US ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH AND ...DAK 11-77-C-OIIO J. M. Dewey and D. J. McMillin Canadian GE...

IAD /!oC/J67/ I

CONTRACT REPORT ARB RL-CR-00395

ENERGY DENSITY CALCULATIONS:

DI POLE WEST SHOT 11

Prepared by

University of VictoriaVictoria, British Col umbia

Canada, V8W 2Y2

April 1979

US ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMANDBALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORY

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ENERGY DENSITY CALCULATIONS: DIPOLE WESTFinal Report: 29 September1977 through 29 March 1978

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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19, KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if ne("ess~ry lind identify by block number)

Air BlastEnergy DensitySimultaneous DetonationsMultiburst Detonations

20, ABSTRACT (Conllnue on reverse side If neces~",ry lind identity by block number)

DIPOLE WEST/11 comprised the simultaneous detonation of two 490-kg sphericalcharges of Pentolite. The particle trajectories in the resulting blast waveswere measured, using the high-speed photography of smoke puffs, and an,!lyzed.In this report, the results of the particle trajectory analysis are used tocalculate energy densities within the blast waves. Energy density profilesand integrated energy yields for the primary spherical blast wave from thelower charge are presented and compared to energy density profiles and

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20. ABSTRACT (continued)

integrated energy yields calculated using the theoretical results of Brode,which describe a single charge of TNT detonated in the absence of a reflectingsurface. Agreement is found to be good within the limits of uncertainty placecon the experimental and theoretical results. Energy profiles through the Machstem blast waves above the ground and beneath the dipole interaction plane arealso presented. The total energy within the leading portion of these waves iscomputed at several times and, in each case, the energy in the wave above theground is found to be greater than that in the wave beneath the interactionplane. The total amount of energy in the Mach stem wave at the ground is alsofound to increase with time. These results may be explained by the lack ofsymmetry in the dipole configuration at greater distances from the charges.It is recommended that attempts be made to improve the particle trajectoryanalysis techniques in order to increase the accuracy of the energy measurements, thus leading to marL; conclusive results.

UNCLASSIFIED

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION.

2. CALCULATION OF ENERGY DENSITY.

3. THEORETICAL RESULT FOR SPHERICAL WAVE FROM TNT (BRODE)

4. PRIMARY WAVE FROM THE LOWER CHARGE: DIPOLE WEST/II

5. ANOTHER PRIMARY WAVE: FE589/6

6. MACH STEM ENERGY PROFILES: DIPOLE WEST/II

7. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES.

ILLUSTRATIONS .

DISTRIBUTION LIST.

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Energy lJensity Curves for TNT, from Brode.

Region of Primary Waves from Lower Charge,DIPOLE WEST/ll

Energy lJensity in the Primary Wave,DIPOLE WEST/II (t ; 1.0 ms)

Energy Density in the Primary Wave,lJIPOLE WEST/II (t ; 1.4 ms)

Energy Density in the Primary Wave,DIPOLE WEST/II (t ; 1.7 ms)

Energy Density in the Primary Wave,DIPOLE WEST/II (t ; 2.5 ms)

Energy lJensity in the Primary Wave,lJIPOLE WEST/II (t ; 3.4 ms)

Energy Density in the Primary Wave,FE589/6 (t ; 2.514 ms).




Energy Density at the Primary Shock Front; FE589/6

Energy Density Profiles in the Mach Stem Regions,DIPOLE WEST/II (R ; 3.52 m) .





Energy Density at the Mach Stem Shock Fronts,DIPOLE WEST/II (RIA)

Energy Density at the Mach Stem Shock Fronts,DIPOLE WEST/II (PTA)

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1. INTRODUCTION

The analysis of particle trajectories in blast waves from dipoleexplosions has been described by Dewey et al (1977a, 1977b, 1978a, and1978b). The experiments in which particle trajectory measurements weremade, referred to as DIPOLE WEST Shots 8, 9, 10 and 11, were designedto provide information on the interaction of spherical blast waves withreal and ideal reflecting surfaces. The blast wave interactions wereobtained by the simultaneous detonation of two identical 490-kg spherical Pentolite charges placed one above the other such that the distancebetween the charges was equal to twice the height of the lower chargeabove the ground surface.

Two differentof ground surface.Shots 8 and 11 andground surface wasground surface was

charge heights were used over two different typesThe lower charge was 25 feet above the ground in

15 feet in Shots 9 and 10. For Shots 8 and 9 therelatively smooth, and for Shots 10 and 11 theroughened by ploughing.

Two photogrammetrical studies were made in each of the four experiments. One study permitted a calculation of the shock front trajectories and velocities, and subsequently a determination of the physicalproperties immediately behind the shocks (Dewey et aI, 1975). Theother study involved the high-speed photography of an array of smokepuffs, which permitted the determination of the particle trajectorieswithin the blast waves. These trajectories were analyzed to providethe space and time variations of particle velocity, gas density, hydrostatic overpressure, dynamic pressure and total pressure within thewaves.

This report presents the energy densities within the blast wavesof Shot 11, computed using the particle trajectory data obtained as described above. Shot 11 was chosen for this initial study of energydensity because of the charge positions and the ground surface whichwere used. The charge positions were such that a larger amount of datawas obtained for the primary, spherical blast wave from the lower ofthe two charges than was obtained with the closer charge spacing ofShots 9 and 10.

The ground surface for Shot 11 was rough, and the strength of theMach stem shock over the rough ground surface was found to be significantly less than that of the Mach stem shock at the interaction planebetween the two charges, and less than that of the Mach stem shockover the smooth ground surface of Shot 8. This difference in strengthis presumably due to energy losses and redistribution over the roughground. The more extensive smoke puff grid used for Shot 11 yieldednearly twice the amount of data in the Mach wave as was obtained forShot 10, which also used a rough ground surface.

A complete description of DIPOLE WEST Shot 11 and the photogrammetric measurements made can be found in Dewey et aI, 1975, 1977a,1977b, 1978a, and 1978b.

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2. CALCULATION OF ENERGY DENSITY

The available energy per unit volume at a point in a blast wavemay be computed using the following equation:

(1)

where P is the hydrostatic pressure of the gas, P the ambient hydro-astatic pressure before the arrival of the blast wave, p the gas density, u the velocity of the gas, and y the ratio of specific heatsfor the gas. The parameters P, P and u vary with both positionand time.

