U.S. Constitutional Law course outline

8/11/2019 U.S. Constitutional Law course outline

1/1906

## ################>###

################# ########### ####### #### ### ### ### ### ### ###

##

### # ############### k####bjbj V V##################

###.B##


2/1906

###Z_###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ### ### ### ### ###### ################ Z######b_######################4_######8_######b_######b_###### ## ############ Z###### Z###### ]############## ]##;### ###### s###### s###### s##### #b_## ### Z###### ]###### Z###### ]###### ############## s######################### #############################b_###### ############## s###### s## ###s ## ########## #################################################################k ###### ]######

####^ R ######### Z######Pf##>###/ ## ########### ##########0###D####### ##l###

####### k#########h###k ############################################################################################# Z######k ##h################### s################################## ####################b_######b_######b_###### ###### ############################### ####### s######################################b_######b_######b_######D#######b_######b_######b_######b_############## #### #### ############ #### ### # #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### #### ####

#### #### #######b_######b_######b_######b_######b_######b_##############################################################b_######b_######b_######BM##


3/1906

##!##"#########

#######################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################.$. %&'s()(*()&'+l ,+- )'( 10223f j*5s c+' &6*l (h7sl6s

-h+( &s (h+( s+9 +b&*( c&'s()(*()&'+l l+-:& -h+( ('( c+' (h c&*( b +( (h6+'5*+ &f s&c)+l ch+'5: M*s( c&*(s 7l9 flc( s&c)+l ch+'5:=&- & -f)' )5h(s b+s &' +s( 7+j&)(+)+' +c()cs & b+s &' + b&+c&'c()&' &f f&7 (h+( 'c&7+sss (h )5h( (& )ss'( f&7 7+j&)(+)+'+c()cs:h+( )s (h l+()&'sh) b(-' l&c+l )')()+()6s +' f+l c&'(&l:?@&'A+ls 6. R)ch=)s(&)c+l C)5)'s &f (h %&'s()(*()&' ?*sh'(h 7)c+'c&'s()(*()&' h+s 7+'9 *'-)((' )7's)&'s (h+( + (7)' b9 j*)c)+lc)s)&'s (h &l)()c+l +(9 s9s(7 +' &*l+ &l)()cs. b)f h)s(&9" (hcl++()&' &f )'''c ?2EEF -+s f&ll&- b9 (h +()cls &f c&'f+()&'?2E82 -h)ch - (h' l+c -)(h (h c&'s()(*()&' ?2E88 +7'7'( (& )'cl*(h b)ll &f )5h(s ?2EG2.h +()cls &f c&'f+()&' - ss'()+ll9 + 7)l)(+9+ll)+'c. h9 &6) f& '& f+l j*)c)+9 '& ch)f c*()6 +' '& &-(& l69 (+s.N&(+bl sc(s &f (h .$. %&'s()(*()&'$++()&' &f &-s ?+s&&s (& %+'++ -h (h l5)sl+()6 +' c*()6 b+'chs + )'(5+( (& +5 -)(h (h l+ &f (h lc( l5)sl+()6 +(9 bc&7)'5 P)7 M)')s(h s)'(Hs 6(& &- &6 l5)sl+()&' c+' b &6*l b9 %&'5ss ?-)(h +1/I s*+J7+j&)(9h l5)sl+()6 b+'ch h+s +' )7+ch7'( &- 5+)'5 (hs)'( +' j*5s.%hcks +' b+l+'cs )s( b(-' (h )ff'( +7s &f5&6'7'( ?).. f+l)s7 +' b(-' (h f+l s(+( +' )')6)*+ls ?)..(h b)ll &f )5h(s$l+69 )s 69 s'(.Nlsk9 %&'f)')'5 D7&c+()cP&l)()cs h K+l)s(s bl)6 (h+( s&c)(9 &+(s (h&*5h (h c&'fl)c( &fc&7()'5 )'(s(s +' (h )s '& &' c&'c()&' &f (h c&77&' 5&&. hs++()&' &f &-s (h*s +ll&-s + s(+( (& 6l&... h +'()JK+l)s(sbl)6 (h+( &l)()cs -+s +b&*( *'s(+')'5 -h+( (h c&77&' 5&& -+s -)(h)' (hc&'(( &f + s7+ll h&7&5'&*s slfJ5&6')'5 c&77*')(9.h K+l)s( 6)s)&' )ss*s)c)&*s &f 7+j&)(+)+' &l)()cs +' -+s s)5' (& c&'f)' +' l)7)(7&c+()c &l)()cs (& (h+( '.h K+l)s(/+'()JK+l)s( +5*7'( &s '&(

f+ll '+(l9 +l&'5 l)b+l/c&'s6+()6 l)'s. Nlsk9 '6)s+5s + lf(J-)'5c'(+l)A+()&' )'6&l6)'5 '5+5 l&c+l 7&c+c9 -h+s (h + P+(9 '6)s+5s+ 69 )5h(J-)'5 6s)&' &f c'(+l)A+()&'.Nlsk9 +5*s (h+( (h c&*(f+sh)&' )(slf +s (h 5*+)+' &f )')6)*+l +' &(9 )5h(s +5+)'s( (hcsss &f &*l+ 5&6'7'(. h c&*(s (h*s c&'f)' 7&c+()c &l)()cs.B*((h j*)c)+9 )s f+ f&7 +&l)()c+lL 3' (h .$. s&7 s(+( j*5s + lc(7+')'5 (h+( j*5s ' 7)ll)&'s &f &ll+s (& *' (h) c+7+)5' +' + s*bjc((& (h '5+()6 c&'s*'cs &f *'&*l+ c)s)&'s. h +&)'(7'( &f j*5s 7+9s)7)l+l9 6)&l+( (h )'c)l &f )'''c.h %&*( $9s(7 +' *)c)+lR6)- ()cl V3 s(+bl)shs (h c&'s()(*()&' +s (h s*7 l+- &f (h l+'.M+sh+ll . ?)' M+b*9 )'((s (h &l &f (h j*)c)+9 )' f+)l9 bl+ck +'-h)( (7s" (h9 - (& )'(( (h c&'s()(*()&' +' s()k &-' l+-s (h+( -)'c&'s)s('( -)(h )(. h)s c&'c( &f j*)c)+l 6)- s(s &' +' +ss*7()&' (h+(

j*5)'5 +' j*)c)+l )'((+()&' )s +&l)()c+l +' )s &ss)bl l+5l9 * (&(h f+c( (h+( (h)s -+s + -)((' c&'s()(*()&'.M+b*9 6. M+)s&' ?280IM+b*9 6.M+)s&' s(+bl)shs (h+( j*5s + (h f)'+l +b)(s &f (h 7+')'5 &f (h-)((' c&'s()(*()&' +' (h+( c&'s()(*()&'+l )'((+()&' )s s(+)5h(f&-++&l)()c+l +' '*(+l ).. (h+( j*5s sh&*l '5+5 )' + s()c( ((Jb+s+)'5 &f (h %&'s()(*()&'. 7)c+'s h+6 + )5h( (& +' s(+bl)sh %&'s()(*()&'+' (h K+7s c&'(7l+( (h+( +'9 l+- H*5'+'(H (& (h %&'s()(*()&' )s 6&).3( )s (h *)c)+9Hs *(9 (& s()k &-' H*'c&'s()(*()&'+lH l5)sl+()6 +c(s b9'&( 'f&c)'5 l5)sl+()&' -h' )' c&'fl)c( -)(h (h %&'s()(*()&'.3f l5)sl+(*sc+' +c( )' 6)&l+()&' &f (h %&'s()(*()&' -h+(Hs (h &)'( &f h+6)'5 +%&'s()(*()&':h %&'s()(*()&' )s + -)((' &c*7'( -h)ch )s +s) f& j*5s (&


4/1906

)'(( +' )s +bs&l*(l9 cl+ +' )'('+ll9 c&'s)s('(.*5s +sc)f)c+ll9 -ll l+c (& )'(( (h c&'s()(*()&' +s )( )s (h) &l (& s+9-h+( (h l+- )s. h9 +ls& (+k +' &+(h (& s6 +s &6ss/5*+)+'s &f (h%&'s()(*()&'.h .$. %&*( $9s(7h )s + *+l c&*( s9s(7 ?f+l +' s(+(b*( 7+((s &f s(+( l+- c+' b c) +( (h $%C$.3' (7s &f &l)()c+lc&'(&ls &6 (h j*)c)+9 j*5s c+' b )7+ch +' (h s)A &f (h $%C$ )s'&( c&'s()(*()&'+ll9 l)7)( (& ')'.h + c(+)' &c()'+l c&'s(+)'(s &' (hc&*( ?.5. s()c()&'s &' s(+')'5 (h l)6 c&'(&6s9 *l +' (h

&l)()c+l &c()'s *l + +(h )'c&h'( *l (h+( c&7s f&7 M+b*9s()c()'5 j*)s)c()&' (& cl* *l9 &l)()c+l c)s)&'s s*ch +s f&)5'&l)c9 c)s)&'s.& -h+( ('( & )'()(9 &l)()cs l+9 )'(& +&)'(7'(s: h+(+b&*( j*)c)+l h)l&s&h9: h &)5)')+l)s( +&+ch h&ls (h+( (h c&'s()(*()&'sh&*l b )'(( +cc&)'5 (& -h+( (h f+7s &)5)'+ll9 )'('. s()c(c&'s(*c()&')s( ?((Jb+s +&+ch s)s(s +)'5 )' )5h(s (h+( +'H(l)c)(l9 )' (h c&'s()(*()&'. 7& *&s)6 +&+ch (+ks (h c&'s()(*()&' +s+ s&Jc+ll l)6)'5 (. Mc%*ll&ck 6. M+9l+' ?282G M+sh+ll . s(+bl)shs + (+)()&' &f +'s)6 )'((+()&' &f (h %&'s()(*()&'. h &6)s)&'s 7+ )'(h c&'s()(*()&' - )'(' (& '* f& +5s (& c&7 +' c&'s*'(l9 (& b++( (& (h 6+)&*s c)ss &f h*7+' +ff+)s. h*s (h c&'s()(*()&' )s '&( (hs+7 (h)'5 +s + c&77&' l+- s(+(*( '&( +ll )s s( &*( )' (+)l s& (h+( (h )s&&7 (& +cc&77&+( '- c)c*7s(+'cs. %&'5ss)&'+l &-s + '&( l)7)( (& (hss 5+'(s )' (. 2 b*( )'cl* s*ch &- +s )s 'css+9 +' & (& (hffc(*+()&' &f (h ss &-s. N.B. Ncss+9 +' & h+s '& f) 7+')'5.M+sh+ll . )s 7&6)'5 +-+9 f&7 7ch+')c+l )'((+()&' (& + 7&+'s)6 fl*) *&s)6 +&+ch.N&( +ll &f (h &-s + sc)b )' (hc&'s()(*()&'. P&-s '&( l5+( (& (h f+l 5&6'7'( + s6 (& (h$(+(s & (& (h &l *' (h 20(h 7'7'(. =&-6 M+sh+ll +5*s (h+(+'9 7+'s ++( (& (h ' -h)ch (' )c(l9 (& (h c*()&' &f (hc&'s()(*()&'+l &-s &f (h 5&6'7'( - )' (h7sl6s c&'s()(*()&'+l. h%&'s()(*()&' )s j*s( +' &*(l)'. 3(s '+(* *)s (h+( &'l9 (h 5+( &*(l)'ssh&*l b 7+k )(s )7&(+'( &bjc(s s)5'+(. %h&k N+()&' 6. @&5)+?28I2K+c(s" h %h&k N+()&' sks +' )'j*'c()&' (& 6'( (h @&5)+,5)sl+(* f&7 c*()'5 c(+)' +c(s (h+( -&*l )'(f -)(h (h) slfJ5&6'+'c. h9 cl+)7 (& &c )' (h $*7 %&*( +s + f&)5' s(+( +5+)'s((h s(+( &f @&5)+ (h*s 5)6)'5 (h $%C$ j*)s)c()&'.=l" h %&*( &s '&(

h+6 j*)s)c()&' (& h+ (h %h&k s cl+)7 +5+)'s( @&5)+.3' jc()'5 (h+5*7'( f& j*)s)c()&' (h c&*( +5+)' cl+)7 (h+( j*5sH fl)'5 &fs97+(h9 j*s()c +' f+)'ss sh&*l '&( 5&6' (h) s()c( ((*+l)'((+()&' &f (h %&'s()(*()&'.%. M+sh+ll )' +l)'5 -)(h (h %h&kN+()&'Hs b)ll 5(s h*'5 * &' + j*)s)c()&'+l *s()&' (& +6&) (h s*bs(+'()6l5+l *s()&' (& s&7 ('(.D $c&(( ?28OE 22 9+s bf& (h 24(h7'7'(]K+c(s" $c&(( ?+ sl+6 c&ss s(+( l)'s )'(& + f s(+( +' +sk(h c&*( (& +ff)7 h)s f&7.3ss*" %+' + c&l&* s&' b + c)()A' &f (h.$.:=l" N& ?M+sh+llQ(h)cs +' l+- + s++( +' c&*(s sh&*l '&( *l &'(h j*s()c &f (h l+-. h %&*( '5+5s )' s()c( ((*+l )'((+()&' &f (h%&'s()(*()&' b+s &' (h f+7sH )'('(.$l+6s + '&( c)()A's +' h'c c+'H(h+6 )5h(s ?)'cl*)'5 s(+')'5 *' (h %&'s()(*()&'. =+6)'5 +ll (h )5h(s &f+ c)()A' &f (h .$. &s '&( 7+k 9&* + c)()A' &f (h .$. h f+c( (h+( s&7

s(+(s 5+'( f*ll )5h(s (& Bl+ck &l &s '&( 7+k (h7 c)()A's &f (h .$.D)ss'( ?Mc,+' 3' (h +5*7'( )( -+s s+) (h+( + c&l& c)()A' -&*l '&( b+' +5+bl 77b &f s&c)(9. h)s )s 7& + 7+(( &f (+s( (h+' &f l+-. $6+l&f (h $(+(s h+6 +7)(( s&'s &f c&l& (& (h )5h( &f s*ff+5 +' )' (h)s6)- h+6 c&5')A (h7 +s c)()A's; +' (h)s h+s b' &' )' (h sl+6 +s -ll+s (h f $(+(s. h &'l9 c&''c()&' -h)ch (h K+l @&6'7'( h&ls -)(hsl+6s )' + $(+( +)ss f&7 (h+( &6)s)&' &f (h %&'s()(*()&' -h)ch cl+s(h+( N& s&' hl (& s6)c & l+b& )' &' $(+( *' (h l+-s (h&fsc+)'5 )'(& +'&(h sh+ll )' c&'s*'c &f +'9 l+- & 5*l+()&' (h)' b)sch+5 f&7 s*ch s6)c & l+b& b*( sh+ll b l)6 * &' cl+)7 &f (h+(9 (& -h&7 s*ch s6)c & l+b& 7+9 b *.H +7s M+)s&' ...-+s s&l)c)(&*s (&


5/1906


6/1906

7*ch (& cl* -h)( s&'s f&7 +)l&+ c+s &cc*) b9 bl+cks +s (& cl*c&l& &l f&7 c&+chs &cc*) b9 & +ss)5' (& -h)( s&'s. h (h)'5 (&+cc&7l)sh -+s *' (h 5*)s &f 5)6)'5 *+l +cc&77&+()&' f& -h)(s +'bl+cks (& c&7l (h l+(( (& k (& (h7sl6s -h)l (+6l)'5 )' +)l&++ss'5 c&+chs.3f + -h)( 7+' +' + bl+ck 7+' ch&&s (& &cc*9 (h s+7 *bl)cc&'69+'c &' + *bl)c h)5h-+9 )( )s (h) )5h( (& & s& +' '& 5&6'7'(&c)'5 +l&' &' 5&*'s &f +c c+' 6'( )( -)(h&*( )'f)'5)'5 (h s&'+ll)b(9 &f +ch.$)(9 7)ll)&'s &f -h)(s + )' '& +'5 f&7 (h s'c h &f

