo:hasGeometry
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Definitions
Abstraction of real world phenomena (ISO) A digital representation of a real world entity
or an abstraction of the real world (OGC)
Selection of characteristics relevant to an area of interest with disregard of what is irrelevant
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Introduction
Concept of a geospatial feature in GIScience literature
Feature class semantics in Linked Open Vocabulary (LOV)
Feature as ontology pattern Hydrography example
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Geographical and Cognitive Entities
Features are conceptualized as objects World has fuzzy boundaries Cognitively constructed categories Technical adaptation of the feature concept
Imposes further semantic constraints Must support geographical analysis
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Geospatial Feature Concept
Theme
Space Time
Equivalent to a ‘geographical fact’
Berry, B.J.L. 1964. Approaches to Spatial Analysis: A Regional Synthesis. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 54, 2-11.
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Feature Type Class Semantics
Identity
Place (Space)
Time
Attributes
Relations
Usery, E.L., Spatial Feature classes, Encyclopedia of Geography, John Wiley and Sons, In press.
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GeoNames Feature Classes (9) and Code Definitions (645)
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Geonames Feature Class Semantics
feature class
feature code geonameid name asciiname latitude longitude country code timezone modification date
T PASS 2598245 Sandgatterl Sandgatterl 47.75 14.56667 AT Europe/Vienna 5/2/2014L GRAZ 2598246 Viehtalalm Viehtalalm 47.75 14.56667 AT Europe/Vienna 4/30/1999T CLF 2598247 Adlmoarstein Adlmoarstein 47.75 14.55 AT Europe/Vienna 4/30/1999L GRAZ 2598248 Waldbaueralm Waldbaueralm 47.75 14.56667 AT Europe/Vienna 4/30/1999T PK 2598249 Federeck Federeck 47.75 14.56667 AT Europe/Vienna 5/2/2014P PPL 2598250 Mooshöhe Mooshoehe 47.75 14.55 AT Europe/Vienna 5/2/2014S HUT 2598251 Antonihütte Antonihuette 47.75 14.53333 AT Europe/Vienna 5/2/2014L GRAZ 2598252 Bergeralm Bergeralm 47.75 14.51667 AT Europe/Vienna 4/30/1999L GRAZ 2598253 Blabergalm Blabergalm 47.75 14.5 AT Europe/Vienna 4/30/1999
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Feature Semantics in Layer-Based Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Improved attribute and topological representation
Feature class changed from type to geometry
Feature geometry changed from objects to tabular coordinate pair segments
Feature geometry classes: effective for overlay processing, but not intuitive for feature recognition
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Feature Semantics Remedied in Cartography Rich spatial,
thematic, and temporal representation
Web Feature Service (WFS): syntax, but not semantics
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Web Ontology Language (OWL)
Hierarchical Class Defined Class
Spatial relationship of features that cross but do not exchange flow
• Subclass of SpatialQuality• Equivalent to crosses min 2
Object• Disjoint with
HydroNetJunction• Domain of
PermenantIdentifier• Domain of
AbovePermenantIdentifier• Domain of
BelowPermenantIdentifier
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Feature Pattern Semantics
Identity typeOf
Attribute equivalentTo
Spatial Reference hasGeometry
Temporal Reference Spatial Relations
GeoSPARQL
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LOV for U.S. National Hydrography Dataset (NHD)
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GIS-NHD Triples From Tables
Subject
PropertyLiteral
Object
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Domain ClassesAllowable subjects of a property are limited to a particular table
NHDVerticalRelationship StringAbove_Permanent_Identifier
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Surface Water Ontology
NHD Feature Ontology
Instance GazetteerOntology
Mapping and Display
Database Maintenance
Provenance and
Metadata
Cognitive Recognition
Applied Model
Database
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NHD Instance (Gazetteer) Classes
Instance Gazetteer
NameGeometry
& Spatial Qualities
Permanent Identifier Hydro_Net
Processes
• Hydro_Net Junction• Flow Direction
• From Permanent Identifier
• To Permanent Identifier
• Point• Line • Area• Elevation• Vertical
Relationship• Relationship
to Surface
• Above Permanent Identifier
• Below Permanent Identifier
• HU Code• TNM ID
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Semantic Enhancements: Transitivity
Extensions to segments support inference
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Conclusion
Geospatial feature type class semantics worth maintaining in LOV
Feature class modeled as a pattern in LOV LOV object properties support LOD datatype
properties