All of the calculations described in this report were made usingdata which were scaled to I-kg charges detonated in a standard atmosphere. The values of the hydrostatic pressure difference (P - P )awere computed using the hydrostatic overpressure ratios obtained fromparticle trajectory analysis multiplied by the standard pressure,Pa; 101.324 kPa. Values of gas density, p, and particle velocity, u,

may be obtained by multiplying the density ratios and particle velocityMach numbers obtained from the particle trajectory analysis by the

standard density Da ; 1.225 kg/m 3 and the standard sound speed

C ; 340.292 .m/s, respectively. In fact, since dynamic pressure ratiosa(y/2) (P/Da 1 (u/Cal 2 had already been computed as part of the particle

trajectory analysis, the second term in equation (1) was calculated by

multiplying the dynamic pressure ratio by DaCa2/y A value of 1.401

was used for y assuming that the shock waves were relatively weak andthus produced no real gas effects.

Energy density values computed in the above manner were dividedby 10 6 to have units of Joules per cubic centimeter. As computed,they measure the available energy above the internal energy of the ambient air. Integrated over the entire blast wave, the total energythus measured should equal the energy yield of the charge in megaJouleswhen the distance coordinate is measured in meters. Since the resultsof the particle trajectory analysis were scaled to a standard chargeweight and standard atmospheric conditions, the energy densities presented in this report describe the case of two I-kg charges detonatedin a standard atmosphere at sea level at 15°C.

To obtain results describing the original event, DIPOLE WEST Shot11, the distance values presented in this report should be mUltipliedby 8.0730, and the time values by 8.5933. The values of energy densitydo not require scaling. Energy data are presented in this report asfunctions of either radial position or position along a line, at fixedtimes. The data can, on request, also be given as energy density

8

contours over a regular, two-dimensional Eulerian grid at specifiedtimes, or as energy density time histories at specified positions.

3. THEORETICAL RESULT FOR A SPHERICAL WAVE FROM TNT (BRODE)

To validate the equation used to compute energy density (equationll) in the preceding section) and to have standard curves against whichto compare experimentally determined energy density profiles, a set ofenergy density versus distance curves was prepared using data computedtheoretically by Brode (1957) for TNT. Brode's calculation producedcurves showing particle velocity Mach number, S; hydrostatic pressureratio, 'IT, and gas density ratio, n, as functions of reduced radius,A, at various reduced times, '[, for a spherical TNT blast wave in

a standard atmosphere (sea level) at O°C.

Curves of energy density versus distance from charge center werecomputed using Brode's results in the following equation:

E =_1_ ('IT-l)P +~nD (SCO)2,y -1 0 0

(2)

where Po, Do and Co are the ambient values of atmospheric pressure,density and sound speed used by Brode, which are slightly differentfrom the values Pa , Da and Ca given in the previous section. Again,a value of 1.4 was assumed for y. A value of 1 em was chosen forBrode's scaling factor, a, ai1.d the computed energy density functionswere integrated over the full sphere of the blast wave at selectedtimes, using

where R is the primary shock radius. Results of the integrations aregiven below.

Brode I S Reducedtime value, '[

0.085770.122160.147930.21564

Integrated EnergyETOT ' Joules

0.081690.077710.085760.06761

mean = 0.0782 J

Since Brode's scaling factor is defined by a 3 = WIPo ' where W

is the total energy released by the charge, choosing a value of 1 emfor the scaling factor should have been equivalent to setting the energyyield of the charge in Brode's calculation at W = a 3Po = 0.1014 J.

9

It is not clear that this figure is the one to expect from the integrations described above, however, as Brode arbitrarily added a fixedamount of energy in his equation of state for TNT to overcome difficulties he had in reconciling the integral of that equation to the totalenergies expected under various initial and limiting conditions.

In order to validate the equation used to compute energy densitiesfor this report, therefore, a second approach was taken. A scalingfactor of (l. = 3.966 m was applied to Brode's reduced radius values,A, to obtain energy results for a I-kg charge in a standard atmos

phere at 15°C. This scaling factor was computed using a factor of10 feet derived empirically by Dewey (1964).

The scaling factor of 10 feet was found to give the best agreementbetween Brode's computed peak overpressure-versus-distance relationshipand similar values for TNT, which have been measured experimentally andscaled to a l-lb charge weight in Brode's standard atmosphere. Thisfactor of 10 feet was converted to meters and then mUltiplied by,. .

12.20462 to convert from 1 lb to 1 kg, then by the cube root of theratio Po/Pa to convert from Brode's standard atmosphere (DoC) to thestandard atmosphere used in this report (15°C). Brode's reduced timevalues, t , were scaled using this same factor, divided by the standard sound speed at 15°C, then multiplied by 1000 to obtain real times,t, in milliseconds.

The resulting energy density profiles are shown in Figure 1, whereenergy density in J / em' is plotted versus radius in meters, scaled toa I-kg charge, at the following times: 1.000, 1.424, 1.725, 2.514,3.413, 5.918, and 8.532 ms. A curve showing peak energy density versus radius is also shown.

To validate this method of computing energy densities, the datapresented in Figure 1 were integrated over the full ,sphere of the blastwave. The results obtained are as follows:

Time (ms) Energy (141)

1.000 5.097

1.424 4.848

1.725 5.351

2.514 4.218

3.413 (5.282)

5.918 (3.488)

8.532 (2.835)

The energy values shown in parentheses do not represent total energy

10

'.

because energy density was not defined over the full range of radii between the explosion center and the primary shock front. The results ofthe other integrations, which were made over the full range of radii,are total energies varying from 4.218 to 5.351 MJ with a mean value of4.878 MJ. These results should be compared to the total energy yieldof 1 kg TNT, which is thought to be in the range from 4.45 to 4.85 MJ.