)5h( 7)ll)&'s &f bl+cks. h s()')s &f (h (-& +cs )' (h)s c&*'(9 +)')ss&l*bl9 l)'k (&5(h +' (h )'(s(s &f b&(h *) (h+( (h c&77&'5&6'7'( &f +ll sh+ll '&( 7)( (h ss &f +c h+( (& b l+'( *' (hs+'c()&' &f l+-. h+( c+' 7& c(+)'l9 +&*s +c h+( -h+( 7& c(+)'l9c+( +' (*+( + fl)'5 &f )s(*s( b(-' (hs +cs (h+' s(+('+c(7'(s -h)ch )' f+c( &c &' (h 5&*' (h+( c&l& c)()A's + s&)'f)& +' 5+ (h+( (h9 c+''&( b +ll&- (& s)( )' *bl)c c&+chs &cc*)b9 -h)( c)()A's. h+( +s +ll -)ll +7)( )s (h +l 7+')'5 &f s*ch l5)sl+()&'+s -+s '+c( )' ,&*)s)+'+.h s(+(*( &f ,&*)s)+'+ )s )'c&'s)s('( -)(h (hs&'+l l)b(9 &f c)()A's -h)( +' bl+ck )' (h+( $(+( +' h&s()l (& b&(h(h s))( +' l(( &f (h %&'s()(*()&' &f (h ')( $(+(s.P&(c()&' &f,)b(9 -)(h D* P&css ?24(h 7'7'(" f&7 (h ,&ch' Q+ (& $*bs(+'()6Q*+l)(9&*' (h 2G00s (h $ c&*(s b5+' (& *s * &css (& ch+ll'5 s(+(+' f+l c&'&7)c 5*l+()&'s. h)s + )s '&- s' +s 7&'s(+()'5"h -&'5(9 &f j*)c)+l +c()6)s7 bc+*s )( -+s b+s &' j*))c+l +bs(+c()&' )6&cf&7 s&c)+l +' c&'&7)c +l)()s &f (h +. h)s 5+6 )s (& (h )ss* &ff&7+l 6. s*bs(+'()6 *+l)(9.h 7)5h( b ('s)&' b(-' f&7 +' *+l)(9-h' +' )'c+s &f f&7 ?.5. f&7 &f c&'(+c( c+ss *+l)(9 ?.5.*+l)(9 &f b+5+)')'5 &-. ,+ck &f j*)c)+l f'c (& (h ,5)sl+(* -h)chl+ (& (h +l)c+()&' &f s()c( sc*()'9 +(h (h+' 7)')7*7 +()&'+l)(9 (&c&'&7)c 5*l+()&'s.' +'s)6 f)')()&' &f l)b(9 )' (h 24(h 7'7'(-h)ch +s )' 6+l*s '&( l)c)(l9 '('ch )' (h %&'s()(*()&' ?).. )ss*sb9&' sl+69. ll59 6. ,&*)s)+'+ ?28GE %)( )' ,&ch'],)b(9 7+'s '&(&'l9 (h )5h( &f (h c)()A' (& b f f&7 (h 7 h9s)c+l s(+)'(s &f h)ss&' +s b9 )'c+c+()&' b*( (7s 7b+cs (h )5h( &f (h c)()A' (& b f)' (h 'j&97'( &f h)s f+c)l)()s (& b f (& *s (h7 )' + l+-f*l -+9 (& l)6+' -&k -h h -)ll (& +ch h)s l)6l)h&& +' f& (h+( *&s (& '( )'(&

+ll c&'(+c(s -h)ch 7+9 b &(9 'css+9 +' ss'()+l (& h)s c+9)'5 &*(h)s l)f. 3' &(h -&s l)b(9 )' (h 24(h +7'7'( )'cl*s f&7 &f c&'(+c(.,&ch' 6. N- !&k ?2G0O $%C$K+c(s" $(+( l5)sl+()&' l)7)( (h-&k)'5 h&*s &f b+ks (& 20 h&*s + +9.3ss*" D&s (h l+- )'f)'5 &' (h24(h 7'7'(: =l" !s,&ch' 6. N- !&kPckh+7 ?7+j&)(9h )s '& l+b&)ss*. B+ks + +*(&'&7&*s s&'s -)(h *+l b+5+)')'5 &-;h )s '&h+l(h c&'c'. Q6)'c *s b9 (h )ss'( ) '&( -)(hs(+' (h sc*()'9 &f (h7+j&)(9.h f&7 (& 7+k +' 7l&97'( c&'(+c( +' (h )5h( (& *ch+s +'sll l+b&* + &(c( b9 (h 24(h +7'7'(.h + c(+)' &-s )' (hs&6)5'(9 &f +ch s(+( )' (h ')&' s&7-h+( 6+5*l9 (7 &l)c &-s. h&s &-s b&+l9 s(+( l+( (& (h s+f(9 h+l(h 7&+ls +' 5'+l-lf+ &f (h *bl)c.s +( &f )(s &l)c &-s (h s(+( h+s &- (& 6'((h )')6)*+l f&7 7+k)'5 c(+)' k)'s &f c&'(+c(s +' (h&s c&'(+c(s c+''&(

b 'f&c *' (h K+l %&'s()(*()&'.P&l)c &-s + l)7)(; &(h-)s (h24(h 7'7'( -&*l h+6 '& ff)c+c9 (h l5)sl+(*s &f (h s(+(s -&*l h+6*'b&*' &- +' )( -&*l b '&*5h (& s+9 (h+( +'9 )c &f l5)sl+()&' -+s'+c( (& c&'s6 (h 7&+ls (h h+l(h & (h s+f(9 &f (h &l.D)s()'5*)sh" 3' =&l' 6. =+9 + (+h l+- l)7)( (h 7l&97'( &f -&k7' )'+ll *'5&*' 7)'s & -&k)'5s (& )5h( h&*s +9 c( )' c+ss &f75'c9 -h l)f & &(9 )s )' )77)''( +'5. 3( +ls& l)7)( (h h&*s&f l+b& )' s7l()'5 +' &(h )'s()(*()&'s f& (h *c()&' & f)')'5 &f &s& 7(+ls (& )5h( h&*s +9 c( )' l)k c+ss &f 75'c9. h +c( -+shl (& b + 6+l) c)s &f (h &l)c &-s &f (h s(+(.3( -+s hl (h+( (hk)' &f 7l&97'( 7)')'5 s7l()'5 (c. +' (h ch++c( &f (h 7l&9s )'


7/1906

s*ch k)'s &f l+b& - s*ch +s (& 7+k )( +s&'+bl +' & f& (h s(+( (&)'(f (& 6'( (h 7l&9s f&7 b)'5 c&'s(+)' b9 (h *ls l+) &-' b9(h &)(&s )' 5+ (& l+b&. h l+- )' *s()&' )s c&'f)' (& (h&(c()&' &f (h+( cl+ss &f &l '5+5 )' l+b& )' *'5&*' 7)'s +' )'s7l(s +' &(h -&ks -h)' &s + *c +' f)'. h)s l+- +l)s&'l9 (& (h cl+sss s*bjc( b9 (h) 7l&97'( (& (h c*l)+ c&')()&'s +'ffc(s +((')'5 *'5&*' 7)')'5 +' -&k )' s7l(s +' &(h -&ks f& (h*c()&' +' f)')'5 &f &s. hf& )( )s '&( 'css+9 (& )sc*ss & c)

-h(h (h l5)sl+(* c+' f) (h h&*s &f l+b& )' &(h 7l&97'(s.h (+hs(+(*( &6) f& c+ss &f 75'c9 b*( (h N- !&k s(+(*( h+s '& 75'c9cl+*s. 3f (h s(+(*( )s 6+l) (h + '& c)c*7s(+'cs +' '& 75'c)s*' -h)ch (h sl)5h(s( 6)&l+()&' &f (h &6)s)&'s &f (h +c( -&*l b)''&c'(. h *s()&' +)ss" 3s (h)s + f+) +s&'+bl +' +&)+(c)s &f (h &l)c &- &f (h s(+( & )s )( +' *'+s&'+bl *''css+9+' +b)(+9 )'(f'c -)(h (h )5h( &f (h )')6)*+l (& h)s s&'+ll)b(9 & (& '( )'(& (h&s c&'(+c(s )' l+()&' (& l+b& -h)ch 7+9 s7 (&h)7 +&)+( & 'css+9 f& (h s*&( &f h)7slf +' h)s f+7)l9: h )s'& +s&'+bl 5&*' f& )'(f)'5 -)(h (h l)b(9 &f s&' & (h )5h( &ff c&'(+c( b9 (7)')'5 (h h&*s &f l+b& )' (h &cc*+()&' &f + b+k.h )s '& c&'('()&' (h+( b+ks +s + cl+ss + '&( *+l )' )'(ll)5'c +'c++c)(9 (& 7' )' &(h (+s & 7+'*+l &cc*+()&'s & (h+( (h9 + '&( +bl (&+ss( (h) )5h(s +' c+ f& (h7sl6s -)(h&*( (h &(c()'5 +7 &f (hs(+( )'(f)'5 -)(h (h) )'''c &f j*57'( +' &f +c()&'. h9 + )''& s's -+s &f (h s(+(. h l+- &s'H( +ffc( *bl)c s+f(9 bc+*s (h*+l)(9 &f b+ )s'H( +ffc( b9 (h h&*s -&k.3( 7)5h( b s+fl9 +ff)7(h+( +l7&s( +ll &cc*+()&'s 7& & lss +ffc( (h h+l(h. h 7*s( b 7& (h+'(h 7 f+c( &f (h &ss)bl )s('c &f s&7 s7+ll +7&*'( &f *'h+l(h)'ss (&-++'( l5)sl+()6 )'(f'c -)(h l)b(9.,&ch' 6. N- !&k=&l7s .?)ss'()'5h)s c+s )s c) *&' +' c&'&7)c (h&9 -h)ch + l+5 +( &f (hc&*'(9 &s '&( '((+)'. ] M9 +57'( & )s+57'( h+s '&(h)'5 (& & -)(h(h )5h( &f + 7+j&)(9 (& 7b&9 (h) &)')&'s )' l+-. %&'s()(*()&' )s '&()'(' (& 7b&9 + +()c*l+ c&'&7)c (h&9 -h(h &f +('+l)s7 +' (h&5+')c l+()&' &f (h c)()A' (& (h s(+( & &f l+)ssA f+). 3( )s 7+ f&&l &f f*'+7'(+ll9 )ff)'5 6)-s +' (h +cc)'( &f &* f)')'5 c(+)'&)')&'s '+(*+l +' f+7)l)+ & '&6l +' 6' sh&ck)'5 &*5h( '&( (& c&'cl*

&* j*57'( *&' (h *s()&' -h(h s(+(*(s 7b&9)'5 (h7 c&'fl)c( -)(h (h%&'s()(*()&' &f (h ')( $(+(s.@'+l &&s)()&'s & '&( c) c&'c(c+ss. h c)s)&' -)ll ' &' + j*57'( & )'(*)()&' 7& s*b(l (h+' +'9+()c*l+( 7+j& 7)s. 3 (h)'k (h+( (h -& l)b(9 )' (h 24(h 7'7'( )s 6( -h' )( )s hl (& 6'( (h '+(*+l &*(c&7 &f + &7)'+'( &)')&'*'lss )( c+' b s+) (h+( + +()&'+l +' f+) 7+' 'css+)l9 -&*l +7)( (h+( (hs(+(*( &&s -&*l )'f)'5 f*'+7'(+l )'c)ls +s (h9 h+6 b' *'s(&&b9 (h (+)()&'s &f &* &l +' &* l+-.=+l+' . ?)ss'()'5 -)(h h)( +'D+9 .3' ll59 6. ,&*)s)+'+ )( -+s c&'c (h+( (h )5h( (& c&'(+c( )'l+()&' (& s&'s +' &(9 & (& & b*s)'ss -)(h)' + s(+( 7+9 b5*l+( +' s&7()7s &h)b)( -h' (h c&'(+c(s & b*s)'ss c&'fl)c( -)(h(h &l)c9 &f (h s(+( +s c&'(+)' )' )(s s(+(*(s. h l)b(9 &f c&'(+c( 7+9-)(h)' c(+)' l)7)(s b s*bjc( (& 5*l+()&'s s)5' +' c+lc*l+( (&

&7&( (h 5'+l -lf+ & (& 5*+ (h *bl)c h+l(h (h *bl)c 7&+ls &(h *bl)c s+f(9.h *l )s *')6s+l (h+( + l5)sl+()6 '+c(7'( K+l &s(+( )s '6 (& b )s5+ & hl )'6+l) *'lss )( b b9&' *s()&'l+)'l9 +' +l+bl9 )' css &f l5)sl+()6 &-. ?+c&bs&' 6. M+ss+ch*s((s3(7+9 b (h+( (h s(+(*( h+ )(s &)5)' )' +( )' (h bl)f (h+( 7l&9s +'7l&9s )' s*ch s(+bl)sh7'(s - '&( *&' +' *+l f&&()'5 +' (h+( (h'css)()s &f (h l+(( &f(' c&7ll (h7 (& s*b7)( (& s*ch +c()&'s +s*'*l9 (+ (h) s('5(h. h s(+(*( 7*s( b (+k' +s ss)'5 (h bl)f&f (h &l &f N- !&k (h+( +s + 5'+l *l +' )' (h c+s &f (h +6+57+' l+b& )' css &f s)(9 h&*s *)'5 + -k )' s*ch s(+bl)sh7'(s 7+9'+'5 (h h+l(h &f (h&s -h& (h*s l+b&. h(h & '&( (h)s b -)s


8/1906

l5)sl+()&' )( )s '&( (h &6)'c &f (h c&*( (& )'*). ' &* s9s(7s &f5&6'7'( (h c&*(s + '&( c&'c' -)(h (h -)s&7 & &l)c9 &f l5)sl+()&'.h s(+(*( h+s + c&''c()&' (& *bl)c h+l(h +' s+f(9 +' (h l5)sl+(&s h+6l+)' (h l)'k b(-' 7+'s +' '. h)s c&*( -)ll (+'sc' )(s f*'c()&'s)f )( +ss*7s (& +''*l (h s(+(*( &f N- !&k. 3( )s '&*5h f& (h (7)'+()&'&f (h)s c+s +' )( )s '&*5h f& (h)s c&*( (& k'&- (h+( (h *s()&' )s &'+b&*( -h)ch (h )s &&7 f& b+( +' f& +' h&'s( )ff'c &f &)')&'. h+ 7+'9 +s&'s &f + -)5h(9 s*bs(+'()+l ch++c( b+s *&' (h )'c &f

7+'k)' )' s*&( &f (h (h&9 (h+( +ll (h)'5s c&'s) 7& (h+' (' h&*sHs(+9 -&k +ch +9 f&7 -k (& -k )' + b+k9 & c&'fc()&'9s(+bl)sh7'( 7+9 '+'5 (h h+l(h +' sh&(' (h l)6s &f (h -&k7'(hb9 )7)')sh)'5 (h) h9s)c+l +' 7'(+l c++c)(9 (& s6 (h s(+( +' (&&6) f& (h&s ''( *&' (h7. + '&( (& s*7 (h+( (h s(+( &f N-!&k h+s +c( )' b+ f+)(h. N& c+' - +ss*7 (h+( )(s l5)sl+(* +c( -)(h&*(* l)b+()&' & (h+( )( ) '&( (7)' (h)s *s()&' *&' (h f*lls(+((+)'+bl )'f&7+()&' +' f& (h c&77&' 5&&. c+''&( s+9 (h+( (h s(+( h+s+c( -)(h&*( +s&' '& &*5h( - (& &c *&' (h (h&9 (h+( )(s +c()&' )s +7 sh+7. C* *(9 3 s*b7)( )s (& s*s(+)' (h s(+(*( +s '&( b)'5 )' c&'fl)c(-)(h (h K+l %&'s()(*()&'.%&77'(sh )+ h )s f&7+l *+l)(9 (h+(7l&9s +' 7l&9s h+6 +' *+l f&7 (& c&'(+c(. ?h)s )s +bs(+c( &*(&f (h +c(*+l s&c)+l c&'(( -h)' 7l&9s h+6 7*ch lss b+5+)')'5 &-.h7+j&)(9 s 6)- )s 7)s &' + cl+ss)c l)b+l c&'c()&' &f + )ch&(&79 b(-'

(h *bl)c +' (h )6+( shs -h)' (h )6+( sh )s f +' +'9 l)7)(+()&' b9 (h s(+( )s 'c&+ch7'( *&' l)b(9. ).. K&7 )s f&7 f&7 s(+( )'(6'()&'.=&l7s ) '&( s +'9 6)&l+()&' &f + )5h( -h)l =+l+'f)'s (h+( (h )s + )5h( b)'5 6)&l+( b*( (h+( (h 6)&l+()&' )s j*s()f) f&(h &(c()&' &f (h h9s)c+l -llJb)'5 &f b+ks. =+l+' fs 7& l)c)(l9(& l5)sl+(&s +()c*l+l9 s(+( l5)sl+(&s.Q6' (h&*5h ,&ch' )s l+5l9*)+( (h s(*c(* &f +5*7'( )s 7+k+bl9 7&'" (h c&*( s(s &*( (h'+(* &f (h )5h( (h' (h l)7)(+()&'s.R+s&'+bl l)7)(+()&'s c&'(7l+()'cl* h+l(h s+f(9 7&+ls +' 5'+l -lf+.%)()c)s7 K&7 &f c&'(+c( +s )( )s sc)b b9 (h 7+j&)(9 )s + f)c()&'. &ks + '&( f )' (h s's (h+( (h 7+j&)(9 s7s (& s*55s(.$&7 +5* (h+( (h c&*( sh&*l h+6l)7)( )(slf (& &c*+l )ss*s ).. l)7)( (h) +'+l9s)s (& -h(h (h5&6'7'( 7l&9 * &css )' l)7)()'5 (h )5h(.3's()(*()&'+l c)()c)s7" h

c&*( sh&*l h+6 f (& (h l5)sl+(*. h c&*( )'*l5 )' j*)c)+l+c()6)s7 -h' (h9 sh&*l h+6 5)6' (h l5)sl+(* s&7 l-+9 (& b+l+'c f&7&f c&'(+c( +5+)'s( &(h s&c)+l c&'c's l)k f+)'ss. h)s +5*7'( )s *s b9=&l7s )' h)s )ss'(.h c&*( 7l&9 7ch+')c+l j*)s*'c +' j*)c)+l+bs(+c()&'. h c&*( h+s + 79(h)c+l )7+5 &f +' +*(&'&7&*s +' *+l 7l&9.h)s f&7+l *+l)(9 sc()6 -+s &*( &f s9'c -)(h (h s&c)+l +' c&'&7)c+l)()s &f (h +9. ,5+l f&7+l)s7 )s &*( &f (&*ch. h c&*( (+ks +' +'s)6 6)- &f l)b(9 +' &(9 -h)ch )'cl*s 6+l*s '&( l)c)(l9s(+( )' (h %&'s()(*()&'.B )f - +cc( (h)s c)()c)s7 )( )s h+ (& *sl)b(9 f& (h &(c()&' &f '&'Jc&'&7)c )5h(s s*ch +s c)6)l l)b()s+b&()&'s (c.'j*s()f) s()c( sc*()'9" (h 7+j&)(9 c&'fs +' sc)+ll9h)5h 6+l* &' l)b(9 &f c&'(+c( -)(h&*( +*+( j*s()f)c+()&' f& (h)s s()c(sc*()'9.3's(+ c)()cs +5* (h+( - sh&*l +cc( + 7 +()&'+l)(9 s(+'+

?s)7l9 sh&- + +()&'+l c&''c()&' b(-' (h 's +' 7+'s. $()c( sc*()'9sh&*l b *s -h (h )5h(s + f*'+7'(+l.h (+( &f (h 7&' c&*(sf&7 )'(6'()&')s7 )' (h c&'&7)c ++ (+ks (h f&7 &f (7l9 f'()+lsc*()'9 *s)'5 + s(+'+ &f 7)')7*7 +()&'+l)(9 +' '&( 6)+ + sh)'k)'5 &f7+')'5 &f l)b(9.=&l7sH )ss'( bc&7s (h )5')'5 &)')&' +f( (h ,&ch'+ c&7s (& +' '.*sh'( &' (h Dl)'+()&' &f R)5h(sh h+s b' + sh)f( f&7(h cl+ss)c+l l)b+l c&'c()&' &f )5h(s ?f&c*s &' &(9 +' c&'(+c( (& +7&' l)b+l)s7 ?f&c*s &' )')6)*+l +*(&'&79.,&&k +( (h )'(l+9 b(-')5h(s cl+)7s +' s&c)+l 7&67'(s.. 2G0" h + c)6)l )5h(s &l)()c+l )5h(s+' s&c)+l )5h(s.M*ll 6. C5&' ?2G08K+c(s" l+- l)7)(s -&7'Hs -&k h&*s )'f+c(&)s +' l+*'9 f+c)l)()s (& 20 h&*s +9. h 7l&9 ch+ll'5 (h


9/1906

s(+(*( l9)'5 &' ,&ch'. &7+'Hs h9s)c+l s(*c(* +' (h f&7+'c&f 7+('+l f*'c()&'s l+c h +( + )s+6+'(+5 )' (h s(*55l f& s*bs)s('c. ] s h+l(h9 7&(hs + ss'()+l (& 6)5&&*s &ffs)'5 (h h9s)c+l -llJb)'5&f -&7' bc&7s +' &bjc( &f *bl)c )'(s( +' c+ )' & (& s6 (hs('5(h +' 6)5& &f (h +c. &7+' h+s +l-+9s b' ''( *&' 7+'. $h h+s b' l&&k *&' )' (h c&*(s +s ')'5 sc)+l c+ (h+( h )5h(s 7+9 bs6... &7' - ') &l)()c+l *+l)(9 +( (h ()7 )' C5+' (h&*5h (h')+l &f (h 6&(.h c&*( *hl l+- l)7)()'5 -&k h&*s f& f7+ls.k)'s 6.

%h)l'Hs =&s)(+l ?2G1I$*77+9" 7)')7*7 -+5 l+- f& -&7' )s s(*ck &-'bc+*s )( 6)&l+( * &css" l)b(9 &f c&'(+c( c&*l '&( bs*bjc( (& 5+( s()c()&' )' (h c+s &f -&7' (h+' &f 7'.$*(hl+' .?7+j&)(9&7'Hs s&c)+l )'f)&)(9 h+s b' )7)')sh)'5 &6 ()7 +' -&7' ++c()c+ll9 *+l '&-. h c)6)l )'f)&)(9 &f -&7' )s + 6+')sh)'5 &)'(h+((h )5h( (& c&'(+c( +b&*( &'Hs +ff+)s )s+ +( &f (h l)b(9 &f (h )')6)*+l &(c( b9 (h)s cl+*s )s s((l b9 (hc)s)&'s &f (h)s c&*( +' )s '& l&'5 &' (& *s()&'. ,&ch' 6. N- !&k.@'+ll9 s+k)'5 (h +()s h+6 +' *+l )5h( (& &b(+)' f&7 +ch &(h (hbs( (7s (h9 c+' +s (h s*l( &f )6+( b+5+)')'5.h l)b(9 &f (h)')6)*+l (& & +s h l+ss 6' )' )''&c'( 7+((s )s '&( +bs&l*(. 3( 7*s(f*'(l9 9)l (& (h c&77&' 5&& +' (h l)' b9&' -h)ch (h &- &f)'(f'c 7+9 '&( b ss )s ')(h f)')( '& *'+l(+bl b*( 7+9 b7+ (& 7&6 -)(h)' l)7)(s '&( -ll f)' -)(h ch+'5)'5 ' +' c)c*7s(+'c.N&(s" ?&7' h+6 (h 6&( +( (h)s &)'(.D7)s &f (h ,&ch' Q+ N+&-)'5 (h $c& &f (h 24(h 7'7'(B5)'')'5 +&*' 2GI0 -)(h (h @+(Dss)&' c&*(s b5+' (& (+( f&7 j*)c)+l +c()6)s7 (&-+ (7l9f'c sc*()'9 &f 7)')7*7 +()&'+l)(9 s(+'+ )' (s()'5 -h(h +ll5)'f)'57'(s &f c&'&7)c l)b()s - j*s()f)+bl.h fs )7l7'( (h N-D+l +' + c'(+l)A f+l 5&6'7'( bc+7 (h )6)'5 f&c bh)' (hc&'&79.h)l -)(h+-)'5 f&7 c+f*l sc*()'9 )' 7&s( c&'&7)c ++s c&*(s +ls&)'c+s )'(6'()&' 5+)'5 + +'5 &f '&'Jc&'&7)c s&'+l )'(s( '&(l)c)(l9 &(c( b9 (h %&'s()(*()&'.Nbb)+ 6. N- !&k ?2GI4K+c(s"

%&'5ss +ss + l+- s(+bl)sh)'5 + 7)')7*7 )c &f 7)lk (& 's* (h+( (hc&s( &f &*c()&' )s c&6.3ss*" D&s (h l5)sl+()&' )'f)'5 *&' (hf&7s &(c( *' (h 24(h 7'7'(: =l" N&h %&*(s 7*s( f (&%&'5ss &6) (h )s + +s&'+bl l+()&' b(-' (h l5)sl+()&' +' )(s

& l5)sl+()6 *&ss.P&(9 +' c&'(+c( )5h(s + '&( +bs&l*(;Nbb)+ 6.N- !&k s(+( )s f (& +&( -h+(6 c&'&7)c &l)c9 7+9 +s&'+bl b 7(& &7&( *bl)c -lf+.. Q$" h c&*(s h+6 '& +*(h&)(9 (& &6) (h l+-)f (h )s + +s&'+bl l+()&' b(-' (h l+- +' )(s & l5)sl+()6*&ss. 3f (h l+- )s ')(h +b)(+9 '&( )sc)7)'+(&9 (h *)7'(s &f* &css + s+()sf).s( %&+s( =&(l 6. P+)sh ?2GIE$*77+9" 7)')7*7-+5 l+- f& -&7' )s f&*' (& '&( 6)&l+( (h 24(h 7'7'(.=*5hs . ?7+j&)(9h c&*( c&5')As (h )7b+l+'c &f &- +' )'(s(s b(-' (h f7+l-&ks +' (h) 7l&9s +' (h +c()c+l c&'s(+)'(s &' l+b&*s ?f+7 5'J'*(+ll9.h f+c( (h+( (h +()s + &f +5 +' c++bl &f c&'(+c()'5&s '&( 6'( (h s(+( f&7 )'s()(*()'5 &(c()6 l+-s -h )'*+l)(9 )s(sb(-' c&'(+c()'5 +()s. h %&'s()(*()&' &s '&( s+k &f f&7 &fc&'(+c(. 3( s+ks &f l)b(9 +' &h)b)(s (h )6+()&' &f l)b(9 -)(h&*( *

&css &f l+-. 3' &h)b)()'5 (h+( )6+()&' (h %&'s()(*()&' &s '&(c&5')A +' +bs&l*( +' *'c&'(&ll+bl l)b(9. ,)b(9 )' +ch &f )(s h+ss h+s)(s h)s(&9 +' c&''&(+()&'. B*( (h l)b(9 s+f5*+ )s l)b(9 )' + s&c)+l&5+')A+()&' -h)ch *)s (h &(c()&' &f l+- +5+)'s( (h 6)ls -h)ch 7'+c(h h+l(h s+f(9 7&+ls +' -lf+ &f (h &l. P&)(&s &f (hss(+bl)sh7'(s +' (h) &+()6s & '&( s(+' *&' +' *+l)(9 +' (h))'(s(s + (& + c(+)' ('( c&'fl)c()'5. h f&7 '+(*+ll9 s) (&&b(+)' +s 7*ch l+b& +s &ss)bl f&7 (h) 7l&9s -h)l (h l+(( + &f(')'*c b9 (h f+ &f )sch+5 (& c&'f&7 (& 5*l+()&'s -h)ch (h) j*57'(f+)l9 c)s -&*l &'&*'c (& b ()7'(+l (& (h) h+l(h & s('5(h. 3'&(h -&s (h &)(&s l+9 &-' (h *ls +' (h l+b&s + +c()c+ll9


10/1906

c&'s(+)' (& &b9 (h7. 3' s*ch c+ss slfJ)'(s( )s &f(' +' *'s+f 5*) +'(h l5)sl+(* 7+9 &l9 )'(&s )(s +*(h&)(9. h ,5)sl+(* &f (h s(+(-+s cl+l9 '()(l (& c&'s) (h s)(*+()&' &f -&7' )' 7l&97'( (h f+c((h+( (h9 + )' (h cl+ss c)6)'5 (h l+s( +9 (h+( (h) b+5+)')'5 &- )sl+()6l9 -+k +' (h+( (h9 + (h +9 6)c()7s &f (h&s -h& -&*l (+k+6+'(+5 &f (h) 'css)(&*s c)c*7s(+'cs.,5)sl+()6 s&'s (& (h+(c&'6)c()&' c+''&( b 5+ +s +b)(+9 & c+)c)&*s +' (h+( )s +ll - h+6 (&c). Q6' )f (h -)s&7 &f (h &l)c9 b 5+ +s b+(+bl +' )(s ffc(s

*'c(+)' s()ll (h ,5)sl+(* )s '()(l (& )(s j*57'(. h)s )s + 7)')7*7+()&'+l)(9 s(+'+.,5)sl+()6 s&'s c+''&( b 5+ +s +b)(+9 +' (h+( )s +ll - h+6 (& c). h )s + c&7ll)'5 c&'s)+()&' -h)ch c'(c&'&7)c )'c h+s b&*5h( )'(& l)5h( (h l&)(+()&' &f + cl+ss &f -&k-)(h *'*+l b+5+)')'5 &-.h l&)(+()&' &f + cl+ss &f -&ks -h& + )' +'*'*+l &s)()&' -)(h sc( (& b+5+)')'5 &- +' + (h*s l+()6l9f'slss +5+)'s( (h ')+l &f + l)6)'5 -+5 )s '&( &'l9 ()7'(+l (& (h)h+l(h +' -ll b)'5 b*( c+s(s + )c( b*' f& (h) s*&( *&' (hc&77*')(9. h+( (hs -&ks l&s )' -+5s (h (++9s + c+ll *&' (& +9. 7+9 (+k j*)c)+l '&()c &f (h *'++lll 7+'s f& l)f -h)ch +&s*)'5 (h c'( )& &f ss)&' +' s()ll c&'()'* (& +' +l+7)'5 ('(s)( (h 5 &f c&'&7)c c&69.k)'s 6. %h)l'Hs =&s)(+l sh&*l b+' )s &6*l.%&77'(sQ*+l)(9 h )s (+k)'5 &' + s&c)+l '&( b)&l&5)c+l)7's)&'. ?K)'+ll9.K&7+l +bs(+c( *+l)(9 s)s(s b9&' s( %&+s( =&(lb*( +( l+s( - s s&7 +ck'&-l57'( &f +' +l('+()6 +'+l9s)s -h)ch (+kss&c)&Jc&'&7)c c&'(( )'(& +cc&*'( +' *shs f& s*bs(+'()6 *+l)(9.$ 6.%+&l' P&*c(s ?2GI8 '&( +] s(+bl)shs + s*7()&' &f c&'s()(*()&'+l)(9"6' )' (h +bs'c &f 6)'c (h )s('c &f f+c(s s*&()'5 (h l5)sl+()6j*57'( )s (& b s*7.)ll)+7s&' 6. , C()c+l &f Ckl+h&7+ 3'c. ?2GOO$%C$K+c(s" Pl+)'()ff s&*5h( + cl++()&' &f )'6+l))(9 f& +' Ckl+h&7+ l+--h)ch ffc()6l9 6'( &()c)+'s f&7 f)(()'5 l'ss -)(h&*( + sc)()&'.3ss*" D&s (h l+- 6)&l+( (h D* P&css %l+*s: =l" N&D&*5l+s .?7+j&)(9( ()+l (h D)s()c( %&*( hl (h+( )( -+s -)(h)' (h c&7('c &f(h &l)c s(+( (& 5*l+( 9 +7)'+()&'s b*( (h+( 5*l+()'5 -h& c&*l f)(l'ss -+s '&( +s&'+bl9 +' +()&'+ll9 c&''c( (& (h h+l(h +' -lf+ &f (h&l.h Ckl+h&7+ l+- 7+9 +c( + 'lss -+s(f*l *)7'( )' 7+'9 c+ss.B*( )( )s f& (h l5)sl+(* '&( (h c&*(s (& b+l+'c (h +6+'(+5s +'

)s+6+'(+5s &f (h '- *)7'(.h l+- ' '&( b )' 69 sc( l&5)c+ll9c&'s)s('( -)(h )(s +)7s (& b c&'s()(*()&'+l. 3( )s '&*5h (h+( (h )s +' 6)l+( h+' f& c&c()&' +' (h+( )( 7)5h( b (h&*5h( (h+( (h +()c*l+l5)sl+()6 7+s* -+s + +()&'+l -+9 (& c&c( )(. h +9 )s 5&' -h' (h)s%&*( *ss (h D* P&css %l+*s &f (h 24(h 7'7'( (& s()k &-' s(+( l+-s5*l+(&9 &f b*s)'ss +' )'*s()+l c&')()&'s bc+*s (h9 7+9 b *'-)s)7&6)'( & &*( &f h+7&'9 -)(h + +()c*l+ sch&&l &f (h&*5h(. ?Rc+ll s(%&+s( =&(l %&. 6. P+)shh %&77c %l+*s ?s.8K&7 2GIE (h %&*( h+ sh&-'5+( f'c (& c&'5ss)&'+l +c()&' *' (h %&77c P&-. Q.5. )ck+s(+bl)sh + c'( f& b&+ j*)c)+l f'c +ll&-)'5 (h fs (& 5*l+(h&- 7*ch 5+)' + f+7 c+' 5&-. h c+s *s +' +555+( ffc( (s( (& s+9(h+( )f +ll f+7s 5&- +b&6 (h l)7)( )( -)ll )6 (h )c &f -h+( &-'.h%&77c %l+*s -+s *s b9 (h fs (& j*s()f9 c)6)l l)b()s l5)sl+()&'. .5.