The ,expected yield from 1 kg TNT was estimated using Brode's figures (from Jones and Miller, 1948) of 247.9 kcal/mole at a loading density of 1.5 g/cm 3 and molecular weight of 234g. These figures givea yield for TNT of 1. 06 kcal/g, which can be compared to 1.16 kcal/ gused by Dewey (1964), based on data from ,Cook (1958) for a loadingdensity of 1.57 g/cm 3 • These two figures, as lower and upper limits,and a conversion rate of 4185 J/kcal, put the yield of 1 kg TNT between 4.45 and 4.85 MJ. For comparison, the yield from 1 kg Pentolite(SO/SO) is approximately 5.10 MJ, and the yield from 1 kg TNT computedusing the relation W= a 3p , a = 3.966m, is 6.32MJ.

a

4. PRIMARY WAVE FROM THE LOWER CHARGE: DIPOLE WEST/II

DIPOLE WEST Shot 11 involved the simultaneous detonation of two490-kg spheres of Pentolite over a rough ground surface on 8 November1973. The lower charge was positioned 25 feet above the ground andthe upper charge 50 feet above the lower one. In this way, the spherical primary blast wave from the lower charge was reflected both fromthe ground surface and from the corresponding blast wave generated bythe upper charge along an interaction plane midway between the twocharges at a distance above the lower charge equal to the height ofthe lower charge above the ground. One Objective of the experimentwas to compare the Mach stern blast wave over the ground surface withthe corresponding Mach stern wave below the interaction plane.

The region in space affected by the spherical primary wave fromthe lower charge is shown in Figure 2. The plane of the figure is onecontaining the two charge centers and ground zero. The x-coordinateis measured horizontally'from ground zero and the y-coordinate vertically upward from ground zero. The distance units have been scaled toa I-kg charge and standard atmospheric conditions, as described byDewey et al (1978b). The region of the primary wave is bounded by thepaths of the two triple points, that is, the trajectories of the junctions of the primary shock with the reflected shocks from the groundand the interaction plane.

The positions of the primary shock front and its upper and lowerreflections at times 1.0,1.4,1.7,2.5 and 3.4ms are also shown inFigure 2. These times were chosen to correspond to the times at whichtheoretical results were computed from Brode's data.

Particle trajectory analysis using smoke puff flow tracers in the

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plane of Figure 2 has provided a grid of measured particle velocities,gas densities, and hydrostatic overpressures in a region which overlapsthe region of the primary wave between the triple point paths (Dewey etaI, 1978b). These data were used to compute a regular grid of energydensity values. Energy densities computed in the region of the primarywave are plotted in Figures 3 to 7 as functions of radial distance fromthe lower charge center at each of the times indicated in Figure 2.The solid curves shown in Figures 3 to 7 are the profiles computed usingBrode's theoretical data. The vertical line represents the shock frontposition at the indicated time. The peak value of the energy densityat the shock front (the height of the vertical line) was computed usingthe Rankine-Hugoniot equations and the measured shock velocity whichwere obtained as part of the particle trajectory analysis (Dewey et aI,1978b).

A position within the region bounded by the triple point paths mayhave been traversed by the primary shock only, or the primary shock andone reflected shock, or the primary shock and two reflected shocks. InFigures 3 to 7, the points corresponding to these conditions are represented as solid, or open containing a short vertical line, or open containing a cross, respectively. Only the solid points should be compared with the curves computed using Brode's data.

The fields of energy density may be conceptualized as three dimensional surfaces over the x-y plane, as described by Dewey et al (1977a).Cross-sections of these surfaces along a line y; O.gm (the chargeheight) are indicated by dashed lines in Figures 5 to 7.

The scatter in the energy density values computed in the regionsbehind one or two reflected shocks (Figures 5 to 7) is to be expectedbecause the flows in these regions do not have the spherical symmetrywhich was assumed when the data were plotted versus radial distancefrom the charge center. Additional scatter within each region, including the region affected by the spherical primary wave only (Figures 3to 7), arises from scatter in the gas density calculations, which isinherent in the method used to derive gas density from observed particle trajectories. Attempts are being made to improve this method ofderiving gas density.

5. ANOTHER PRIMARY WAVE: FE589/6

One of the difficulties encountered in deriving energy density inthe primary wave from the lower charge in DIPOLE WEST Shot 11 is thescarcity of data which have been unaffected by a reflected wave, especially at later times. A particle trajectory analysis was thereforemade of another explosion, FE589 Shot 6, which offered larger amountsof data in the primary wave unaffected by a reflected shock.

FE589 Shot 6 was a lOOO-ib sphere of TNT detonated on 17 October

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1969 at a height of 60 feet. Because of the large charge height andtlH' positioning of the smoke puff grid, a relatively large amount ofparticle trajectory data was obtained for the primary blast wave.Also, since there was only one charge, there was only one reflection.

Profiles of energy density in the 'primary wave from FE589 Shot 6are shown in Figures 8 to 11 at times 2.514, 3.413, 5.918 and 8.532 ms,along with the curves computed using Brode's data at those times. Theprofiles shown in Figures 8 to 11 are similar to those shown in Figures 3 to 7 for DIPOLE WEST Shot 11, with the solid points representingenergy density at positions affected by only the primary wave, and theopen points with a small vertical line representing energy density atpositions affected by both the primary and the reflected wave. Withthe exception of the open points in Figure 11, the values plotted inFigures 8 to 11 were derived for a region which would be expected tohave spherical S,"~etry, wid the scatter of the results is primarilycaused by the lack of precision in determining gas density from theparticle trajectories. The shock front positions and peak energy densities shown in Figures 8 to 11 were computed from shock front trajectory data obtained using refractive image analysis. The relationshipbetween the peak energy densities computed using refractive image analysis and those computed from times of arrival derived using particletrajectory analysis is shown in Figure 12, along with the same curvederived from Brode's data.

6. MACH STEM ENERGY PROFILES: DIPOLE WEST/II

Energy profiles of the Mach stem blast waves above the ground surface and beneath the interaction plane between the two charges are presented in Figures 13 to 17. In these figures, energy density is plotted against a radial distance which is measured horizontally from theaxis through the two charge centers and ground zero, at heights of0.4 m above the ground and 0.4 m below the interaction plaI)e. Plottingthe energy data in this way assumes that the flows within the Mach stemblast waves are cylindrically radial, an assumption which is known tobe only approximate, as discussed by Dewey etal (1977a). The profilesfor the two blast waves in each figure are plotted at different timeschosen so that the shock fronts were at the same radial distance. Thiswas necessary because the shock wave beneath the interaction plane wastraveling faster than the one above the ground. Thus, for example, inFigure 13 the shocks are both at a radius of 3.52 m, which occurred at4.8 ms for the interaction Mach stem, and at 5.0 ms for the ground Hachstem.