=+( (l+'(+ =&(l" + f+l l+- &h)b)()'5 )sc)7)'+()&' +5+)'s( bl+ck &lb9 h&(ls -+s j*s()f) *' (h %&77c %l+*s3' ,&A +' M&)s&' (h7+j&)(9 )')c(l9 jc( (h +555+( ffc( (s( b9 s+9)'5 (h+( (h +555+(ffc( +l&' )s '&( '&*5h (& j*s()f9 l5)sl+()&'.BRQK" s)'5 (h b&+)'(()6 +&+ch (& )7l) &-s +&( b9 Mc%*ll&ch )( c+' b s+) (h+((h c&77c &- 'c&7+sss f+l 5*l+()&' &f l&c+l +c()6)(9 -h' s*ch5*l+()&' )s +s&'+bl9 +&)+( (& (h ffc()6 5*l+()&' &f )'(s(+(c&77c. $*ch &- h&-6 )s '&( +bs&l*(.R5*l+()&' &f l&c+l +c()6)(9 )s6+l) *' (h %&77c %l+*s )f )( s+()sf)s (h ,&A/M&)s&' (s("h5*l+( +c()6)(9 7*s( f+ll -)(h)' &' &f (h c+(5&)s &f +c()6)()s"ch+''ls&f )'(s(+( c&77c)'s(*7'(+l)()s &f )'(s(+(+c()6)(9 (h+( h+s s*bs(+'()+l


11/1906

ffc( &' )'(s(+( c&77ch +c()6)(9 -h)ch )' +555+( h+s s*bs(+'()+lffc( &' 3% 7*s( &f c&'&7)c '+(*. h &ff's)6 c&'*c( 7*s( b )c( +()'s(*7'(+l)()s ch+''ls & 5&&s )'6&l6 )' 3% +s &&s (& h+6)'5 +'+(('*+( )')c( ffc(. N& c&s( &f c)7 +' '+()&'+l &*c()6)(9+5*7'(s -h' +c()6)(9 )s '&( c&'&7)c.h)l %&'5ss h+s '& &bl)5+()&' (& sh&-f+c(*+l &&f &f (h +c()6)(9 s c&''c()&' (& 3% (h )s('c &f s*ch 6)'c-&*l hl (h c&*( (& s(+bl)sh s*ch c&''c()&' -h )( )s '&( &b6)&*s (& +'+k 9. %&77'(sR5*l+()&' &f l&c+l +c()6)(9 )s '&( 6+l) -h' )( )'6+s (h

&6)'c &f s(+( s&6)5'(9 s6 b9 (h 20(h 7'7'( b9 c&77+')'5$(+(s ?+s &&s (& 5)6)'5 )'c'()6 (& '+c( +' 'f&c f+l 5*l+(&9sch7" $ N! 6. $; P)'(A 6. $.h c&*( sh&*l '&( l&&s' )(s j*)c)+l 6)-&f c&'s()(*()&'+l)(9 ?-h)ch )s (h c&*(Hs (+sk M+b*9 s)7l9 bc+*s s(+(sh+6 +()f) K+l l+- ?).. (h)s )s + jc()&' &f c&&+()6 f+l)s7 &bc+*s (h + b*)l(J)' s(+)'(s (h+( &*( s9s(7 &6)s (h&*5h s(+(+()c)+()&' )' f+l 5&6'7'(+l +c()&'.h c)6)l )5h(s c+ss j(()s&' s.O &f(h 24(h 7'7'( +' h+6 '&( 9( b' &6*l.')( $(+(s 6. ,&A ?2GGOK+c(s" %&'5ss 7+ )( + f+l &ff's f& +'9 )')6)*+l (& k'&-)'5l9&ssss + f)+7 +( + l+c (h+( (h )')6)*+l k'&-s & h+s +s&'+bl c+*s (&bl)6 )s + sch&&l A&'.3ss*" 3s (h c( 6+l)*' (h c&77c cl+*s: =l" N&Rh'*)s( %.. ?7+j&)(9 S C %&''& $c+l)+''9 +' h&7+s . h c( ')(h 5*l+(s + c&77c)+l +c()6)(9 '&c&'(+)'s + *)7'( (h+( (h &ssss)&' b c&''c( )' +'9 -+9 (& )'(s(+(c&77c. M+)s&' -&( h &-s l5+( b9 (h &&s %&'s()(*()&' (& (h f+l 5&6'7'( + f- +' f)'. h&s -h)ch + (& 7+)' )' (h $(+(5&6'7'(s + '*7&*s +' )'f)')(. 3' &'s T ,+*5hl)' $(l (h %&*(-+' (h+( (h sc& &f (h )'(s(+( c&77c &- 7+9 '&( b (' s& +s(& 7b+c ffc(s *&' )'(s(+( c&77c s& )')c( +' 7&( (h+( (& 7b+c(h7 -&*l ffc(*+ll9 &bl)(+( (h )s()'c()&' b(-' -h+( )s '+()&'+l +'-h+( )s l&c+l +' c+( + c&7l(l9 c'(+l)A 5&6'7'(. 3' .,.. $chch(P&*l(9 %&. 6. ')( $(+(s (h %&*( s(*ck &-' f+l 5*l+()&'s (h+( f)(h h&*s +' -+5s &f 7l&9s &f )'(+s(+( b*s)'ss bc+*s (h +c()6)(9 b)'55*l+( l+( &'l9 )')c(l9 (& )'(s(+( c&77c. h )c( 6s. )')c('+(* &f (h l+()&'sh) (& )'(s(+( c&77c )s k9.h + (h b&+c+(5&)s &f +c()6)(9 (h+( %&'5ss 7+9 5*l+( *' (h c&77c cl+*s"%&'5ss 7+9 5*l+( (h *s &f (h ch+''ls &f )'(s(+( c&77c.%&'5ss 7+9

5*l+( +' &(c( (h )'s(*7'(+l)()s &f )'(s(+( c&77c & s&'s &(h)'5s )' )'(s(+( c&77c 6' (h&*5h (h (h+( 7+9 c&7 &'l9 f&7 )'(+s(+(+c()6)()s ?.5. (h s(*c()&' &f +' +)c+f( & (hf(s f&7 )'(s(+(sh)7'(s.%&'5ss 7+9 5*l+( (h&s +c()6)()s h+6)'5 + s*bs(+'()+l l+()&' (&)'(s(+( c&77cQ.5. )'(+s(+( c&+l 7)')'5 )'(+s(+( (&()&'+( c)((+'s+c()&'s s(+*+'(s *()l)A)'5 s*bs(+'()+l )'(s(+( s*l)s )''s +'h&(ls c+()'5 (& )'(s(+( 5*s(s (h &*c()&' +' c&'s*7()&' &f h&75&-'-h+( +s )( l+(s (& (h 6&l*7 &f -h+( 7&6)'5 )' )'(s(+( +' f&)5'c&77c (c.h c( h+s '& c&''c()&' (& c&77c & +'9 s&( &f c&'&7)c'()s.%&'5ss 7+9 5*l+( '&'Jc&'&7)c )'(+s(+( +c()6)()s &'l9 -h (hf+)l* (& & s& c&*l ... *'c*( )(s 5*l+()&' &f )'(s(+( c&77c. ?N&( h)s )s )ck * b9 $c+l)+ )' @&'A+ls.5*7'(s jc(" h @&6'7'(+5*s (h+( (h c( +ffc(s )'(s(+( c&77c2 bc+*s )( 7+9 s*l( )' 6)&l'(

c)7 (h c&s( &f -h)ch )s b&' b9 (h &*l+()&'1 bc+*s 6)&l'( c)7 *cs(h -)ll)'5'ss &f )')6)*+ls (& (+6l (& ++s -)(h)' (h c&*'(9 (h+( +c&'s) (& b *'s+f +'')( $(+(s 6. ,&AI bc+*s f)+7s (h+(' (h*c+()&'+l &css -h)ch s*l(s )' + lss &*c()6 c)()A'9 +' '5+()6l9)7+c(s (h '+()&'+l c&'&79.h +b&6 +5*7'(s + jc( bc+*s (h9 l+ckl)7)(s. h9 -&*l 7)( %&'5ss (& 5*l+( '&( &'l9 +ll 6)&l'( c)7 b*(+ll +c()6)()s (h+( 7)5h( l+ (& 6)&l'( c)7 5+lss &f h&- ('*&*sl9 (h9l+( (& )'(s(+( c&77c. *5s 7*s( '&( f&5( (h -)((' (( &f (hc&'s()(*()&'.''9 . ?c&'c*)'5 S C %&''&h (-& lss&'s (& b l+' f&76)-)'5 )& c)s)&'s +b&*( (h c&77c cl+*s + (h+("(h )s )7c)s)&'&f c&'('(Jb+s b&*'+)s )'6&l6 s*ch +s (h )s()'c()&' b(-' c&77c +'


12/1906

7+'*f+c(* ; +'(h+( (h )s +' )77's s(+k )' (h s(+b)l)(9 &f %&77c %l+*s j*)s*'c. h&7+s . ?c&'c*)'5h s*bs(+'()+l ffc(s (s( h+s6)sc+( +'9 '&()&' &f f+l)s7. )(h&*( b&*'+)s l)7)()'5 (h %&77c%l+*s (& (*l9 c&77c)+l +c()6)(9 - 5)6 (h f+l 5&6'7'( + bl+'k chck(& 5*l+( +'9(h)'5 *' (h 5*)s &f (h %&77c %l+*s. $(6's .?)ss'()'5h -lf+ &f (h '+()&' s c&77c -)(h f&)5' '+()&'s +' b(-'s(+(s )s 6)(+ll9 ''( &' (h ch++c( &f (h *c+()&' &f ch)l'.h )'c)l &f s(+ c)s)s *)s j*5s (& b f'()+l. h ,&ch' + )s +

c+*()&'+9 (+l &f -h+( h+'s -h' s*ch f'c +' )'c)l + +b+'&'.h7+j&)(9 )s 5*)l(9 &f c+(5&)c+l f&7+l)s7 )' )s()'5*)sh)'5 c&'&7)c f&7 '&'Jc&'&7)c +c()6)()s.$&*( . ?)ss'()'5h &'l9 )'*)9 sh&*l b -h(h (hl5)sl+()6 j*57'( )s -)(h)' (h +l7 &f +s&'. %&'5ss sh&*l h+6 l'+9&- (& l5)sl+( *' (h %&77c %l+*s +s l&'5 +s (h l+- +sss (h +()&'+lb+s)s (s(. %&*(s sh&*l c)s j*)c)+l f'c. h %&*(Hs *(9 )s (&+ssss (h +()&'+l)(9 '&( s&*''ss &f c&'cl*)'5 (h+( + j*)s)c()&'+l b+s)s)s(s.B9 . ?)ss'()'5V)&l'c )' sch&&ls )'(fs -)(h (h *+l)(9 &f*c+()&' +' *c+()&' )s )'()c+bl9 () (& (h c&'&79. %&'5ss c&*l h+6+()&'+ll9 c&'cl* (h+( (h &ssss)&' &f 5*'s )' sch&&l A&'s )s l+( (&)'(s(+( c&77c. h 7+j&)(9 c&'(+)c(s -ll s((l c'( (h+( h+s7)(( %&'5ss (& 5*l+( '&'c&77c)+l +c()6)(9 +ffc()'5 )'(s(+(c&77c. ')( $(+(s 6. M&)s&' ?1000K+c(s" M&)s&' +' %+-f& -+cc*s &f +)'5 BA&'k+l+ b*( - '&( *')sh. BA&'k+l+ s* (h7 *'

(h f+l V)&l'c 5+)'s( &7' c( -h)ch &6)s f& + c)6)l 79 f&5'J7&()6+( 6)&l'c. h V s(+(s (h+( )( )s '+c( *s*+'( (& s.O &f(h 24(h 7'7'( +' (h %&77c %l+*s ?s.83ss*" D&s %&'5ss h+6 (h+*(h&)(9 (& '+c( (h V: =l" N&')( $(+(s 6. M&)s&'Rh'*)s( .?7+j&)(9 S CH%&''& $c+l)+ ''9 +' h&7+s .C* )'((+()&' &f (h%&77c %l+*s h+s ch+'5 +s &* N+()&' h+s 6l& b*( 69 l+- *hl s&f+ *' (h %&77c %l+*s h+s l+( (& +' c&'&7)c +c()6)(9.h 7*s( b +'c&'&7)c '*s (& j*s()f9 (h l+- *' (h %&77c %l+*s.@'J7&()6+( c)7s &f 6)&l'c + '&( c&'&7)c +c()6)(9.h ()()&'sH +s&')'5 7)5h(*+ll9 +l9 (& f+7)l9 l+- +' &(h ++s &f (+)()&'+l s(+( 5*l+()&' s)'c(h +555+( ffc( &f 7+)+5 )6&c +' ch)l+)'5 &' (h '+()&'+l c&'&79)s s)5')f)c+'(.h 79 (h+( BA&'k+l+ s6s 7*s( b &6) b9 (h s(+(l5)sl+(* '&( %&'5ss.h + +l+9 c)7)'+l +' (&( 7)s f& 5'

6)&l'c +' (hs 7+s*s + *'+'( &l)()c+ll9 7&()6+( +' *''css+9+( (h f+l l6l.h s(+(*( ) )( ss h+7 c+*s b9 (h s(+( +' (h*s&s '&( f+ll -)(h)' (h 24(h 7'7'(.h&7+s . ?c&'c*)'5 h 69 '&()&' &f +s*bs(+'()+l ffc(s (s( *' (h %&77c %l+*s )s )'c&'s)s('( -)(h (h &)5)'+l *'s(+')'5 &f %&'5ssH &-s +' -)(h (h)s %&*(Hs +l9 %&77c%l+*s c+ss. B9 c&'()'*)'5 (& +l9 (h)s &&(lss +' 7+ll+bl s(+'+ h&-6c)c*7sc)b (h %&*( h+s 'c&*+5 (h K+l @&6'7'( (& s)s( )' )(s6)- (h+( (h %&77c %l+*s h+s 6)(*+ll9 '& l)7)(s. '()l (h)s %&*( l+cs)(s )s()'5 %&77c %l+*s j*)s*'c -)(h + s(+'+ 7& c&'s)s('( -)(h (h&)5)'+l *'s(+')'5 - -)ll c&'()'* (& s %&'5ss +&)+()'5 s(+( &l)c&-s *' (h 5*)s &f 5*l+()'5 c&77c. $&*( . ?)ss'()'5 S $(6's@)'sb*5 +' B9 .h 7+j&)(9 )s b+k)'5 -)(h c'( +' '+&-)'5 (hsc& &f (h %&77c %l+*s -)(h&*( 5&*'s.h )'s()(*()&'+l c++c)(9 &f %&'5ss

f& 5+(h)'5 6)'c +' (+k)'5 (s()7&'9 f+ cs (h+( &f (h %&*(. h%&*( sh&*l f (& %&'5ss -h' %&'5ss f)'s (h+( +' +c()6)(9 h+s +s*bs(+'()+l ffc( &' )'(s(+( c&77c +' +l9 (h +()&'+l b+s)s (s(.%&'5ss +ss7bl + 7&*'(+)' &f +(+ 7&'s(+()'5 (h ffc(s &f 6)&l'c +5+)'s( -&7' &' )'(s(+( c&77c *)'5 (h f&* 9+s c)'5 (h +ss+5 &f(h V.%&'5ss f&*' (h+( 6)&l'c +5+)'s( -&7' h+s (h ffc( &f ()'5&('()+l 6)c()7s f&7 (+6l)'5 )'(s(+( f&7 '5+5)'5 )' 7l&97'( )')'(s(+( b*s)'ss +' f&7 (+'s+c()'5 -)(h b*s)'ss +' )' l+cs )'6&l6 )')'(s(+( c&77c ... b9 )7)')sh)'5 '+()&'+l &*c()6)(9 )'c+s)'5 7)c+l+' &(h c&s(s +' c+s)'5 (h s*l9 &f +' (h 7+' f& )'(s(+(&*c(s. h %&'s()(*()&' 5)6s (& %&'5ss (h &l &f -)5h)'5 c&'fl)c()'5


13/1906

6)'c )' (h l5)sl+()6 &css.B9 . ?)ss'()'5 S $(6's $&*( +'@)'sb*5 . h c&'&7)c/'&'Jc&'&7)c )s()'c()&' )s '&( +s9 (& +l9. D&s (h l&c+l s(( c&' 7*55 '5+5 )' c&'&7)c +c()6)(9 & '&'Jc&'&7)c +c()6)(9 -h' h 7*5s f& 7&'9: h l)' )s h+ (& +- -h' 9&* (+k )'(&+cc&*'( (h c()&'s .5. %&'5ss c+' 5*l+( '&'Jc&'&7)c +c()6)(9 (h+( (+ks l+c +( c&'&7)c s(+bl)sh7'(s. h9 sh&*l - 5)6 c)()c+l c&'s()(*()&'+l)7&(+'c (& (h c&'&7)c & '&'c&'&7)c '+(* &f +' )'(s(+(Jc&77cJ+ffc()'5 c+*s: 3f ch7)c+l 7+'+()&'s c+*s )'()c+l s6 c&77c)+l h+7

&*(s) + $(+( -h9 sh&*l )( 7+(( )f l&c+l f+c(&)s & h&7 f)l+cs l+s(h7: ')( $(+(s 6. M&)s&' )ss'(]h l+'5*+5 &f (h %&'s()(*()&' s+9s'&(h)'5 +b&*( )(h (h l&c+l & c&'&7)c '+(* &f +' )'(s(+(Jc&77cJ+ffc()'5 c+*s.h N+()&' )s k')( (&5(h &' s& 7+'9 l6ls (h+( )( +c(*+ll9 &s7+k )( cl&s (& )7&ss)bl f& c&*(s (& 6l& 7+')'5f*l s*bjc(J7+((c+(5&)s (h+( -&*l cl* s&7 k)'s &f l&c+l +c()6)()s f&7 &)'+9 %&77c%l+*s +555+()&' *ls -)(h&*( +( (h s+7 ()7 )6)'5 %&'5ss &f (h &- (& 5*l+( +c()6)()s (h+( h+6 + 5'*)' +' )7&(+'( ffc( *&')'(s(+( c&77c. $)'c j*5s c+''&( ch+'5 (h -&l (h fc( 7+'s (h+( -)(h)' (h b&*'s &f (h +()&'+l %&'5ss '&( (h c&*(s 7*s( 7+)' )7+)l9s&'s)bl f& s()k)'5 (h +&)+( s(+(/f+l b+l+'c. %&77'(shc&''c()&' b(-' )'(s(+( (+ +' (h +)7 +c()6)(9 sh&*l b 7& (h+'+(('*+(.3( )s '&( '&*5h (& sh&- (h +555+( ffc( &' )'(s(+( c&77c.h &ff's)6 c&'*c( 7*s( b )c( +( (h )'s(*7'(+l)()s ch+''ls & 5&&s)'6&l6 )' (h )'(s(+( c&77c. @&'A+ls 6. R)ch ?100OK+c(s" h s(+(Jl6l %&7+ss)&'+(s c( ?+ss b9 &*l+ 6&( +s P&&s)()&' 12O +ll&-s f& (h *s &f

7)c+l 7+)j*+'+ )' c&'(+6'()&' (& (h f+l %&'(&ll $*bs(+'cs c(.3ss*" D&s (h %&'(&ll $*bs(+'cs c( c %&'5ssH &- *' (hc&77c cl+*s +s +l) (& (h )'(+s(+( c*l()6+()&' +' &ssss)&' &f7+)j*+'+ f& 7)c+l *s: =l" N& J (h s(+( c( )s )'6+l).$(6's .?7+j&)(9 S ''9 $&*( @)'sb*5 +' B9 .h %&*(Hs c'( f)7l9s(+bl)sh %&'5ssH c&77c cl+*s &- (& 5*l+( *l9 l&c+l +c()6)()s(h+( + +( &f + cl+ss &f +c()6)()s -)(h + s*bs(+'()+l ffc( &' )'(s(+(c&77c.Rs&''(s & '&( )s*( (h+( +ss+5 &f (h %$ -+s -)(h)' %&'5ssHc&77c &- (h9 +5* (h+( (h %$Hs c+(5&)c+l &h)b)()&' &f (h7+'*f+c(* +' &ssss)&' &f 7+)j*+'+ +s +l) (& (h )'(+s(+( 7+'*f+c(*

+' &ssss)&' &f 7+)j*+'+ f& 7)c+l *&ss cs %&'5ssH +*(h&)(9.,&c+l7+)j*+'+ *s )s +( &f s*ch + cl+ss &f +c()6)()s" (h '+()&'+l 7+)j*+'+7+k(. ,&c+l *s +ffc( s*l9 +' 7+' )' (h '+()&'+l 7+)j*+'+ 7+k(7+k)'5 (h 5*l+()&' &f )'(+s(+( *s ss'()+l (& 5*l+()'5 (h *5Hs'+()&'+l 7+k(.h)s c+s )s )s()'5*)sh+bl f&7 ,&A +' M&)s&'. h&s c+ss+l( -)(h s(+(*(s (h+( 5*l+( '&'Jc&'&7)c +c()6)(9 +' fll '()l9 &*(s)%&'5ssH c&77c &-; -h)l h Rs&''(s + +sk)'5 (h %&*( (& s()k&-' + +()c*l+ +l)c+()&' &f + 6+l) s(+(*(&9 sch7.$c+l)+ . ?c&'c*)'5,&A +' M&)s&' & '&( cl+ '&'Jc&'&7)c )'(+s(+( +c()6)()s (& bc+(5&)c+ll9 b9&' (h +ch &f %&'5ss. %&'5ss 7+9 5*l+( '&'c&'&7)c)'(+s(+( +c()6)()s &'l9 -h (h f+)l* (& & s& c&*l ... *'c*( )(s 5*l+()&' &f )'(s(+( c&77c.h+( s)7l &ssss)&' )s + '&'Jc&'&7)c +c()6)(9)s )77+()+l (& -h(h )( c+' b &h)b)( +s + 'css+9 +( &f + l+5

5*l+()&'. ll - ' (& (7)' )s -h(h (h l5)sl+()&' )s +' +&)+(7+'s &f +ch)6)'5 (h l5)()7+( ' &f +)c+()'5 &h)b)( s*bs(+'cs f&7)'(s(+( c&77c.@&'A+ls 6. R)chCH%&'' ?)ss'()'5 S h&7+s +' Rh'*)s(. 'f&c (h &*( l)7)(s &f %&'5ssH %&77c %l+*s +*(h&)(9 (& &(c( h)s(&)c shs &f s(+( s&6)5'(9 f&7 css)6 f+l 'c&+ch7'( +'(hb9 (& 7+)'(+)' (h )s()b*()&' &f &- f*'+7'(+l (& &* f+l)s( s9s(7&f 5&6'7'(.C' &f f+l)s7Hs ch)f 6)(*s )s (h+( )( &7&(s )''&6+()&' b9+ll&-)'5 f& (h &ss)b)l)(9 (h+( + s)'5l c&*+5&*s $(+( 7+9 )f )(s c)()A'sch&&s s6 +s + l+b&+(&9; +' (9 '&6l s&c)+l +' c&'&7)c )7'(s-)(h&*( )sk (& (h s( &f (h c&*'(9. h $(+(sH c& &l)c &-s h+6 +l-+9s)'cl* +*(h&)(9 (& f)' c)7)'+l l+- +' (& &(c( (h h+l(h s+f(9 +'


14/1906

-lf+ &f (h) c)()A's.h 7+j&)(9Hs c)s)&' )s )c&'c)l+bl -)(h ,&A +'M&)s&'. h) c)s)&' s*55s(s (h+( (h f+l 5*l+()&' &f l&c+l +c()6)(9 )s)77*' (& %&77c %l+*s ch+ll'5 bc+*s %&'5ss ch&s (& +c( -)(h +'+7b)()&*s +llJ'c&7+ss)'5 s(+(*( +(h (h+' )c7+l.3' ,&A (h s(+(*(-+s '&( +' ss'()+l +( &f + l+5 5*l+()&' &f c&'&7)c +c()6)(9 )' -h)ch(h 5*l+(&9 sch7 c&*l b *'c*( *'lss (h )'(+s(+( +c()6)(9 -5*l+(. h s+7 +l)s h s)'c 7)c+l +' '&'J7)c+l *5 *s +)s()'c( +' sh&*l b 5*l+( )ff'(l9.%&77'(sN&( (h+( (h + f&* '-

j*5s &' (h c&*( s)'c (h)s c)s)&'.' ffc()6 7&c+()c 7&67'( +( (hs(+( l6l &*c (h)s c( b*( )( )s *+sh +( (h f+l l6l.2s( 7'7'(K&7 &f $ch T ss7bl9K+l 5*l+()&' &f f sch c+' b ch+ll'5*' (h 2s( 7'7'( -h)l $(+( 5*l+()&' &f sch c+' b ch+ll'5 *'(h 24(h 7'7'( ?).. (h D* P&css %l+*s9s &f $chP&l)()c+l $ch s*bjc( (& s()c( sc*()'9%&77c)+l $ch s*bjc( (& )'(7)+( sc*()'9$97b&l)c $ch s*bjc( (& )'(7)+( sc*()'9 9s &f s(+)'(s &' sch"P)& s(+)'( ?s(+)')'5 sch bf& )( )s s&k' +s &&s (& *')sh)'5 )(+f(-+sV)-&)'(Jb+s s()c()&'s" Rs()c()&'s (h+( +l9 (& c(+)'6)-&)'(s b*( '&( &(hs f+c (h h)5hs( l6l &f sc*()'9 +' + *s*+ll9&6(*' *'lss (h9 f+ll )'(& &' &f (h c&*(Hs sc)+l c()&'s.%&'('(JN*(+l ?).. ()7 l+c & 7+'' s()c()&'s + s*bjc( (& )'(7)+(sc*()'9. hs 7*s( b c&'('( '*(+l +' '+&-l9 (+)l&; (h9 7*s( s6 +s)5')f)c+'( 5&6'7'(+l )'(s( +' (h9 7*s( l+6 &' +7l +l('+()6ch+''ls f& c&77*')c+()&'.%&'('(Jb+s s()c()&'s" Rs()c()&'s (h+( *)+7)')'5 (h c&'('( &f sch; 7*s( s*6)6 s()c( sc*()'9h s(+( 7+9 '&(&sc)b +6&c+c9 &f (h *s &f f&c & &f l+- 6)&l+()&' c( -h s*ch+6&c+c9 +)7s (& )'c)( & &*c )77)''( l+-lss +c()&' +' )s l)kl9 (& &*cs*ch +c()&'. ?B+''b*5 6. Ch)& 2GFG%+(5&)s &f l&- 6+l* sch"&bsc')(9 ch)l &'&5+h9 +' Hf)5h()'5 -&sH ?%h+l)'sk9 6. $(+( &f N-=+7sh) 2G41; R..V. 6. %)(9 &f $(. P+*l 2GG1; V)5)')+ 6. Bl+ck 100I (*(h+(s ?V)5)')+ 6. Bl+ck 100I +' f+lsh&&s ?).. l)bl +' sl+'%&77c)+lsch 'j&9s + l&- l6l &f &(c()&'.R+s&'s f& &(c()'5 f&7 &f sch"& s6 (h 7+k(l+c &f )+s +' 'c&*+5 (h *s*)( &f (*(h sc)+ll9&l)()c+l (*(h& &(c( (h )5h( &f )')6)*+ls (& slfJ5&6'+'c ?.5. (&-'h+ll 7()'5s& &(c( +' )')6)*+lHs )5h( (& slfJf*lf)ll7'( slfJ(7)'+()&' +' +*(&'&79& l)7)( +b*s &f &- b9 *bl)c &ff)c)+ls& s6 +s +

s+f(9 6+l6 ?).. +(h (h+' s*ss)'5 sch )( )s b(( (& &7&()sc*ss)&' f& 5+( c&hs)&' )' s&c)(9& c+( + 7& (&l+'( s&c)(9 ?5)6'(h+( )'(&l+'c )s +'5&*s &l)c9J7+ks (' (& +5 (h+( c*l()6+()'5(&l+'c )s s+f (h+' c*l()6+()'5 &l)()c+l )'('ss.3. %&'('( b+sRs()c()&'s" =)5h V+l* $chB+''b*5 6. Ch)& =)5h 6+l* sch s()c()&'s+ &h)b)( *'lss sch )s ssl9 +6&c+()'5 f& (h )77)+( 6)&l+()&' &f+ l+- +' (h )77)+( 6)&l+()&' &f (h l+- )s l)kl9 (& &cc*B+''b*5 6. Ch)&?2GFG M&' s( f& (h ,)7)(s &f P&(c( $chK+c(s" 7()'5 -+shl -h &5+(&9 -&s +5+)'s( Bl+ck +' -s - s&k'. h +cc*s -+s'&( +7 +' ) '&( c+ll f& )77)+( 6)&l'c b*( h s(+( (h+( )f (h%&'5ss c&'()'*s (& s*ss (h -h)( +c )( )s &ss)bl (h+( (h 7)5h(h+6 (& b s&7 6'5 (+k'. = -+s c&'6)c( *' (h Ch)& %)7)'+l$9')c+l)s7 s(+(*( &h)b)()'5 +'9 +6&c+()'5 &f *'l+-f*l 7(h&s &f (&)s7

6&l*'(+9 +ss7bl)'5 -)(h +'9 5&* (& (+ch &c()'s &f c)7)'+l s9')c+l)s7.=l" h Ch)& s(+(*( )s *'c&'s()(*()&'+l bc+*s )( 6)&l+(s (h 2s( +'24(h 7'7'(s ? c*)+7h c&*( jc( (h )& cl+ +' s'( +'5 s(+'+ s( &*( )' h)('9 +' D'')s +5*)'5 (h+( )( 7)(( (h 5&6'7'( (&l)7)( sch +s s&&' +s (h sch sh&-s s)5's &f )'c)()'5 6)&l'c. h 7+bs(+c( (+ch)'5 &f (h 7&+l &)(9 & 6' 7&+l 'css)(9 f& + s&( (&f&c +' 6)&l'c )s '&( (h s+7 +s +)'5 + 5&* f& 6)&l'( +c()&' +'s(l)'5 )( (& s*ch +c()&'. h c( *'*l9 *')shs s&'s -h& +6&c+( & (+ch (h *(9 'css)(9 & &)(9 &f 6)&l'c +s + 7+'s &f +cc&7l)sh)'5 )'*s()+l & &l)()c+l f&7 ; & -h& *bl)sh & c)c*l+( & )sl+9 +'9 b&&k &+ c&'(+)')'5 s*ch +6&c+c9; & -h& j*s()f9 (h c&77)ss)&' &f 6)&l'( +c(s


15/1906

-)(h )'('( (& 7l)f9 s+ & +6&c+( (h &)(9 &f (h &c()'s &fc)7)'+l s9')c+l)s7 ; & -h& 6&l*'(+)l9 +ss7bl -)(h + 5&* f&7 (& (+ch & +6&c+( (h &c()'s &f c)7)'+l s9')c+l)s7. BRQK" h $(+( c+''&( f&b)+6&c+c9 &f (h *s &f f&c & 6)&l+()&' &f l+-s c( -h s*ch +6&c+c9 )s)c( (& )'c)()'5 & &*c)'5 )77)''( l+-lss +c()&' +' )s l)kl9 (& &*cs*ch +c()&'. C' 7*s( )s()'5*)sh b(-' 7 +6&c+c9 &f 6)&l'c +' +)'5+ 5&* f& 6)&l'( +c()&'s.D&*5l+s . ?c&'c*)'5h %&*( &l9 &6*lsh)('9 -h)ch )'6&l6 (h +6&c+c9 &f )+s -h)ch (h 7+j&)(9 &f (h %&*(