The peak energy density at each shock front was calculated usingthe measured shock velocities, and for all values of shock radius it wasgreater for the shock below the interaction plane than for the shockat the ground surface. The exact relationship between the strength ofthe Mach stem beneath the interaction plane and the Mach stem at tl,e

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ground surface is shown in Figures 18 and 19, as determined using refractive image analysis and particle trajectory analysis, respectively.

The Mach stem shock below the interaction plane is apparentlystronger than the Mach stem shock over the ground surface when peakenergy densities at the shock fronts are compared. Such a differenceis not apparent when the energy density profiles of the waves behindthe shock fronts are compared (Figures 13 to 17). The energy densitiesin the wave above the ground surface are, if anything, greater thanthose in the wave beneath the interaction plane.

Values of the integral 2Tr (R rE(r)d r , where r is the radiusJra 0

marked by an arrow in Figures 13 to 17, and R is the shock front radius, are as follows:

INTEGRATED ENERGY DENSITY (MJ/m)

Figure Interaction GroundNumber Mach Stem Mach Stem

13 3.00 2.90

14 3.06 3.78

15 3.45 4.11

16 3.52 4.72

17 3.55 5.29

If these integrated values are taken as true measures of the total energy in megaJoules per meter of distance from the reflecting surfaces,

, over those portions of the waves indicated in Figures 13 to 17, thenindeed the wave over the ground surface appears to be the more energetic. This would be consistent with the results reported by Dewey etal (1975) and Keefer et al (1975), in which it was shown that, althoughthe peak hydrostatic pressure was always less above the ground thanclose to the interaction plane at the same radial distance, the pressure impulse, namely the integral of the pressure-time history, wasalways greater in the ground Mach stem.

The integrations of energy listed above also suggest that in theleading portion of the ground Mach wave, che total energy may increasewith time, whereas in the corresponding portion of interaction Machwave, the total energy remains more or less constant.

Unfortunately, the scatter in the values of energy density plotted in the profiles is such that no firm conclusions can be drawn. Asdiscussed previously, this scatter arises primarily because of the poorspatial resolution of the density calculated from the particle trajectories, and it is hoped that techniques can be developed to improve thisfeature of the analysis.

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7. CONCLUSIONS

This report describes the first attempt to calculate the energydensity throughout a blast wave using experimentally determined properties of the gas, viz, density, pressure, and particle velocity. Theenergy density is the most complete descriptor of a blast wave sinceit involves all of these physical properties. In addition, an integration of the energy density profile should produce a total energy equivalent to that released by the explosion, less any energy losses by suchmeans as thermal radiation and seismic effects. The integration forthe total energy release can thus provide a means of checking all previously computed results.

Attempts were made to validate the method used to calculate theenergy densities presented in this report, but these attempts were notentirely successful. The most complete theoretical description of ablast wave from a spherical chemical source is that given for TNT byBrode (1957). Energy density profiles were calculated from Brode'sdata at several times and integrated to give a total energy yield.Using an arbitrary value of 1 em for Brode's scaling factor, the energyprofile was integrated at four different times to give values of totalenergy in the range from 0.06761 J to 0.08576 J with a mean of 0.0782 J.These figures may be compared with Brode's supposed energy yield of0.1015 J. The 25-percent difference may possibly be accounted for bythe fact that, in the integration, a constant ratio of specific heatswas used, and no allowance was made for varying the equation of stateof the detonatio~ products. Brode found it necessary to add energy tohis equation of state to overcome this difficulty.

As a final approach to the problem of validation, Brode's datawere scaled so that they would describe a I-kg charge of TNT in standard atmospheric conditions, using an empirical scaling factor obtainedby matching the shock front pressure-distance relationship of Brode tothat determined experimentally for TNT. Integrating these data gave amean energy yield of 4.878MJ (±O.566) , which may be compared with energies in the range from 4.45 to 4.85 MJ that were obtained from various other sources as the expected energy release from 1 kg TNT.

These studies bring to light the limitations in our knOWledge ofthe absolute energy release from a chemical explosive. It appears,however, that the methods described here for determining the energydensity profile in a blast wave, and its integration, are valid andprovide answers which are correct to better than order-of-magnitudeaccuracy.

The energy density profile was determined in the primary shockwave from the lower charge of DIPOLE WEST Shot 11. There was a considerable scatter in the results because many were for positions alsoaffected by one or two reflected shocks. The results for positionsaffected only by the primary shock show reasonable agreement with the

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energy profiles calculated from Brode's data.

In order to obtain results for a primary shock region less affected by reflected shocks, a similar analysis was carried out for theblast wave from a 1000-lb TNT charge detonated at a height of 60 feet(FE589/6). These results show similar agreement with the energy density profiles computed using Brode's data, but again contain a largeamount of scatter. It is believed that this scatter arises primarilyfrom the method used to determine gas density from the experimentallyobserved particle trajectories, and it is hoped that the prerequisitecalculation can be improved.

The comparisons of the energy density profiles in the Mach stemregions of DIPOLE WEST Shot 11, shown in Figures 13 to 17, are not entirely conclusive due to the scatter in the results. As was previouslyknown from the shock front analyses, the Mach stem shock close to theground is always weaker than the Mach stem shock at the interactionplane, at equal distances from the central axis of symmetry. However,as previously reported, the pressure impulses obtained by integratingpressure gauge signals are always greater close to the ground. Thislast result is confirmed by the present results in that the integratedenergy densities for the profiles shown in Figures 13 to 17 are alwaysgreater in the ground Mach stem than in the interaction Mach stem.This is a surprising result in that it might be eApected that therewould be some energy losses to the ground. A possible explanation maycome from the fact that the region below the interaction plane in thedipole configuration of the charges is no longer symmetrical beyond acertain horizontal distance (a scaled horizontal distance of approximately 4.2m). Referring to Figure 2, the reflected shock beneath theupper triple point path will be reflected from the ground and passthrough the trailing part of the Mach stem wave above the ground, adding energy to this wave. The corresponding reflected shock above thelower triple point path will not encounter an equivalent wave from theupper charge and will therefore pass through the interaction planewithout adding energy to the Mach stem wave below the interaction plane.

These results cannot be considered conclusive at the present time,however, since the accuracy of the measurements may not warrant anysuch distinction between the two sets of energy profiles; and it maybe only coincidence that the integrals of the energy profiles alongthe ground were greater than those beneath the interaction plane ineach of the five cases considered. '

It is recommended that attempts be made to resolve this question,by improving the accuracy of the energy calculations and by furtherstudies of the energy density profiles in these and other blast waves.

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REFERENCES

Brode, H.L., u.s. Air Force Research Memorandum, ASTrA Report No.AD 144302, 1957.

Cook, M.A., The Science of Explosives, Reinhold Publishing Corporation,New York, 1958.

Dewey, J.M., "The Air.Velocity and Density in Blast Waves from TNT Explosions," Proc. Roy. Soc., A 279, pp. 366-385, 1964.

Dewey, J.M., D.F. Classen, and D.J. McMillin, Photogrammetry of theShock Front Trajectories on DIPOLE WEST Shots 8, 9, 10, and 11,DNA 3777F, 1975.

Dewey, J.M., D;J. McMillin, and D. Trill, Photogrammetry of ParticleTrajectories on DIPOLE WEST Shots 8, 9, 10, and 11. Published infive volumes, specifically as follows:

Volume 1, Shot 10, DNA 4326F-l, 1977 . (Ref. , Dewey et aI, 1977a)

Volume 2, Shot 9, DNA 4326F-2, 1977 . (Ref. , Dewey et aI, 1977b)

Volume 3, Shot 8, DNA 4326F-3, 1978. (Ref. , Dewey et aI, 1978a)

Volume 4, Shot 11, DNA 4326F-4, 1978. (Ref. , Dewey et aI, 1978b)

Volume 5, Comparison of Results, DNA 4326F-5 (in press).

Jones, H., and A.R. Miller, "The Detonation of Solid Explosives: TheEquilibrium Conditions in the Detonation Wave-Front and the Adiabatic Expansion of the Products of Detonation," Proc. Roy. Soc. 194,pp. 480-507, 1948.

Keefer, J.H., and R.E. Reisler, Mu1tiburst Environment--Simu1taneousDetonations, Project DIPOLE WEST, BRL Report R1766, 1975.(AD # A009485)

17

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.02.5

1<1.725)

e.o~BRODE'S P-ESULTS SCALED

TO 1 KG TNT2.0

>-'~

00 LlLl.......,>-~.....,(f)

z:"-'C>

>-t.:lII:"-'z:"-'

1.5

1.0

0.5

(2.514-)

0.0

0,4·24---l__--J (I.OOC)

TIME =1.0GO ms

5·918 8.532

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

.- 0 . 5,Lu-'-'-u..Lw..l.LU-'-'-u..L.w...-'...Uu..L..........Lu-'-'-.......w..l-J-U~ ..........L.L~ ..........LU..Lwu..L.LU...u.J-'-'-.......~..LL.......~-'...U'-'-'- .........-J-U~Lu.......,~w..l.LU~ ........LJ - O. 50.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

RAD I US SCALED lMJ

Figure 1 = Energy density curves for TNT! from Brode

'I ii" i"" i I.'. i • i' 'I' j"""'."" ii' iii; ii""0.0 0.5,,i.. .iii' 'i"'"

1.0i U

1.5 Z.O Z.5 3.0 3.5 4.0I" 4. ,

4.5 5.0

, I " " " "'~ 3. 0

2.5 Z.S

e.O e.oINTERACTION PLANE

x: -/ \"l::l 1.5 1.5>-" ....<.0

...J \q: \u UPPER. TR.IPLE POINT PATH'" \.... 1.0 1.0LCWErR.U

(!)"'L...IAO~I:' iZ -,.~~~- Iq: i,....

/Ul...,l::l D.S D.SI LOWER TRIPLE POINT PATHi-' i :q: I I

U ,/.

,....+GZ GROUND SURFAC E

II: D.o D.o.... TIME"I.o 1.4 1.7 tn5".

-D. 5L.w~""""~"""''''''''''''''''~'''''''~~''''''''''''''u..L~u..L.l...Wu..L~~.l...W~~~''''''......~..........u.........~~u....~u..L~u....~ ......~...L~ ........~.:J_0. 5-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 '.0 '.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

HClRIlClNTRL DISTRNCE SCALED 1M)

Figure 2 Region of primary waves from lower charge, Dipole "estill

I. 10 I. 15 I. 20 1.25 I.JO 1.35 I. ~O I. ~5 1.50 I. 55 I. 60 I. 65 I. 701.6 1.6

1.5 .= MFA,SURE.D ENERGY DEN\;ITY 1.5

1.11 1.11

1.3 1.3

MEASURED SHOCK1.2 1.2

1.1 1.1

1.0 1.0

0.9 0.9

• •0.11 0.11Nco LJ •LJ 0.7 0.7

"'--,0.6 • • • 0.6

r- 0.5 •• O.SI-~

en D.'! BRODE. (TNT) D.'!z:L..Jc 0.3 0.3

r-

'"" O.l! 0.2II:L..Jz: D. I D. IL..J

0.0 0.0

-0.1 -0. II. 10 I. IS l. 20 1.25 1.30 I. :IS I.~O 1. ~5 I. SIJ I.S5 I. 61J 1.65 . 1.70

RRDIUS SCRLED [Ml

Figure 3 - Energy density in the primary wave, Dipole \~est/ll (t = 1.0 ms)

I. 10 1.20 I. 90 I. ~o I. 50 I. 60 I. 10 I. 80 I. 901.2 1.2

1.1 • = MEASURE.D ENERGY DENSIT'(1.1

1.0 1.0

0.9 • 0.9

0.8 • MEASURED 0.8

SHOCK0.1 0.1

•0.6 D.b

",-' ~

Ww 0.5 0.5...... •....,

li.~ • • O.~

>- • •t-~

en 0.' • D.'z:~

00.2: 0.2

>-f.:>

(TNT)a::O. 1

BRDDE 0.1...,z:W

0.0 0.0

-0.1 -0.1I. 10 1.20 I. '0 I.~O I. 50 I. bO I. 10 1.80 I. 90

RADIUS SCALED (MJ

Figure 4 Energy density in the primary wave, Dipole West/ll (t = 1.4 ms)

0.7

1.30 l.qO 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80

O'l"" ~'~~~~~~~ ~~~~;;~'~~~'~~~~~"'" I"""'" I '