7 *'s&*' +' +'5&*s.h cl+ +' s'( +'5 (s( -+s s( &*( )' + c+s *h&l)'5 (h &sc*()&' &f )')6)*+ls +6&c+()'5 f& +f( &5)'5. h+(c+s ?$ch'ck hl (h+( (h *s()&' )' 69 c+s )s -h(h (h -&s *s +*s )' s*ch c)c*7s(+'cs +' + &f s*ch + '+(* +s (& c+( + cl+ +'s'( +'5 (h+( (h9 -)ll b)'5 +b&*( (h s*bs(+'()6 6)ls (h+( %&'5ss h+s +)5h( (& 6'(. 3( )s + *s()&' &f &)7)(9 +' 5. B+''b*5 6. Ch)&c&'c*)'5] h&*5h 3 &*b( )f (h cl+ +' s'( +'5 (s( )s c&'5')+l (& (h K)s( 7'7'( )' ()7 &f + cl+ -+ 3 +7 c(+)' )( )s '&( c&'c)l+bl-)(h (h K)s( 7'7'( )' +9s &f +c. Q69 )+ )s +' )'c)(7'(. h &'l9 )ff'c b(-' (h ss)&' &f +' &)')&' +' +' )'c)(7'( )' (h '+&-s's )s (h s+kHs '(h*s)+s7 f& (h s*l(. ?=&l7s . )' @)(l&-h l)'b(-' -h+( )s 7)ss)bl +' '&( s*bjc( (& c&'(&l +' -h+( 7+9 b 7+)77)ss)bl +' s*bjc( (& 5*l+()&' )s (h l)' b(-' )+s +' &6( +c(s.%&77'(s$*bs*'( c+ss c&'s) (h l7'( &f ()7 )' c))'5 -h(h (hsch c+*s & -+s l)kl9 (& c+*s 6)&l'c. Q.5. )' N%P 6. %l+)b&' =+-+6)&l'c (&&k l+c -ks & 7&'(hs +f( (h sch 33. %&'('(Jb+ss()c()&'s" ,&- V+l* $ch%h+l)'sk9 +' s*b*'( c+ss hl (h+( h+( sch&bsc')(9 f)5h()'5 -&s +' l- -&s f+ll )' (h c+(5&9 &f ,&- V+l* $ch+' +s s*ch c+' b &h)b)( -h (h -&s + *(( )' + f+cJ(& f+c'c&*'( +' -&*l )'6)( h9s)c+l )s+l & &(h-)s l)kl9 (& &*c)s&. R..V. s6l9 l)7)(%h+l)'sk9 b9 h&l)'5 (h+( (h &h)b)()&' c+''&( b 6)-&)'(Jb+s )..s()c()'5 &'l9 + s*bs( &f &sc)b+bl sch.s (h c&'c*)'5 j*57'( )'R..V. (h sch 7*s( &6&k 7& (h+' j*s( +'5; )( 7*s( c+*s + b+ch &f+c. Rs()c()&'s + (h' s*&( b9 (h c&7ll)'5 5&6'7'( )'(s( )''s*)'5 (h b+s)c h*7+' )5h(s &f 5&*s (h+( h+6 b' h)s(&)c+ll9)sc)7)'+(.='c (h (s( f& l&- 6+l* sch h+s c&7 cl&s (& (h 7&'

cl+ +' s'( +'5 (s( (hb9 +s)'5 (h b)5h( l)' b(-' &(c(sch +' l&- 6+l* sch. %h+l)'sk9 6. N- =+7sh) ?2G41K+c(s" N-=+7sh) s(+(*( &h)b)( s&' (& +ss +'9 &ff's)6 )s)6 & +''&9)'5-&s (& +'9 &(h s&'. h ()()&' -+s ch+5 f& c+ll)'5 %)(9 =+ll&ff)c)+ls f+sc)s(s +' +7' +ck(s. =l" h s(+(*( )s 6+l).$()c($c*()'9 R6)-" h )5h( &f f sch )s '&( +bs&l*(. %l+sss &f sch s*ch+s l- &bsc' )'s*l()'5 & f)5h()'5 -&s h+6 '& s&c)+l 6+l* +' (h ' (&l)7)( (h7 )' (h )'(s( &f & +' 7&+l)(9 &*(-)5hs (h 6+l* &f fsch.K)5h()'5 -&s c+' b &h)b)( )f"+ +s&'+bl s&' -&*l l)kl9 -+'( (&f)5h( b+ck +'+s &s(J%h+l)'sk9 c+ss (h *s &f )'s*l()'5 +' &6&c+()6)(h(s sc)bs + +()c*l+ )')6)*+l +' )s +ss sc)f)c+ll9 (& (h+()')6)*+l )' + f+cJ(&Jf+c 'c&*'(.%&77'(s3( )s '&( +l-+9s cl+ -h+( sch)s &f h)5h & l&- 6+l*. h b(( +&+ch )s (& c) (h 5&6'7'(Hs

&bjc()6 ?.5. 7+)'('+'c &f +c & l)7)()'5 ss)&' +' (h' c) -h+(l6l &f sc*()'9 (& +l9.R..V. 6. %)(9 &f $(. P+*l ?2GG1K+c(s" $6+l('s b*' + c&ss &' + bl+ck f+7)l9Hs l+-'. h &l)c ch+5 &' &f (h7 *'+ l&c+l b)+sJ 7&()6+( c)7)'+l &)'+'c -h)ch &h)b)(s (h )sl+9 &f +s97b&l -h)ch +&*ss +'5 +l+7 & s'(7'( )' &(hs &' (h b+s)s &f+c c&l& c l)5)&' & 5'.3ss*" 3s (h &)'+'c &6l9 b&+ +')77)ss)bl9 c&'('(Jb+s )' 6)&l+()&' &f (h 2s( 7'7'(: =l" !s ?GJ0$c+l)+ . ?7+j&)(9 S Rh'*)s( ''9 $&*( +' h&7+s .h &)'+'c )s*'c&'s()(*()&'+l )' (h+( )( &h)b)(s &(h-)s 7)(( sch s&ll9 &' (hb+s)s &f (h s*bjc(s (h sch +sss.%h+l)'sk9 7)(( (h 5*l+()&' &fsch (h+( -+s &f s*ch sl)5h( s&c)+l 6+l* +s + s( (& (*(h (h+( +'9 b'f)(


16/1906

(h+( 7+9 b )6 f&7 (h7 )s cl+l9 &*(-)5h b9 (h s&c)+l )'(s( )' &+' 7&+l)(9. =&-6 (h)s &s '&( 7+' (h+( 5&6'7'( c+' fl9 5*l+( l&- 6+l* sch & )7l7'( c&'('(Jb+s 5*l+()&'s.h &)'+'c )s '&( +&h)b)()&' &f f)5h()'5 -&s (h+( + )c( +( c(+)' s&'s & 5&*s ?-h)ch-&*l b f+c)+ll9 6+l) )f )( 7( (h *)7'(s &f (h Q*+l P&(c()&' %l+*s;b*( +(h + &h)b)()&' &f f)5h()'5 -&s (h+( c&'(+)' 7ss+5s &f b)+sJ7&()6+( h+( +()c*l+l9 7ss+5s b+s &' 6)*l'( '&()&'s &f +c)+l s*7+c9. %&'('(Jb+s 5*l+()&'s + s*7()6l9 )'6+l). Q.5. h

l5)sl+(* c+' &sc)b l)bl b*( (h9 c+''&( 7+k + f*(h c&'('(Jb+s)sc)7)'+()&' (& &sc)b &'l9 l)bl (h+( c)()c)As (h 5&6'7'(. hcl*s)&' &f Hf)5h()'5 -&sH f&7 (h sc& &f (h 2s( 7'7'( s)7l9 7+'s(h+( f& *&ss &f (h+( 7'7'( (h *'&(c( f+(*s &f (h -&s +s)( (h) 6b+l ch++c( ss'()+ll9 + '&'Jsch l7'( &f c&77*')c+()&'. K)5h()'5 -&s + (h*s +'+l&5&*s (& + '&)s9 s&*' (*ck. h+( )s&sc)b )s (h 7& &f ss)&' ?).. + (h+(')'5 7& &f ss)&' '&((h c&'('(.h 5'+l &h)b)()&' +5+)'s( c&'('( )sc)7)'+()&' )s '&( +bs&l*(

+' )( +l)s )ff'(l9 )' (h ++ &f f*ll9 &(c( sch (h+' )' (h ++&f f*ll9 &(c( sch.h +()&'+l &f (h 5'+l &h)b)()&' )s (h+( c&'('()sc)7)'+()&' +)ss (h sc( (h+( (h @&6'7'( 7+9 ffc()6l9 )6c(+)' )+s & 6)-&)'(s f&7 (h 7+k(l+c h' (h b+s)s f& (h c&'('()sc)7)'+()&' c&'s)s(s '()l9 &f (h 69 +s&' (h '() cl+ss &f sch +()ss* )s &sc)b+bl '& s)5')f)c+'( +'5 &f )+ & 6)-&)'( )sc)7)'+()&')s(s.Q+7ls" $(+( 7)5h( ch&&s (& &h)b)( &'l9 (h+( &bsc')(9 -h)ch )'6&l6s(h 7&s( l+sc)6)&*s )sl+9s &f s*+l +c()6)(9. B*( )( 7+9 '&( &h)b)( &'l9&bsc')(9 -h)ch )'cl*s &ff's)6 &l)()c+l 7ss+5s.h 5&6'7'( c+'c)7)'+l)A &'l9 (h&s (h+(s &f 6)&l'c (h+( + )c( +5+)'s( (h Ps)'(s)'c (h +s&'s -h9 (h+(s &f 6)&l'c + &*(s) (h 2s( 7'7'( h+6sc)+l f&c -h' +l) (& (h s&' &f (h Ps)'(. $(+( 7+9 ch&&s (&5*l+( )c +6()s)'5 )' &' )'*s(9 b*( '&( )' &(hs bc+*s (h )sk &ff+* B*( + $(+( 7+9 '&( &h)b)( &'l9 (h+( c&77c)+l +6()s)'5 (h+( )c(s7' )' + 7+')'5 f+sh)&'.&s c+' 6)&l+( l+-s )c( '&( +5+)'s( sch b*(+5+)'s( c&'*c(. h*s + +()c*l+ c&'('(Jb+s s*bc+(5&9 &f + &sc)b+blcl+ss &f sch c+' b s-( * )'c)'(+ll9 -)(h)' (h +ch &f + s(+(*( )c(+( c&'*c( +(h (h+' sch.Q.5. l+- +5+)'s( (+s&' )s 6)&l+( b9 (ll)'5 (h'79 (h N+()&'Hs f's sc(s.Q.5. $*+ll9 &5+(&9 f)5h()'5 -&s 7+9

6)&l+( )(l V33Hs 5'+l &h)b)()&' +5+)'s( s*+l )sc)7)'+()&' )' 7l&97'(+c()cs.R..V. 6. %)(9 &f $(. P+*lh (h 5&6'7'( &s '&( (+5( c&'*c( &'(h b+s)s &f )(s ss)6 c&'('( +c(s + '&( sh)l f&7 5*l+()&' 7l9bc+*s (h9 ss + )sc)7)'+(&9 )+ & h)l&s&h9.h &)'+'c )s )'6+l)bc+*s *' )(s (7s )sl+9s c&'(+)')'5 +b*s)6 )'6c()6 '& 7+(( h&-6)c)&*s & s6 + 7)ss)bl *'lss (h9 + +ss (& &' &f (hsc)f) )sf+6& (&)cs ?.5. +c.@&6'7'( h+s '& +*(h&)(9 (& l)c's&' s) &f + b+( (& f)5h( fs(9l -h)l *))'5 (h &(h (& f&ll&- (hM+*)s &f U*'sb*9 R*ls. h)( . ?c&'c*)'5 &' (h j*57'( b*( '&( (hf&ll9 &f (h &)')&' sh&*l 7+)'(+)' + cl+ )s()'c()&' b(-' h)5h 6+l* +'l&- 6+l* sch.B9 l+c)'5 f)5h()'5 -&s -h)ch (h %&*( h+s l&'5 hl (& b6+l*lss &' +( l+s( *+l c&'s()(*()&'+l f&&()'5 -)(h &l)()c+l )sc&*s +'&(h f&7s &f sch (h+( - h+6 7 (& h+6 (h 5+(s( s&c)+l 6+l* (h

7+j&)(9 6+l*s (h l+(( c+(5&9.' (h 7+j&)(9Hs 6)- + '+&-l9 +-'c&'('(Jb+s &)'+'c c&*l '6 +ss c&'s()(*()&'+l 7*s( )f (h &bjc( &f(h+( l5)sl+()&' c&*l b +cc&7l)sh b9 b+'')'5 + -) c+(5&9 &f sch. h)s++s (& b + 5'+l '*'c)+()&' &f s()c( sc*()'9 6)- + f*'+7'(+l (&&l&f K)s( 7'7'( +'+l9s)s.Bl+ck7*' . ?c&'c*)'5 (h&*5h 3 &'H( *'s(+'-h9B9 c))'5 (h+( + $(+( c+''&( 5*l+( sch (h+( c+*ss 5+( h+7 *'lss)( +ls& 5*l+(s sch (h+( &s '&( ? s(()'5 l+- +' l&5)c &' (h) h+s (h %&*( +b+'&'s (h c+(5&)c+l +&+ch +' l+s (h l6l &f sc*()'9+l)c+bl (& c&'('(Jb+s l+-s. 3f - c+''&( c+(5&)A - *c &(c()&'+c&ss (h b&+.h )s +ls& (h &ss)b)l)(9 (h+( (h)s c+s -)ll '&(s)5')f)c+'(l9 +l( (h j*)s*'c b*( -)ll b 5+ +s +' +b+()&' +


17/1906

c+s -h (h %&*( 7+')*l+( &c()' (& s()k &-' +' &)'+'c -h&s 7)s)( &&s '+7l9 (h+( +c)+l (h+(s +' 6b+l +ss+*l(s + &f 5+( h+7(h+' &(h f)5h()'5 -&s. 3 s '& K)s( 7'7'( 6+l*s (h+( + c&7&7)s b9+ l+- (h+( &h)b)(s h&&l*7s f&7 )6)'5 7)'&)()s &*( &f (h) h&7s b9 b*')'5c&sss &' (h) l+-'s b*( 3 s 5+( h+7 )' 6'()'5 (h &l &f $+)'( P+*lf&7 sc)f)c+ll9 *')sh)'5 (h +cJb+s f)5h()'5 -&s (h+( s& j*)c (h)c&77*')(9.%&77'(s$c+l)+ &s' ( l)k (h+( &' c+' h&l * + s)5' cl+)'5 +'()Js7)(s b+s(+s b*( '&( +ll -s b+s(+s.3s +c)+l )'(&l+'c +ll9 + b+(

+s h s& ch++c()As )(:Bl+ck7*' . ?)'l)c+bl9 c&'c*)'5 -)(s" 3 s '&2s( 7'7'( 6+l*s (h+( + c&7&7)s b9 + l+- (h+( &h)b)(s h&&l*7s f&7)6)'5 7)'&)()s &*( &f (h) h&7s b9 b*')'5 c&sss &' (h) l+-'s b*( 3 s5+( h+7 )' 6'()'5 (h &l &f $+)'( P+*l f&7 sc)f)c+ll9 *')sh)'5 (h+cJb+s f)5h()'5 -&s (h+( s& j*)c (h) c&77*')(9. $h+ +5s -)(h(h h)( c&'c*'c s(+()'5 (h+( hl)'5 (& 's* (h b+s)c h*7+' )5h(s &f77bs &f 5&*s (h+( h+6 h)s(&)c+ll9 b' s*bjc( (& )sc)7)'+()&' )s +c&7ll)'5 5&6'7'( )'(s( (h+( j*s()f)s (h 5*l+()&' &f l&-J6+l* sch.l()7+(l9 (h l+- c+''&( &h)b)( sch (h+( s)7l9 h*(s +' &6&ks +'5.h)s )s (&& b&+. B*( (h l+- c+''&( &h)b)( sch (h+( h*(s +' &6&ks+'5 &' + sc)f)c b+s)s bc+*s (h)s -&*l b c&'('(Jb+s 5*l+()&'. h&s (h+( l+6 *s:V)5)')+ 6. Bl+ck ?100IK+c(s" Bl+ck ?+ l+' 77b )s++l)'5 (h c&'s()(*()&'+l)(9 &f + V)5)')+ s(+(*( c)7)'+l)A)'5 c&ssJb*')'5.=l" h s(+(*( )s *'c&'s()(*()&'+l bc+*s )( l+cs (h b*' &f &&f &' (hf'+'( (& 7&'s(+( (h+( h & sh ) '&( )'(' (h c&ss b*')'5 +s)'()7)+()&'.CH%&'' . ?7+j&)(9 $(+( c&'s)s('( -)(h (h 2s( 7'7'( 7+9b+' c&ss b*')'5 c+) &*( -)(h (h )'('( (& )'()7)+(. h 2s( 7'7'(7)(s V)5)')+ (& &*(l+- c&ss b*')'5s &' -)(h (h )'('( (& )'()7)+(bc+*s b*')'5 + c&ss )s + +()c*l+l9 6)*l'( f&7 &f )'()7)+()&'. 3's(+&f &h)b)()'5 +ll )'()7)+()'5 7ss+5s V)5)')+ 7+9 ch&&s (& 5*l+( (h)ss*bs( &f )'()7)+()'5 7ss+5s )' l)5h( &f c&ss b*')'5Hs l&'5 +' ')c)&*sh)s(&9 +s + s)5'+l &f )7')'5 6)&l'c. h*s j*s( +s + $(+( 7+9 5*l+( &'l9(h+( &bsc')(9 -h)ch )s (h 7&s( &bsc' * (& )(s *)'( c&'('( s& (&& 7+9 +$(+( ch&&s (& &h)b)( &'l9 (h&s f&7s &f )'()7)+()&' (h+( + 7&s( l)kl9 (&)'s) f+ &f b&)l9 h+7. =&-6 (h &6)s)&' )' (h V)5)')+ s(+(*((+()'5+'9 c&ss b*')'5 +s )7+ f+c) 6)'c &f )'('( (& )'()7)+( 's (h