0.11 BE"HIND PRIMARY SHoet<-

(!) = BE:I-\IND PRIMARY ANt> ONE.REI='LE"CTE D SHOCK

- - - '" PRoFILE MEASURED ONRI'\DIAL (HOR-IZONTAL) LIN E

• i , •

l. 90ii' , •• ,

2.00, I • , , '

2. 10

" 'I 0.9

0.11

0.7

m •

•0.5 ••

- MeASUReDSHOCK

0.6

0.5

O. l

0.11

0.0

o.e

0.'•e

••

•_,.llIl ~_ __ • "CI'

I8-1llI1iIIIII

•

•••

..•

BRODe (TNT)

0.0

O. l

o.e

0.11

0.3

)

'""a:wz:w

)I-~

U>z:....o

NN

I. qO 1.50 1.60 1.70

RADIUS SCALED [M)l. 110 1.9Q c.oo

Figure 5 Energy density in the primary wave, Dipole West/ll (t = 1.7 ms)

0.55

o. IS

0.00

0.05

0.10

-0.05

2.'0

(!) 0.50(!)

(!)0.'15

l!l

(!) •• • 0.'10

• (!)0.'5(!) • Mt:~UREP

• SHOCK.0.'0

---I- 0.25

0.20

2.202.101.80 1.90 2.00RRDIUS SCRLED {HI

I. 70

BRODE. (TNT)

e= ENERGY DENSITY MEASUREDBEHIND PRIMARY SHOCK

C!l= BEHIND PRIMAR.Y AND ONERE"FLl:C.TED SHDCK

--- = P~OFILE MEASUReD ONRA.DIAL (HORIZONTAL) LINE.

I. 60D. 6D~ , u.

0.55

0.50

0.~5

O.~O

0.'5

0.'0

N~ 0.25

'" uu

" 0.20,)- 0.15t-~

<f)

z: 0.10wc:>

)- 0.05<.:>IX:..... 0.00z:L...i

-0.05

-0.101.60

Figure 6 - Energy density in the primary wave, Dipole West/ll (t = 2.5 ms)

-0.06

0.05 Qllllli

III Cl

0.00

N

'" ~

UU.....-,

>-t-......enz:.....0

>-t..:>a:.....z:w

0.55

0.50

0.55

0.'0

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

8= E;NE"RGY DENSITY MEASUREDBEHIND pR.JMI>.RY SHOCK

(1)= BEf-\\ND PRIMARY A.ND ONER.EFLEC.TED SHOCK

e = BEHIND PRIM!'-R'i' A.ND TWOREFLECTED SHOC-KS

--- = PRoFILe MEASUReD ON"!'>DIAL (HORI20NTAL) LINE

/lll

/' .",/' '

,llB lib"II&l / III (!) Cl (!) " lB

III / (!) (!) 'l@~ "ci!ll!tn ~III / Cl (!) (!f!l, (!) (!)

fjjIlB Ql (!) (!) III :(!)- - - ItI!tn (!) Cl

BRODE. (TNT)

}-- MEI'-SUREDI SHOCt<

0.55

0.50

0.5S

0.2S

0.20

O. 15

O. 10

0.06

0.00

-0.06

-0. 1OE.u.................u.l~...............u.l.u..o.........,.........u...~................L...........................Lu.................uJLu.........~....J. ...............u..o....L..........................u............................L.u..o.................,j -0. 101.~ Z.O Z.I z.e Z., Z.~ Z.5 Z.6 Z.1 Z.B Z.9 3.0

Rl=lD I US SCl=lLED {HI

Figure 7 - Energy density in the primary wave. Dipole West/II It = 3.4 ms)

e.e e., e.~ e.50.50

O.~S

- .........u."tv

ME~SURED 0.'5SHoCK

0.'0

• 0.e5

•• 0.20

• •• O. IS

0.10

0.06

0.00

• •

• = MEASURED ENERGY DENSITY

O. IS

o.es

0.20

0.06

0.10

0.00

:::::l , , , " " '" ,,",,,,,,,,,,,,,., ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,, ,t:::1.5 1.6 I. 7 I.a I.~ e.o 2.1 2.2 2.' 2.,* 2.5

RRDIUS SCRLED 1M)

IVtil

~

UU

"--,

>-t-~

<f)

z:....c

>-to:>a::....z:u..J

Figure 8 Energy density in the primary wave, FE589/6 (t = 2.514 ms)

Z.O e.1 Z.Z e.' e.\1 e.5 e.G e.? Z.21 Z.9

o. 1I0r '" I I I _~~' "~~'~~'~: :~~': I ~~:~~:_~ '~~~I~;~: '" I I " I I I , , I , , I ' , , , , , , , , I ' , , , I , , , , I ' , , , 0 , , I , i" , , ,

1;1"""'\-"",....,1;:", ~I .. ~I--.J I """_/\._., I

0.'5

'.0"'~ 0.110

0.'5

0.'0

O.DS

0.15

0.10

0.25

0.00

0.20

-0.05

MEA$URE:DSHoC.K

UL.- _

••••

.-••

••

• !I! •.. •- .e' flJb • •• ••••• r#J'"••• IfI!lQl III ... \ill• • Il!l 'ill

lID.",

BR.ODE (TNT)

D. IS

0.10

0.20

0.25

0.05

0.00

-0.06

N0'

~

UU.......,>-.....~

rnz:w0

>-<.:lII:wz:W

-0. 1040.............~...J..l .............~......Ju..............................L..o.~ .....................J.~ ...............~.4....................u...............~~4- .......~~..L .......~..............L...~................::I_0. 10Z.O Z.I Z.2 Z., Z.\1 z.s Z.6 Z.7 2.8 Z.9 '.0

R~DIUS SL~LED 1M)

Figure 9 Energy density in the primary wave, FE589/6 (t ~ 3.413 ms)

'.5 '.6 '.7 '.11 '4.00.'0

• =- M!::J>.SURI;.O E.NERGY PENSITY

0.25 0.25

0.20 0.20

0.15 0.15M(/'SUREP

• SHoet<-IV • • •.....

~ 0.10 •• I 0.10u •u..... • • • • • •• • •..,

•• ••0.05 • 0.06)0-r- BRODE (INT)~

<n •z:....C> 0.00 0.00

)-aa:::....z: -0.05 -0.05L..J

-0.10 -0.103.0 '.1 3.2 3.3 3.~ 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.11 3.9 ~.o

R~DIU5 9C~LED tMl

Figure 10 - Energy density in the primary wave, FE589/6 (t = 5.918 ms)

C. IS

• = ENERGY DENSITY Iv\EASUREDBEHIMD PR.IMARY SHoet<.