s(+(*( *'c&'s()(*()&'+l )' )(s c*'( f&7.h&7+s ?)ss'()'5h l)'k b(-'c&ss b*')'5 +' 6)&l'c )s -llJ&c*7'(.h l*+l)(9 s()ks &-' (hs(+(*( bc+*s &' +9 +' )')6)*+l 7)5h( -)sh (& b*' + c&ss -)(h&*( +' )'('((& )'()7)+( +'9&'. h+( c&ss b*')'5 s*bjc(s )(s (+5(s +' s&7()7s +'*')'(' +*)'c (& (7 7&()&'+l )s(ss +' )s 6)(*+ll9 '6 6)-7l9 +s *'-+'( c&77*')c+()&' b*( +(h +s + h9s)c+l (h+( )s &f '& c&'c' (& (h l*+l)(9.h)s s(+(*( &h)b)(s &'l9 c&'*c( '&( ss)&'. 'j*s( +s &' c+''&( b*' &-' s&7&'Hs h&*s (& 7+k + &l)()c+l &)'( +' (h'sk f*5 )' (h 2s( 7'7'( (h&s -h& h+( c+''&( (&)A +' )'()7)+( (&7+k (h) &)'(. %&77'(sh %&*( h c+( + '- ++ &f c&'s()(*()&'+ll9*'&(c( sch f& (* (h+(s. $(+( 7+9 ch&&s (& &h)b)( &'l9 (h&sf&7s &f )'()7)+()&' 7&s( l)kl9 (& )'s) f+ &f b&)l9 h+7.333. %&'('(N*(+l Rs()c()&'s%)()A's ')( 6. K+l Qlc()&' %&77)ss)&' ?1020K+c(s"

h '&'J&f)( c&&+()&' %)()A's ')( -+'( (& +) + f)l7 c)()c+l &f=)ll+9 %l)'(&' +' +6()s (h f)l7 )' b&+c+s( +s f+(*)'5 %l)'(&'Hs)7+5 )' 6)&l+()&' &f (h 1001 B)+()s+' %+7+)5' Rf&7 c( -h)ch )7&ssc)7)'+l s+'c()&'s.=l" ,)7)()'5 c&&+( f*')'5 &f )'''( &l)()c+lb&+c+s(s )' lc()&'s 6)&l+(s (h 2s( 7'7'( ?OJ4''9 . ?7+j&)(9Pc'( h+s s(+bl)sh (h+( &l)()c+l sch &s '&( l&s 2s( 7'7'(&(c()&' s)7l9 bc+*s )(s s&*c )s + c&&+()&'. s()c()&' &' (h +7&*'(&f 7&'9 + s&' & 5&* c+' s' &' &l)()c+l c&77*')c+()&' *)'5 + c+7+)5'(h+( s(+(*( 'css+)l9 *cs (h *+'()(9 &f ss)&' b9 s()c()'5 (h'*7b &f )ss*s )sc*ss (h (h &f (h) l&+()&' +' (h s)A &f (h+*)'c +ch.P7)s &' 7)s(*s( &f 5&6'7'(+l &- (h 2s( 7'7'(


18/1906

s(+'s +5+)'s( +((7(s (& )sf+6& c(+)' s*bjc(s & 6)-&)'(s. $chs()c()&'s b+s &' (h )'()(9 &f (h s+k + +ll (&& &f(' s)7l9 + 7+'s(& c&'(&l c&'('(.%)()A's ')( 6. K+l Qlc()&' %&77)ss)&'B9 (+k)'5 (h)5h( (& s+k f&7 s&7 +' 5)6)'5 )( (& &(hs (h 5&6'7'( )6s (h)s+6+'(+5 s&' & cl+ss &f (h )5h( (& *s sch (& s()6 (& s(+bl)sh-&(h s(+')'5 +' sc( f& (h) 6&)c.3f (h 2s( 7'7'( h+s +'9 f&c)( &h)b)(s %&'5ss f&7 f)')'5 & j+)l)'5 c)()A's & +ss&c)+()&'s &f c)()A'sf& s)7l9 '5+5)'5 )' &l)()c+l sch.$)'c (h -+s '& -+9 (& )s()'5*)sh

b(-' 7)+ +' &(h c&&+()&'s (hs s()c()&'s -&*l +ll&- %&'5ss (&s*ss &l)()c+l sch )' '-s+s b&&ks (l6)s)&' +' bl&5s.h )sl)((l 6)'c &f +b*s (h+( c+''&( b c&c( b9 sh+h&ls (h&*5h (h&c*s &f c&&+( 7&c+c9. 3f %&'5ss h+ b' sk)'5 (& &(c()ss'()'5 sh+h&ls )( -&*l '&( h+6 b+'' c&&+( sch )' &'l9 c(+)'7)+ -)(h)' I0 & F0 +9s bf& +' lc()&'.h s(+(*( )s &6J)'cl*s)6 bc+*s)( )'cl*s '&'&f)(s +' f&J&f)( c&&+()&'s -)(h &'l9 s)'5l sh+h&ls.h %&*( &6*l *s()' 6. M)ch)5+' %h+7b &f %&77c -h)ch l) &' ++()&'+l (h+( l)7)()'5 c&&+( lc()&')'5 -+s 'css+9 *' +' +'()J)s(&()&' +()&'+l +' j*s()f)+bl bc+*s c&&+()&'s - l5+ll9 )s()'c(f&7 -+l(h9 )')6)*+ls * (& (h) (*+l l)f l)7)( l)+b)l)(9 +'f+6&*+bl (+ 5)7.h @&6'7'( 7+9 5*l+( c&&+( &l)()c+l sch(h&*5h )scl+)7 +' )scl&s* *)7'(s b*( )( 7+9 '&( s*ss (h+( sch+l(&5(h. D)scl&s* *)7'(s + c&'s()(*()&'+l s)'c )scl&s* )sj*s()f) b9 + 5&6'7'(+l )'(s( )' &6))'5 (h lc(&+( -)(h)'f&7+()&' +b&*( lc()&'Jl+( s')'5 s&*cs.h %&*( +ls& *hl (hb+' &' )c( c&'()b*()&'s (& c+')+(s f&7 c&&+()&'s +' *')&'s.R&b(s .?c&'c*)'5 S l)(& .h + ()7s *)'5 -h)ch &6*l)'5 )& c)s)&'s )s'css+9. =+ (h c&*(s '6 5&' +5+)'s( s(+ c)s)s s55+()&' -&*l bl5+l 7)')7*7 -+5 l+-s -&*l b *'c&'s()(*()&'+l +' (h @&6'7'( c&*l-)(+ &)'+9 c)7)'+l s*sc(s -)(h&*( f)s( &b(+)')'5 -++'(s$(+ c)s)s)s + )'c)l &f &l)c9. h' c&'s))'5 -h(h (& +7)' + )& &'&*sh&l)'5 - 7*s( b+l+'c (h )7&(+'c &f h+6)'5 c&'s()(*()&'+l *s()&'s c)+5+)'s( (h )7&(+'c &f h+6)'5 (h7 c) )5h(. h)s *)s + s&b++)s+l &f (h )s+6+'(+5s &f (h )''&6+()&' +s -ll +s (h&s &f (h *s()&'c+s + -)5h)'5 &f +c()c+l ffc(s &f &' +5+)'s( (h &(h.$c+l)+ .?c&'c*)'5h $(6's )ss'( -+s )' sl') )s&l+()&' f&7 (h (( &f (h

K)s( 7'7'(. 3( '6 sh&-s -h9 H(h f&7 &f schH (h+( -+s (h )5h( &fQ'5l)sh7' ) '&( )'cl* (h f&7 (& s+k )' +ss&c)+()&' -)(h &(h)')6)*+ls )'cl*)'5 +ss&c)+()&' )' (h c&&+( f&7.h )ss'( s l&+()&'&f (h K+7s 6)-s +b&*( (h &l &f c&&+()&'s )' s&c)(9 -+s 7)sl+)'5+' 6' )f 6+l) )l6+'( (& (h ((. h 2s( +7'7'( -+s -)((' )' (7s&f sch '&( s+ks +' (h+( )(s (( &ffs '& f&&(h&l f& cl*)'5 +'9c+(5&9 &f s+k.$(6's . ?)ss'()'5Rs()c()'5 sch I0 +9s bf& +'lc()&' )s '&( (+'(+7&*'( (& b+'')'5 sch.h '&()&' (h+( (h %&*( 7*s( -)( (h l+- l+()'5 (& c+7+)5' ')(*s b9 f&J&f)( c&&+()&'s +'*')&'s (& c) (h)s c+s )s 7)s5*).%)()A's ')( 6. K+l Qlc()&'%&77)ss)&' )ss'(]h )+ (h+( (h 2s( 7'7'( b+s 5*l+(&9 )s()'c()&'sb+s &' + s+kHs )'()(9 )'cl*)'5 )(s )'()(9 +s + c&&+()&' )s '&( +c&c( s(+(7'( &f (h l+-.3' (h c&'(( &f lc()&' (& *bl)c &ff)c (h

)s()'c()&' b(-' c&&+( +' h*7+' s+ks )s s)5')f)c+'(. l(h&*5h (h9 7+k'&7&*s c&'()b*()&'s (& &* s&c)(9 c&&+()&'s + '&( +c(*+ll9 77bs &f )(.h9 c+''&( 6&( & *' f& &ff)c. Bc+*s (h9 7+9 b 7+'+5 +' c&'(&ll b9'&'s)'(s (h) )'(s(s 7+9 c&'fl)c( )' f*'+7'(+l sc(s -)(h (h)'(s(s &f l)5)bl 6&(s. h f)'+'c)+l s&*cs l5+l s(*c(* +')'s(*7'(+l &)'(+()&' &f c&&+()&'s +)s l5)()7+( c&'c's +b&*( (h) &l)' (h lc(&+l &css.C* l+-7+ks h+6 + c&7ll)'5 c&'s()(*()&'+l b+s)s )f'&( +ls& + 7&c+()c *(9 (& (+k 7+s*s s)5' (& 5*+ +5+)'s( (h&('()+ll9 l()&*s ffc(s &f c&&+( s')'5 )' l&c+l +' '+()&'+l +cs.Rl9)'5 l+5l9 &' )')6)*+l )ss'()'5 &)')&'s (h 7+j&)(9 bl+As (h&*5h &*c'(s &6*l)'5 & )s+6&-)'5 + b&9 &f c+s l+-3f (h )'c)l &f s(+


19/1906

c)s)s )s (& & +'9 7+')'5f*l -&k )' s*&()'5 (h *l &f l+- )( 7*s( +(l+s( 7+' + s)5')f)c+'( j*s()f)c+()&' b9&' (h f'cs &f f)6 *s()csf& &6(*')'5 s((l &c()'. ] c)s)&' (& &6*l sh&*l s( &' s&7sc)+l +s&' &6 +' +b&6 (h bl)f (h+( + )& c+s -+s -&'5l9 c).?Pl+'' P+'(h&& &f $&*(h+s(' P+. 6. %+s9D)ff'()+l (+(7'( )sc&'s()(*()&'+ll9 s*sc( *'lss j*s()f) b9 s&7 sc)+l ch++c()s()c &f (h5*l+( cl+ss &f s+ks +' (h c&'s()(*()&'+l )5h(s &f c(+)' c+(5&)s &fs+ks )' c(+)' c&'((s + '&( +*(&7+()c+ll9 c&('s)6 -)(h (h )5h(s

(h+( + '&7+ll9 +cc& (& 77bs &f &* s&c)(9. ?M&s 6. K)ck3( )ss)7l9 )'c&c( (& s*55s( (h+( - h+6 &h)b)( +ll l5)sl+()6 )s()'c()&'sb+s &' )'()(9 & c&'('(.h K+7s +' (h) c&'(7&+)s c&'c)6 &fsch 7& '+&-l9 (h+' - '&- (h)'k &f )( +' (h9 hl 69 )ff'( 6)-s+b&*( (h '+(* &f (h K)s( 7'7'( )5h( +' (h &l &f c&&+()&'s )'s&c)(9. h f- c&&+()&'s (h+( )s( - c+( s*6)s +'c&'c(*+l)A +s *+s)J*bl)c '()()s s)5' (& s6 + s&c)+l f*'c()&' f&(h s(+(. B*s)'ss c&&+()&'s - '&( s' +s f+c)l)(+()'5 +ss&c)+()&'+l &ss)6 'sh 7+j&)(9 )s +)'5 (h 2s( 7'7'(Hs )'c)ls & *&s+( s*ch + h)5h l6l &f 5'+l)(9 (h+( (h h)s(&)c+l *'s(+')'5s &f (h7'7'( c+s (& b + 7+')'5f*l c&'s(+)'( &' (h j*)c)+l (+sk.C' '*7&*s&cc+s)&'s - h+6 c&5')A %&'5ssH l5)()7+( )'(s( )' 6'()'5 (h 7&'9(h+( )s s'( &' lc()&'s f&7 ()'5 +' *'* )'fl*'c &' +' &ff)ch&lHsj*57'( +' f&7 c+()'5 (h +++'c &f s*ch )'fl*'c b9&' (h sh &f*) & *& l+()&'sh)s. %&*()&' &+(s +l&'5 + sc(*7.h 7+j&)(9&)')&' jc(s (h c&77&' s's &f (h 7)c+' &l -h& h+6 c&5')A + '(& 6'( c&&+()&'s f&7 *'7)')'5 slf 5&6'7'( s)'c (h f&*')'5 h)l7)c+' 7&c+c9 )s )7fc( f- &*(s) (h 7+j&)(9 &f (h)s %&*( -&*l h+6(h&*5h( )(s fl+-s )'cl* + +(h &f c&&+( 7&'9 )' &l)()cs.M&' Q*+lP&(c()&' *' (h 24(h 7'7'( N& $(+( sh+ll 7+k & 'f&c +'9 l+- -h)chsh+ll +b)5 (h )6)l5s & )77*')()s &f c)()A's &f (h ')( $(+(s; '&sh+ll +'9 $(+( )6 +'9 s&' &f l)f l)b(9 & &(9 -)(h&*( *&css &f l+-; '& '9 (& +'9 s&' -)(h)' )(s j*)s)c()&' (h *+l &(c()&'&f (h l+-s. h R+s&'+bl %l+ss)f)c+()&' s(h Q*+l P&(c()&' %l+*s &s '&(&h)b)( )ff'()+l (+(7'( &6) )( )s b+s &' + +s&'+blcl+ss)f)c+()&'. ll -h& s)7)l+l9 s)(*+( -)(h sc( (& (h *&s &f (h l+-sh&*l b (+( (h s+7. h R+s&'+bl %l+ss)f)c+()&' s(3s (h