C!l = BeHINt> F'~IM""R'< AN t> (ONE)R£F\..E<:'TED SHOC.~

C. IS

C.ICC.IC

• IIilMr:""~UR'ED

I!lSHOCK

••N00 ~ C.CS l!l

C.CS

uu"-..,>- Ut- C.CC

c.co~

enz:....c

)-C>It: -!LOS

-C.CS

....z:....

-C. 1 DLu..................u-.....................u.................u..L...............u..o.Il.Lu.................J..u...................u.............u.L.......u..u..u.l........................J..u................u............u.L..............u.l......................J- O• I D:5.8 :5.3 'LD ',I. I ".Z ".:5 ~.~ ~.5 ~.6 ~.1 ".8 ".3 5.D S.1

RRD I US SCALED eM}

Figure 11Energy density in the primary wave, FE589/6 (t = 8.532 ms)

1.0

1.5

0.0

0.5

Z.o

0.56.0

6 0c.5

5.5

5 5

5.0

5 0

Ii. 5

'l 5

'l.o3.5

j.53.0Z.5

2.0 2.5 3.0

RADIUS SCALED IMI

z.o1.55

. . . .I T I I

0\ QJ Refractive image analysis

A Particle trajectory analysis

\- - - - Brode

5\ ,

'\0

\\\~~~

".

-

I.

1.

1.0c.

0.0

0.5

-0.51.0

~

uu'-

N ..,'"

>-t-~

<nz:wc:>

>-<..:>a:::wz:w

x:a:wQ...

Figure 12 - Energy density at the primary shock front, FE589/6

INTER.A.C.TION MACH STEM, 4.5 msGRC>UND MACH STEM, 5.0ms -} "t'r .

"-

""If -...~ I

~w~

~

I \L~

Z.G 2.7 Z.B 2.9 '.0

F1RD IUS SCRLED 1M)

wa

>I-UlZUlD

>-~WZW

~.,

0.50

0."5

0.~5

0.15

D.I0

0.05

0.00

-0.05

-0. I I)

Z.' Z."

~.5

2.5

~.G ~. 7 ~.B 2.9

,. I

,., '."

,." '.5

'.G

'.G

'.7O.so

0."0

o.eo

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

-0.05

-0.10'.7

Figure 13 Energy density profiles in the Mach stem regions, Dipole West/II(R = 3.52 m)

INTER,P-CTION MACH STEM, 5.8 tTlS

GRClUND MACH STEM. 6.0 ms

..,/' ---/ "- - ---- -"" "", "- ./ -......

~ / '",

"'",

-/ 1\

l~--

'"....

.......0u......-,....,.

>-l-V)

2W0

>-\!)Iiwzw

2.110.50

D.~D

0.25

D.ZD

D. IS

0.10

0.05

0.00

-0.06

-0.102.11

2.9

2.9

~.O

'.0

~. I

'.1 3.2 ,., ~.~

RAD I US SCALED 1M)

~.S

3.5 '.6 '.7

'.11

'.11

'.9

'.9

~.D

~.D

~. I0.50

D. ~s

D.~D

0.'5

D.~D

D.es

D.ZD

D. IS

0.10

0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10~. I

Figure 14 Energy density profiles in the Mach stem regions, Dipole \~est/ll

(R = 3.98 m)

O. IS

0.10

0.Z5

0.00

0.05

~.5

0.50~ 1, 9, 1,. 1 . . .

D INTERI>--CTIQN MACH Sl;EM, 6.6 rns, ( " GRC)U N D MACH STEM, 7.0 inS

/' ""- /' 1.......-.-'"~ ~~- -'" /'--- ~ "- .....<::

{7

. J/" ... :;;--

l!\ !

O.ZO

0.06

0.10

0. 15

0.00

0.Z5

Z.90.50

~:: ~:t:J:lt::j ,. I ,,, .. I.. ,., I "",I.. "", .. 1.. ,1.. ,I. """ .1", ,I.", ,1 ,.1., ,.. I ,.1 1::::2.9 '.0 '.1 '.Z ,., ,.~ '.5 '.6 '.1 '.8 '.9 ~.O ~.1 ~.Z ~., ~,~ ~.5

RADIUS SCALED 1M)

'"N

0'u---,~

'-".f-(/)

ZUJ0.

>-\9a::IUZUJ


INTER.",C.TlQN MACH STEM, 7.8 ms, GRClU N D MACH .sTE M, 8.0 ms

----- --..../ ',--

J - - '.:>.

~~

J

7-- "f -lJ.

'.6 '.11RADIUS SCALED IMl

.......Uu--...2.

'.DD.5D

D.'D

D.Z5

D.~O

D.15

D.ID

D.DS

D.DD

-D.DS

-0.10'.D '.Z

'.11

'.11

,.& '.11 II.D

~.D

II.Z

~.Z

11.&

11.6

11.11 5.DD.5D

D.1I5

D.'ID

D.'5

D.'D

D.es

D.eD

0. IS

0.10

D.DS

D.DD

-D.D5

-0.105.D


O.~O

O.Z5

0.05

0.05

c.so

0.15

0.10

0.00

5.Z

5.£

5.0

5.0

~.II~.I>'\.0 ~.£ ~.~

Al=ID IUS SCALED 1M)'.11

'.11'.1>

INTER."'C.TION MACH STEM, 8.BmsGRClU N D MACH S TE M, g.e.ms

-/ '-../

/.- ~..

1--

~ """"./ " '7- ....... / )

l,

0.:10

0.15

Q.I0

n _~........0.£0

0.05

0.00

0.'5

-0.06

ON

"""~

UIJ'-..,....-)0-I--If)ZiiJ~

>-\!ltrIUZW

1.5

3.0

2.5

1.0

0.5

2.0

0.0

6.03.5

5.55.0'1.5''1.03.0Z.5. Z.O1.55

I

0\ Using refractive image analysis ~

\ l!l Interaction t1ach stem

"'- Ground Mach stem5 , -

1\

\~ '"~ .~

--.::: '0""-

~ ....,

1.5

3.

1.03.

2.0

2.