)sc)7)'+()&' ?)ff'( (+(7'( )' 5&6'7'( l+- & &l)c9:h+( )s (h '+(*&f (h cl+ss)f)c+()&':h+( )s (h *&s/&bjc()6 &f (h l+-:3s (h )'*+l)(9j*s()f) )' (h l)5h( &f * sc*()'9: ).. 3s (h + +s&'+bl c&''c()&'b(-' (h *&s &f (h l+- +' (h cl+ss)f)c+()&':3s (hl+- ?2 *' )'cl*s)6 ?1 &6 )'cl*s)6 ?I + fc( f)( & ?4 c&7l(l9*'f)(:$()c( $c*()'9$()c( sc*()'9 *)s (h+( (h 5&6'7'(Hs *&s b +c&7ll)'5 s(+( )'(s(. h 7+'s 7*s( b c+f*ll9 (+)l& (& +ch)6 (h+(*&s$()c( sc*()'9 )s *) -h (h )s"+ s*sc( cl+ss)f)c+()&' l)k+cJb+s cl+ss)f)c+()&'s &)'*+l)(9 -)(h sc( (& + f*'+7'(+l )5h( .5.(h )5h( (& &c+( ?$k)'' & (h )5h( (& sk sc)+l l5+l &(c()&'?=&7$()c( sc*()'9 )s +l) )' (h c+s &f +cJb+s cl+ss)f)c+()&'sbc+*s"h K+7s )'(' (h 24(h 7'7'( (& &(c( Bl+cks f&7 (h +c()&'s&f $(+(sR+c )s +l9 )f 6 l6+'(.P&h)b)()&' +5+)'s( +c)+l

cl+ss)f)c+()&'s flc(s + f*'+7'(+l 7&+l '&7.R+c)+l cl+ss)f)c+()&'s + l)kl9(& b b+s &' h&s()l)(9 +' )'+cc*+( s(&(9s.D f+c(& )sc)7)'+()&' &)s&&()&'+( )7+c( &f + l+- &' +c)+l 7)'&)()s -h)l )7&(+'( )s '&('&*5h (& ()55 (h s()c( sc*()'9 (s(.3'(7)+( $c*()'93'(7)+(sc*()'9 *)s (h+( (h 5&6'7'(Hs *&s b )7&(+'( +' (h+( (h b +s*bs(+'()+l l+()&'sh) b(-' (h *&s +' 7+'s.3'(7)+( sc*()'9 )s(9)c+ll9 +l) (& 5' cl+ss)f)c+()&'s.M)')7+l $c*()'9 & (h R+()&'+l B+s)ss(M)')7+l sc*()'9 *)s (h+( (h b + l5)()7+( *&s (& (h l+- +'(h 7*s( b + +()&'+l c&''c()&' b(-' (h *&s +' (h 7+'s.h R+()&'+lB+s)s s( )s +l) )' c+ss &f c&'&7)c cl+ss)f)c+()&'s. l5)()7+( *&s )s+c()c+ll9 s*7 +s $(+(s + '&( *) (& c&'6)'c (h c&*(s &f (h


20/1906

c&c('ss &f (h) l5)sl+()6 j*57'(s.&sh *ss7+' +' +c&b*s ('B&kh Q*+l P&(c()&' &f (h ,+-s ?2G4GV&c+b*l+9$(+( &l)c &- fs (& (hs(+( s &- (& sc)b 5*l+()&'s (& &7&( (h h+l(h +c 7&+ls +'*c+()&' &f (h &l +' (& 6l& $(+( )'*s()s +' s&*cs (hb9+)'5 (& (h $(+( s -+l(h +' &s)(9. h)s )s '&( (& b )7)')sh b9 (hQP%.@'+l l5)sl+()&' +l)s (& 69&'.$c)+l l5)sl+()&' )7&ss b*'s &5+'(s b'f)(s (& + sc)f)c 5&*.P&bl7s -)(h (h Q*+l P&(c()&' %l+*s ?QP%h * &css cl+*s )s *s (& &(c( &(9 +' '+(*+l l)b(9.B&(h

l5)sl+()&' +' (h +7)')s(+()&' &f l5)sl+()&' 7*s( b c&'s)s('( -)(h (h QP%?!)ck & 6. =&k)'s cc&)'5l9 (h QP% &s (h (h)'5s"3( l)7)(s 7)ss)bll5)sl+()6 cl+ss)f)c+()&'s3( &&ss )sc)7)'+(&9 l5)sl+()&'3( l+cs s*bs(+'()6 l)7)(s &' (h c)s &f s(+( &l)c &-sN.B. ,+-s c+' c+( cl+ss)f)c+()&'s b*( cl+ss)f)c+()&'s )'h'(l9 l+ (& )'*+l)(9L$&l*()&' hD&c()' &f R+s&'+bl %l+ss)f)c+()&'R+s&'+bl cl+ss)f)c+()&' h&ls (h+( (h&s -h&+ s)7)l+l9 s)(*+( sh&*l b s)7)l+l9 (+(. h c&'s()(*()&' &s' (*) )ff'( (h)'5s (& b (+( (h s+7.D+'5" h 7+')'5 &f s)7)l+l9s)(*+( )s +7b)5*&*s. $)'c +ll cl+ss)f)c+()&'s + c&'s(*c( (h l5)sl+(*7+9 c+( +()f)c)+l cl+sss. +s&'+bl cl+ss)f)c+()&' )'cl*s +ll s&'s -h&+ s)7)l+l9 s)(*+( -)(h sc( (& (h *&s &f (h l+-.'J)'cl*s)6 l+-s+ 5'+ll9 (&l+( bc+*s -h)l (h9 &' ( )'cl* 69&' (h9 +( l+s(h)( (h (+5(.C6J)'cl*s)6 l+-s 7)ss (h (+5( +' h)( (h )''&c'(. h)s )s'&( &k+9 *'lss )( s +' 75'c9 .5. *)'5 -+()7 ?s Bl+ck . )'

&7+(s*C6J +' *'J)'cl*s)6 l+-s + )ff)c*l(. Q.5. )' &7+(s* (h)7*5' l+- (+5( ++'s b*( '&( 3(+l)+' & @7+' 7)c+'s.h 37l)c)(K&b)' %l+ss)f)c+()&' D&c()'$&7 (+)(s c+' '6 s6 +s (h b+s)s &f +c&'s()(*()&'+l cl+ss)f)c+()&' 6' )f (h9 + +)7 +( (h *bl)c 5&&. R+c c&l&* +' c + (h *s*+l s*sc(s ?&(ch$*sc( %l+ss)f)c+()&'s R*)R)5) $c*()'9 &7+(s*" ll l5+l s()c()&'s -h)ch c*(+)l (h c)6)l )5h(s &f + s)'5l +c)+l 5&* + s*sc( b*( '&( 'css+)l9 *'c&'s()(*()&'+l. h9 +s*bjc( (& (h 7&s( )5) sc*()'9.&7+(s*" Pss)'5 *bl)c 'css)(9 7+9s&7()7s j*s()f9 c*(+)l)'5 (h c)6)l )5h(s &f + s)'5l +c)+l 5&*. =&-6+c)+l +'(+5&')s7 '6 c+'. !)ck & 6. =&k)'s" (h )sc)7)'+()&' -+s b+s s&ll9 &' h&s()l)(9 (& (h %h)'s] +c +' '+()&'+l)(9. hf& )( -+s s(*ck &-'.B&-' 6. B&+ &f Q*c+()&' &f &k+ B&-' 3] ?2GO4K+c(s"

$6+l c+ss f&7 f&* s(+(s &s + c&77&' l5+l *s()&'. 5&* &f

Bl+ck ch)l' + ch+ll'5)'5 + s(+( (h+( 7)(s b*( &s '&( *) c)()s(& 7+)'(+)' s55+( sch&&ls.$55+()&' &f ch)l' )' *bl)c sch&&ls s&ll9 &'(h b+s)s &f +c 6' (h&*5h (h h9s)c+l f+c)l)()s +' &(h (+'5)bl f+c(&s7+9 b *+l )6s ch)l' &f (h 7)'&)(9 5&* &f *+l *c+()&'+l&&(*')()s.B&-' 6. B&+ &f Q*c+()&' &f &k+ B&-' 3]$55+()&' &f-h)( +' c&l& ch)l' )' *bl)c sch&&ls h+s + ()7'(+l ffc( *&' (hc&l& ch)l'. h )7+c( )s 5+( -h' )( h+s (h s+'c()&' &f (h l+- f&(h &l)c9 &f s++()'5 (h +cs )s *s*+ll9 )'(( +s '&()'5 (h)'f)&)(9 &f (h '5& 5&*. s's &f )'f)&)(9 +ffc(s (h 7&()6+()&' &f +ch)l (& l+'. $55+()&' -)(h (h s+'c()&' &f l+- (hf& h+s + (''c9 (&(+] (h *c+()&'+l +' 7'(+l 6l&7'( &f '5& ch)l' +' (& )6(h7 &f s&7 &f (h b'f)(s (h9 -&*l c)6 )' + +c)+ll9] )'(5+( sch&&ls9s(7... c&'cl* (h+( )' (h f)l &f *bl)c *c+()&' (h &c()' &f

s++( b*( *+l h+s '& l+c. $++( *c+()&'+l f+c)l)()s + )'h'(l9*'*+l. hf& - h&l (h+( (h l+)'()ffs +' &(hs s)7)l+l9 s)(*+( f&-h&7 (h +c()&'s h+6 b' b&*5h( + b9 +s&' &f (h s55+()&' c&7l+)' &f)6 &f (h *+l &(c()&' &f (h l+-s 5*++'( b9 (h K&*('(h7'7'(. &7+(s* 6. ')( $(+(s ?2G44K+c(s" D*)'5 &l + 33Ps)'()+l Qc*()6 C G0FF +' c&'5ss)&'+l s(+(*(s 5+6 (h 7)l)(+9+*(h&)(9 (& cl* c)()A's &f ++'s +'cs(9 f&7 ++s 7 c)()c+l (&'+()&'+l f's +' &('()+ll9 6*l'+bl (& s)&'+5. &7+(s* 7+)' )'$+' ,+'& %+l)f&')+ +' 6)&l+( %)6)l)+' Qcl*s)&' C N&. I4 &f (h .$.79.3ss*" D) (h Ps)'( +' %&'5ss 5& b9&' (h) -+ &-s b9)7l7'()'5 cl*s)&' +' s()c()'5 (h )5h(s &f 7)c+'s &f ++'s


21/1906

sc'(:=l" N& c&7*ls&9 cl*s)&' (h&*5h c&'s()(*()&'+ll9 s*sc( )sj*s()f) *)'5 c)c*7s(+'cs &f 75'c9 +' )l. ?FJIBl+ck . ?7+j&)(9,5+l s()c()&'s -h)ch c*(+)l (h c)6)l )5h(s &f + s)'5l +c)+l 5&* +)77)+(l9 s*sc( +' s*bjc( (& )5) sc*()'9. B*( (h9 + '&( 'css+)l9*'c&'s()(*()&'+l.Pss)'5 *bl)c 'css)(9 7+9 j*s()f9 (h )s('c &f s*chs()c()&'s; +c)+l +'(+5&')s7 '6 c+'.Qcl*s)&' &f (h&s &f ++'s &)5)' -+s7 'css+9 bc+*s &f (h s'c &f +' *'+sc(+)' '*7b &f )sl&9+l77bs &f (h 5&* 7&s( &f -h&7 - h+6 '& &*b( - l&9+l (& (h)s c&*'(9.3f

(h)s - + c+s &f )7)s&'7'( & c&'c'(+()&' c+7s (h +'s- -&*l b s)7l)( -&*l b f&b)'. B*( 5+lss &f (h) (* '+(* (h +ss7bl9 +'l&c+()&' c'(s c+''&( j*s()f)+bl9 b c+ll c&'c'(+()&' c+7s -)(h +ll (h *5l9 c&''&(+()&'s (h+( (7 )7l)s - + +l)'5 sc)f)c+ll9 -)(h '&(h)'5 b*(+' cl*s)&' &.R&b(s . ?)ss'()'5h)s )s + c+s &f c&'6)c()'5 + c)()A' +s+ *')sh7'( f& '&( s*b7)(()'5 (& )7)s&'7'( )' + c&'c'(+()&' c+7 s&ll9b+s &' h)s +'cs(9 -)(h&*( 6)'c & )'*)9 c&'c')'5 h)s l&9+l(9 +' 5&&)s&s)()&' (&-+s (h ')( $(+(s.M*h9 ?)ss'()'5h)s k)' &f cl*s)&'5&s &6 (h b)'k &f c&'s()(*()&'+l &- +' f+lls )'(& (h *5l9 +b9ss &f+c)s7.3( )s ss'()+l (h+( (h b f)')( l)7)(s (& 7)l)(+9 )sc()&'sc)+ll9 -h 7+()+l l+- h+s '&( b' cl+. 3')6)*+ls 7*s( '&( b lf()7&6)sh &f (h) c&'s()(*()&'+l )5h(s &' + l+ &f 7)l)(+9 'css)(9 (h+(h+s ')(h s*bs(+'c '& s*&(.B)'5 +' &b6)&*s +c)+l )sc)7)'+()&' (h &)6s +ll (h&s -)(h)' )(s sc& &f (h *+l &(c()&' &f (h l+-s +s5*++'( b9 (h O(h 7'7'(. 3( f*(h )6s (hs )')6)*+ls &f (h)c&'s()(*()&'+l )5h(s (& l)6 +' -&k -h (h9 -)ll (& s(+bl)sh + h&7 -h(h9 ch&&s +' (& 7&6 +b&*( fl9.@*(( 6. B&ll)'5 ?100IK+c(s" @*(( +-h)( s)'( &f M)ch)5+' -+s ') +7)ss)&' (& ')6s)(9 &f M)ch)5+'Hs ,+-$ch&&l (h&*5h sh h+ + I.8 @P +' +' ,$ sc& &f 2F2. h ,+- $ch&&l +7)(s(h+( )( *ss +c +s + f+c(& )' 7+k)'5 +7)ss)&'s c)s)&'s bc+*s )( s6s +c&7ll)'5 )'(s( )' +ch)6)'5 )6s)(9 +7&'5 )(s s(*'( b&9. 3ss*" D& (h5*)l)'s 6)&l+( (h Q*+l P&(c()&' %l+*s &f (h 24(h 7'7'( & )(l V3 &f(h %)6)l R)5h(s c( &f 2GF4: =l" N& ?OJ4CH%&'' . ?7+j&)(9Bc+*s (h,+- $ch&&l c&'*c(s h)5hl9 )')6)*+l)A 6)- &f +ch +l)c+'( '& +cc(+'c& jc()&' )s b+s +*(&7+()c+ll9 &' + 6+)+bl s*ch +s +c +' (h+( (h)s&css 's*s (h+( +ll f+c(&s (h+( 7+9 c&'()b*( (& )6s)(9 + 7+')'5f*ll9c&'s) +l&'5s) +c. 3' (h c&'(( &f )(s )')6)*+l)A )'*)9 )'(& (h

&ss)bl )6s)(9 c&'()b*()&'s &f +ll +l)c+'(s (h ,+- $ch&&lHs +cJc&'sc)&*s +7)ss)&'s &5+7 &s '&( *'*l9 h+7 '&'J7)'&)(9 +l)c+'(s.h l+-sch&&lHs )'(s( )' &b(+)')'5 + c)()c+l 7+ss &f 7)'&)(9 s(*'(s -+s +(+)l& *s (& +ch)6 + c&7ll)'5 5&6'7'( )'(s( ?).. )6s)(9 )'h)5h *c+()&'.Ph+s (-'(9Jf)6 9+s h'c +c)+l +ff)7+()6 +c()&' -&*l'& l&'5 b 'css+9 )' & (& &7&( )6s)(9. R+cJc&'sc)&*s +7)ss)&'s&l)c)s 7*s( b l)7)( )' ()7. Rh'*)s( %.. ?)ss'()'5 S $c+l)+ ''9 +'h&7+s .h ,+- $ch&&lHs +7)ss)&'s &l)c9 -+s +' +((7( (& +ch)6 +'*'c&'s()(*()&'+l(9 &f +c)+l b+l+'c)'5.h ,+- $ch&&lHs 5&+l &f +ch)'5 + c)()c+l 7+ss &f7)'&)(9 s(*'(s )s *'f&*' s)'c (h +bs&l*( '*7b f)c+'J7)c+'=)s+')c +' N+()6 7)c+' s(*'(s 6+) 7+kl9 -h)ch )s )'c&'s)s('( -)(h)+ &f + c)()c+l 7+ss )' (h+( &' -&*l (h)'k (h s+7 s)A c)()c+l 7+ss -&*l

b ' f& +ll 7)'&)(9 5&*s.K&7 2GGO (h&*5h 1000 (h ,+- $ch&&l +7)(( .. . b(-' 2I +' 2G . . . N+()6 7)c+'s] b(-' G2 +' 208 . . . f)c+'7)c+'s] +' b(-' 4E +' OF . . . =)s+')cs].... C]' -&*l h+6 (&bl)6 (h+( (h &bjc()6s &f Hc)()c+l 7+ssH &ff b9 s&''(s + +ch)6-)(h &'l9 h+lf (h '*7b &f =)s+')cs +' &'Js)(h (h '*7b &f N+()67)c+'s +s c&7+ (& f)c+' 7)c+'s.h -+s + ()5h( c&l+()&' b(-'(h c'(+5 &f +l)c+'(s +' +7)((s &f + 5)6' +c +' +5* (h+( (h'*7bs - f+ (&& c)s (& b )s7)ss +s 7l9 (h s*l( &f (h sch&&l+9)'5 Hs&7 +(('()&' (& (h] '*7bs.Hh&7+s . ?c&'c*)'5 )' +( +')ss'()'5 )' +( S $c+l)+3f M)ch)5+' c&*l '&( 7+)' + s()5)&*s )'s()(*()&'+' +7)( s(*'(s *' + +cJ'*(+l s9s(7 (h ,+- $ch&&l sh&*l b f&c (&

8/11/201

U.S. Constitutional Law course outline

Documents

Transcript of U.S. Constitutional Law course outline