0.5

0.0

1.0

-0.51.0 1.5 Z.O Z.5 3,0

RI=lD I US ~C:I=lLED lMJ3.5 Ii. 0 Ii. 5 5.0 5.5

-0.515.0

Figure 18 - Energy density at the Hach stem shock fronts, Dipole West/ll (RIA)

, I I I

Using particle trajectory analysis -~ Interaction Mach stem

A Ground Mach stem -

\

1\\~

.

t----....::--....

-

~

uu......

'" -,0'

)-t-~

<nz:....c

)-coa::....z:....:0::Cl:....lL.

1.0'.5

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

1.5 Z.O Z.5 '1.0 'l.5 5.0 5.5 6.0'.5

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.51.0 1.5 Z.O Z.S 3.0

RRDIUS ::lCRLED {HI3.5 'I. 0 'L5 5.0 5.5

-0.5B.O

Figure 19 - Energy density at the Mach stem shock fronts, Dipole West/ll (PTA)

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National Academy of SciencesATTN: Dr. Donald Groves 102101 Constitution Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20418

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Effects Technology, Inc.ATTN: E. Anderson5383 Holister AvenueSanta Barbara, CA 93105

General Electric Co. - TEMPOATTN: OASIAC816 State Street, Drawer QQSanta Barbara, CA 93102

General Electric Co. - TEMPOATTN: Dr. Lynn Kennedy7800 Marble Avenue, NE, Suite 5Albuquerque, NM 87110

H-Tech Laboratories, Inc.ATTN: B. HartenbaumP.O. Box 1686Santa Monica, CA 90406

1 John A. Blume &AssociatesATTN: Dr. John A. BlumeSheraton-Palace Hotel100 Jessie StreetSan Francisco, CA 94105

AVCO Government Products GroupATTN: Dr. W. Bade 1201 Lowell StreetWilmington, MA 01887

Agbabian Associates 1ATTN: Dr. J. Malthan250 N. Nash StreetEl Segundo, CA 90245

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1 AVCO-Everett Research LabATTN: Technical Library2385 Revere Beach ParkwayEverett, MA 02149

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Hughes Aircraft CompanySystems Development LaboratoryATTN: Dr. A. PuckettCentinela and Teale StreetsCulver City, CA 92032

Ion Physics CorporationATTN: Technical LibrarySouth Bedford StreetBurlington, MA 01803

Kaman Sciences CorporationATTN: Dr. C. Sachs1500 Garden of the Gods RoadColorado Springs, CO 80907

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1 Kaman Avidyne, Division ofKaman Sciences

ATTN: Dr. J. Ray Ruetenik83 2nd Ave, NW Industrial ParkBurlington, MA 01803

2 Physics International CompanyATTN: Document Control

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McDonnell Douglas AstronauticsCorporation 1

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Philco Ford CorporationAeronutronic DivisionATTN: L. K. Goodwin

Maxwell Laboratories,.Inc.ATTN: A. Kolb9244 Balboa AvenueSan Diego, CA 92123

KrECH CorporationATTN: Dr. Donald V. Keller911 Pennsylvania NEAlbuquerque, NM 87110

Union Carbide CorporationOak Ridge National LaboratoryATTN: Technical LibraryP.O. Box XOak Ridge, TN 37830

Teledyne-Brown EngineeringATTN: Dr. M. BatelResearch ParkHuntsville, AL 35807

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Sandia LaboratoriesATTN: Dr. J. KennedyP.O. Box 5800Albuquerque, NM 87115

Science Applications, Inc.ATTN: Mr. J. W. Miller

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Shock Hydrodynamics, .Inc.ATTN: L. Zernow4710-16 Vineland AvenueN. Hollywood, CA 91602

R&D AssociatesATTN: Technical Library

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Martin Marietta AerospaceOrlando DivisionATTN: A. OssinP.O. Box 5837Orlando, FL 32805

Management Science AssociatesATTN: Kenneth KaplanP.O. Box 239Los Altos, CA 94022

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1 URS Research CompanyATTN: Technical Library155 Bovet RoadSan Mateo, CA 94002

1 Battelle Memorial InstituteATTN: Technical Library505 King AvenueColumbus, Ohio 43201

2 Denver Research InstituteUniversity of DenverATTN: Mr. John WisotskiP.O. Box 10127Denver, CO 90210

1 DirectorApplied Physics LaboratoryThe Johns Hopkins UniversityJohns Hopkins RoadLaurel, MD 20810

1 Lovelace Research InstituteATTN: Dr. D. RichmondP.O. Box 5890Albuquerque, NM 87108

1 Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology

Aerophysics LaboratoryCambridge, MA 02139

1 New Mexico Institute ofMining and Technology

ATTN: Mr. P. McClainSocorro, NM 87801

1 Northwe~tern Michigan CollegeATTN: Prof. D.C. Kennard, Jr.Traverse City, MI 49584

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1 Southwest Research InstituteATTN: Dr. W. Baker8500 Culebra RoadSan Antonio, TX 78206

1 Stevens Institute of TechnologyDept of Electrical EngineeringATTN: Prof. R. GeldmacherCastle Point StationHoboken, NJ 07039

1 Research Institute of TempleUniversity

ATTN: Technical LibraryPhiladelphia, PA 19144

1 Texas Tech UniversityDept of Civil EngineeringATTN: Mr. Joseph E. MinorLubbock, TX 79409

1 University of ArkansasDepartment of PhysicsATTN: Prof. O. ZinkeFayetteville, AR 72701

1 University of CaliforniaLawrence Livermore LaboratoryTechnical Information DivisionATTN: Technical Library

Dr. Donald N. MontanP.O. Box 808Livermore, CA 94550

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University of MarylandDepartment of PhysicsATTN: Dr. E. OktayCollege Park, MD 20742

The University of MichiganGas Dynamics LaboratoryATTN: Z. GabrijelAerospace Engineering BuildingAnn Arbor, MI 48109

1 University of New MexicoEric H. Wang Civ Eng'g Res FacATTN: Technical LibraryUniversity Station, Box 188Albuquerque, NM 87131

1 University of OklahomaDepartment of PhysicsATTN: Prof. R. FowlerNorman, OK 73069

Aberdeen Proving Ground

Director, USAMSAAATTN: Dr. J. Sperrazza

Mr. R. Norman, GWDDRXSY-MP, H. Cohen

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